Level 2 PRACTICAL GRAMMAR - Ngl.cengage

Level 2PRACTICALGRAMMARJohn Hughes and Ceri JonesAustralia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United StatesPG2 FM.indd 112/22/09 12:53:29 PM

ContentsIntroduction . page 8Units1Pronouns: subject, object, reflexive . 12I, me, myself, each other2there . 143this, that, these, those4Possessives . 18to be a/an/some/any.16possessive adjectives, possessive pronouns, possessive ’s, of and whose5Review of units 1 to 4 Pronunciation: vowel sounds 1 /I/, /i:/ or /aI/6Present simple7Adverbs and expressions of frequency.20.22.24.26Present simple8Present continuous9Present simple and present continuous.2810Review of units 6 to 9 Pronunciation: linking sounds 1 /s/ or /z/11a/an and the . 3212Zero article . 3413the or no article with names . 3614one/ones15Review of units 11 to 14 Pronunciation: the . 4016Countable and uncountable nouns.3038.42.44Plural nouns17some, any, no, nonesome of, any of, none of18much/many, lots/a lot of, a little/a few . 4619enough, too many/much, too few/little . 4820Review of units 16 to 19 Pronunciation: vowel sounds 2 /e/, /ˆ / or /u:/ . 503PG2 FM.indd 312/22/09 12:53:30 PM

Contents21Past simple.page 52Time expressions22Past continuous and past simple.54Actions in progress, temporary actions and situations, the background to a story23Present perfect and past simple 1.56.58ever, never24Present perfect and past simple 2Unfinished time, present result, recent actions, just, yet and already25Review of units 21 to 24 Pronunciation: past simple -ed endings26Present perfect 3.60.62for and since27Present perfect continuous . 6428Past perfect . 66Time expressions29used to . 6830Review of units 26 to 29 Pronunciation: irregular past participles31Prepositions of time and place.70.72.74in, on, at32Prepositions of timebefore, after, until, by, from . . . to . . ., for33Prepositions of place34Prepositions of movement . 7835Review of units 31 to 34 Pronunciation: linking sounds 236Imperatives37Phrasal verbs 1.76.80.82.84Transitive and intransitive verbs38Phrasal verbs 2.86Separable and inseparable phrasal verbs39Verbs with two objects . 8840Review of units 36 to 39 Pronunciation: intrusive /w/.904PG2 FM.indd 412/22/09 2:17:01 PM

41Position and order of adjectives42Participles as adjectives . 94.page 92Dependent prepositions43Adjectives and adverbs . 96Adverbs of manner44Modifying adjectives and adverbs.98very, really, quite, not very, enough, too45Review of units 41 to 44 Pronunciation: stressing modifiers . 10046Comparatives.102Adjectives and adverbs47Superlatives.104Adjectives and adverbs48Modifying comparatives and superlatives . 10649as . . . as . . .50Review of units 46 to 49 Pronunciation: sentence stress 1 . 11051going to and present continuous . 112.108Plans, intentions and arrangements52will and going to 1 . 114Decisions53will and shall . 116promising, offering, requesting, suggesting54Present simple for future.118Schedules, when/as soon as55Review of units 51 to 54 Pronunciation: going to56will and going to 2 . 122.120Predictions57will/won’t probably/possibly/certainly/definitely . 12458may, might, could . 126Speculating about the future59may, might, could, must, can’t, couldn’t . 128Speculating about the present60Review of units 56 to 59 Pronunciation: contracted forms.1305PG2 FM.indd 512/22/09 12:53:31 PM

Contents61can and could . page 132Ability and possibility62can/can’t, allowed to . 134Permission and prohibition63must, have to, need to . 136Obligation, prohibition, no necessity64could/couldn’t, had to/didn’t have to, wasn’t/weren’t allowed to.138Permission, prohibition, obligation, no necessity in the past65Review of units 61 to 64 Pronunciation: to . 14066can, could, may, would, will.142Requests 167Could you possibly ?, Would / Do you mind ?.144.146Requests 268Making suggestionsCould, should, let’s, shall, how about, what about, why don’t we, why not69should, ought to, had better . 148Expressing opinions and giving advice70Review of units 66 to 69 Pronunciation: intonation in requests . 15071Infinitive of purpose and adjective infinitive72Verb patterns73Verb -ing form or to-infinitive.152.154.156Change of meaning / no change of meaning74Verb object infinitive75Review of units 71 to 74 Pronunciation: sentence stress 276all, most, some, none/no, every, each, both, either /neither77any-, every-, no-, some- and -thing, -where, -one, -body78Defining relative clauses 1 . 166.158160.162.164who, which, that, whose, where, when79Defining relative clauses 2 . 168Combining sentences / omitting the relative pronoun80Review of units 76 to 79 Pronunciation: vowel sounds 3 /e/, /O:/, /@U/ or /ˆ/ . 1706PG2 FM.indd 612/22/09 12:53:31 PM

81The passive 1: present simple, past simple, by82The passive 2: passive or active . 17483The passive 3: verbs with two objects . 17684have/get something done . 17885Review of units 81 to 84 Pronunciation: word stress . 18086Direct speech87Reported speech.page 172.182184(also called ‘indirect speech’)88Reported questions89say, tell, ask . 188.186Instructions, orders and requests90Review of units 86 to 89 Pronunciation: contrastive stress . 19091Real conditionals: if present simple . 192Zero conditional and first conditional, if, when, unless92Real conditionals: use of modals and imperative.194.196.198First conditional93Unreal conditionals: if past simpleSecond conditional94Real and unreal conditionalsFirst and second conditionals95Review of units 91 to 94 Pronunciation: elision . 20096Subject and object questions97Short answers . 20498Negative questions . 20699Indirect ways of asking questions . 208100Review of units 96 to 99 Pronunciation: intonation on questions . 210.202Progress tests . 212Appendices 1 Punctuation 2 Spelling rules 3 Common irregular verbs 4 Summary of main verb forms5 Phrasal verbs . 232Answer key (and tapescript) . 240Index . 2727PG2 FM.indd 712/22/09 12:53:31 PM

PRACTICAL GRAMMAR John Hughes and Ceri Jones PG2_FM.indd 1 12/22/09 12:53:29 PM. 3 Contents Introduction. page