PS 3.5-2001 Digital Imaging And Communications In Medicine .
PS 3.5-2001Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)Part 5: Data Structures and EncodingPublished byNational Electrical Manufacturers Association1300 N. 17th StreetRosslyn, Virginia 22209 USA Copyright 2001 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. All rights including translation intoother languages, reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne Convention or theProtection of Literacy and Artistic Works, and the International and Pan American Copyright Conventions.- Standard -
PS 3.5-2001Page iCONTENTSCONTENTS. iFOREWORD . ivSection 1Scope and Field of Application.1Section 2Normative references.2Section 3Definitions .53.1REFERENCE MODEL DEFINITIONS .53.2ACSE SERVICE DEFINITIONS.53.3PRESENTATION SERVICE DEFINITIONS .53.4OBJECT IDENTIFICATION DEFINITIONS .53.5DICOM INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS .53.6DICOM CONFORMANCE DEFINITIONS.53.7DICOM INFORMATION OBJECT DEFINITIONS.53.8DICOM SERVICE CLASS SPECIFICATIONS DEFINITIONS.63.9DICOM NETWORK COMMUNICATION SUPPORT FOR MESSAGE EXCHANGEDEFINITIONS .63.10DICOM DATA STRUCTURES AND ENCODING DEFINITIONS.63.11CHARACTER HANDLING DEFINITIONS .8Section 4Symbols and abbreviations .9Section 5Conventions .10Section 6Value Encoding .106.1SUPPORT OF CHARACTER REPERTOIRES .106.1.1. REPRESENTATION OF ENCODED CHARACTER VALUES.106.1.2. GRAPHIC CHARACTERS .116.1.2.1 Default character repertoire .116.1.2.2 Extension or replacement of the default character repertoire.116.1.2.3 Encoding of character repertoires.116.1.2.4 Code Extension Techniques .136.1.2.5 Usage of Code Extension .136.1.2.5.1 Assumed Initial States .136.1.2.5.2 Restrictions for Code Extension.136.1.2.5.3 Requirements.136.1.2.5.4 Levels of Implementation and Initial Designation.146.1.3. CONTROL CHARACTERS .146.2VALUE REPRESENTATION (VR) .156.2.1 Ideographic and phonetic characters in Data Elements with VR of PN.226.2.2 Unknown (UN) Value Representation .236.3ENUMERATED VALUES AND DEFINED TERMS.236.4VALUE MULTIPLICITY (VM) AND DELIMITATION .23Section 77.1The Data Set .25DATA ELEMENTS .257.1.1. DATA ELEMENT FIELDS .267.1.2. DATA ELEMENT STRUCTURE WITH EXPLICIT VR .27
PS 3.5-2001Page ii7.27.1.3. DATA ELEMENT STRUCTURE WITH IMPLICIT VR .28GROUP LENGTH .287.3BIG ENDIAN VERSUS LITTLE ENDIAN BYTE ORDERING .287.4DATA ELEMENT TYPE .297.4.1. TYPE 1 REQUIRED DATA ELEMENTS .297.4.2. TYPE 1C CONDITIONAL DATA ELEMENTS.307.4.3. TYPE 2 REQUIRED DATA ELEMENTS .307.4.4. TYPE 2C CONDITIONAL DATA ELEMENTS.307.4.5. TYPE 3 OPTIONAL DATA ELEMENTS .307.5NESTING OF DATA SETS .307.5.1. ITEM ENCODING RULES.317.5.2. DELIMITATION OF THE SEQUENCE OF ITEMS.317.5.3 SEQUENCE INHERITANCE .337.6REPEATING GROUPS.337.7RETIRED DATA ELEMENTS .347.8PRIVATE DATA ELEMENTS.347.8.1. PRIVATE DATA ELEMENT TAGS.347.8.2. VR RULES FOR PRIVATE ELEMENTS .35Section 8 Encoding of Pixel, Overlay and Waveform Data.368.1PIXEL AND OVERLAY DATA, AND RELATED DATA ELEMENTS .368.1.1. Pixel data encoding of related data elements.368.1.2. Overlay data encoding of related data elements .378.2NATIVE OR ENCAPSULATED FORMAT ENCODING .378.2.1. JPEG IMAGE COMPRESSION.388.2.2. Run Length Encoding Compression.398.2.3. JPEG-LS IMAGE COMPRESSION .408.3WAVEFORM DATA AND RELATED DATA ELEMENTS.40Section 99.1Unique Identifiers (UIDs).41UID ENCODING RULES.419.2UNIQUE IDENTIFIER REGISTRATION .429.2.1. DICOM DEFINED AND REGISTERED UNIQUE IDENTIFIERS .429.2.2. PRIVATELY DEFINED UNIQUE IDENTIFIERS.42Section 10 Transfer Syntax.4310.1DICOM DEFAULT TRANSFER SYNTAX.4310.2TRANSFER SYNTAX FOR A DICOM DEFAULT OF LOSSLESS JPEG COMPRESSION .4310.3TRANSFER SYNTAXES FOR A DICOM DEFAULTS OF LOSSY JPEG COMPRESSION .4410.4TRANSFER SYNTAX FOR DICOM RLE COMPRESSION.4410.5TRANSFER SYNTAX FOR A DICOM DEFAULT OF LOSSLESS AND LOSSY (NEARLOSSLESS) JPEG-LS COMPRESSION .44Annex A (Normative) Transfer Syntax Specifications.45A.1DICOM IMPLICIT VR LITTLE ENDIAN TRANSFER SYNTAX .45A.2DICOM LITTLE ENDIAN TRANSFER SYNTAX (EXPLICIT VR) .46A.3DICOM BIG ENDIAN TRANSFER SYNTAX (EXPLICIT VR) .47A.4TRANSFER SYNTAXES FOR ENCAPSULATION OF ENCODED PIXEL DATA .49A.4.1JPEG IMAGE COMPRESSION .53A.4.2RLE COMPRESSION .54A.4.3JPEG-LS IMAGE COMPRESSION.54
PS 3.5-2001Page iiiA.5DICOM DEFLATED LITTLE ENDIAN TRANSFER SYNTAX (EXPLICIT VR) .55Annex B (Informative) Creating a privately defined unique identifier.56Annex C (Informative) DICOM unique identifier registration process.57Annex D (Informative) Examples of various pixel data and overlay encoding schemes .60D.1 DETAILED EXAMPLE OF PIXEL DATA ENCODING.60D.2 VARIOUS ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES OF PIXEL AND OVERLAY DATA CELLS .67Annex E (Normative) DICOM default character repertoire.69Annex F (Informative) Encapsulated images as part of a DICOM message.70F.1ENCAPSULATED JPEG ENCODED IMAGES.70F.2ENCAPSULATED JPEG-LS ENCODED IMAGES .74Annex G (Normative) Encapsulated RLE Compressed Images.77G.1SUMMARY.77G.2BYTE SEGMENTS.77G.3THE RLE ALGORITHM .77G.3.1 The RLE encoder.77G.3.2 . The RLE decoder .78G.4 ORGANIZATION OF RLE COMPRESSED FRAME.78G.5RLE HEADER FORMAT .78G.6EXAMPLE OF ELEMENTS FOR AN ENCODED YCBCR RLE THREE-FRAME IMAGE WITHBASIC OFFSET TABLE.80Annex H (Informative) Character sets and person name value representation in the Japanese Language82H.1 CHARACTER SETS FOR THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE .82H.1.1 JIS X 0201 .82H.1.2 JIS X 0208 .82H.1.3 JIS X 0212 .82H.2 INTERNET PRACTICE .83H.3 EXAMPLE OF PERSON NAME VALUE REPRESENTATION IN THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE84H.3.1 Example 1: Value 1 of Attribute Specific Character Set (0008,0005) is not present. .84H.3.2 Example 2: Value 1 of Attribute Specific Character Set (0008,0005) is ISO 2022 IR 13.85Annex I (Informative) Character sets and person name value representation In the Korean Language .87I.1 CHARACTER SETS FOR THE KOREAN LANGUAGE IN DICOM.87I.2 EXAMPLE OF PERSON NAME VALUE REPRESENTATION IN THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.87I.3 EXAMPLE OF LONG TEXT VALUE REPRESENTATION IN THE KOREAN LANGUAGEWITHOUT EXPLICIT ESCAPE SEQUENCES BETWEEN CHARACTER SETS.88Annex J (Informative) Index to Data Element Tags and UIDs.90
PS 3.5-2001Page ivFOREWORDThe American College of Radiology (ACR) and the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)formed a joint committee to develop a standard for Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine(DICOM). This DICOM Standard was developed according to the NEMA procedures.This standard is developed in liaison with other standardization organizations including CEN TC251 inEurope and JIRA in Japan, with review also by other organizations including IEEE, HL7 and ANSI in theUSA.The DICOM Standard is structured as a multi-part document using the guidelines established in thefollowing document:-ISO/IEC Directives, 1989 Part 3: Drafting and Presentation of International Standards.This document is one part of the DICOM Standard which consists of the following parts:PS 3.1: Introduction and OverviewPS 3.2: ConformancePS 3.3: Information Object DefinitionsPS 3.4: Service Class SpecificationsPS 3.5: Data Structures and EncodingPS 3.6: Data DictionaryPS 3.7: Message ExchangePS 3.8: Network Communication Support for Message ExchangePS 3.9: Point-to-Point Communication Support for Message ExchangePS 3.10: Media Storage and File FormatPS 3.11: Media Storage Application ProfilesPS 3.12: Media Format and Physical Media for Media InterchangePS 3.13: Print Management and Point-to-Point Communication SupportPS 3.14: Grayscale Standard Display FunctionPS 3.15: Security ProfilesPS 3.16: Content Mapping ResourceThese parts are related but independent documents. Their development level and approval status maydiffer. Additional parts may be added to this multi-part standard. Part PS 3.1 should be used as the basereference for the current parts of this Standard.
PS 3.5-2001Page 1Section 1Scope and Field of ApplicationThis part of the DICOM Standard is Part 5 (PS 3.5) of a multi-part standard produced to facilitate theinterchange of information between digital imaging computer systems in medical environments. Thisinterchange will enhance diagnostic imaging and potentially other clinical applications. The multi-partDICOM Standard covers the protocols and data that shall be supplied to achieve this interchange ofinformation.In this part of the standard the structure and encoding of the Data Set is specified. In the context ofApplication Entities communicating over a network (see PS 3.7), a Data Set is that portion of a DICOMMessage that conveys information about real world objects being managed over the network. A Data Setmay have other contexts in other applications of this standard; e.g., in media exchange the Data Settranslates to file content structure.This part of the DICOM Standard specifies:a) the encoding of Valuesb) the structure and usage of a Data Setc) Data Element usage and relationships to other elementsd) the construction and usage of Nested Data Setse) the construction and usage of Data Sets containing Pixel Dataf) how to uniquely identify informationg) the specification of the standard DICOM Transfer SyntaxesThis part of the DICOM Standard does not specify:a) the structure and syntax of a message (this is specified in PS 3.7)b) the structure and usage of a command set (this is specified in PS 3.7)c) how an application service functions or is classified (this is specified in PS 3.3 and PS 3.4)d) how data sets relate to network communication, media storage, or other services
PS 3.5-2001Page 2Section 2Normative referencesThe following standards contain provisions that, through references in this text, constitute provisions ofthis standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject torevision, and parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibilitiesof applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below.ANSI MSDSMessage Standard Developers Subcommittee PROPOSAL on Data TypesANSI X3.4 - 1986Coded Character Set - 7-Bit American National Standard Code for InformationInterchangeANSI X3.9 - 1978Programming Language FORTRANASTM E-1238-91Standard Specification for Transferring Clinical Observations BetweenIndependent Computer Systems; Draft Revision 4.2.1IEEE 754:198532-bit and 64-bit Floating Point Number RepresentationsISO 646:1990Information Processing ISO 7-bit coded character set for informationinterchangeISO 2375:1986Data Processing Procedure for the registration of escape sequencesISO 6429:1990Information Processing Control functions for 7-bit and 8-bit coded character setsISO 6523:1984Data interchange Structures for identification of organizationsISO 7498:1984Information processing systems Open System Interconnection BasicReference ModelISO 7498-4:1989Information processing systems Open Systems Interconnection Part 4:Management FrameworkISO 8649:1988Information processing systems Open Systems Interconnection Servicedefinition for the Association Control Service Element (ACSE)ISO 8822:1988Information processing systems -- Open Systems Interconnection Connection oriented presentation service definitionISO/IEC 8824:1990Information processing systems Open SystemsInterconnection Specification of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)ISO 8859-1:1987Information processing 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets Part1: Latin alphabet No. 1ISO 8859-2:1987Information processing 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets Part2: Latin alphabet No. 2
PS 3.5-2001Page 3ISO 8859-3:1988Information processing 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets Part3: Latin alphabet No. 3ISO 8859-4:1988Information processing 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets Part4: Latin alphabet No. 4ISO 8859-5:1988Information processing 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets Part5: Latin/Cyrillic alphabetISO 8859-6:1987Information processing 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets Part6: Latin/Arabic alphabetISO 8859-7:1987Information processing 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets Part7: Latin/Greek alphabetISO 8859-8:1988Information processing 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets Part8: Latin/Hebrew alphabetISO 8859-9:1989Information processing 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets Part9: Latin alphabet No. 5ISO/IS 10918-1JPEG Standard for digital compression and encoding of continuous-tone stillimages. Part 1 Requirements and implementation guidelinesISO/IS 10918-2JPEG Standard for digital compression and encoding of continuous-tone stillimages. Part 2 TestingISO/IS 14495-1Lossless and near-lossless coding of continuous tone still images (JPEG-LS)ENV 41 503:1990Information systems interconnection European graphic character repertoiresand their codingENV 41 508:1990Information systems interconnection East European graphic characterrepertoires and their codingISO 9834-3:1990Part 3: Procedures for the Assignment of Object Identifier Component Valuesfor Joint ISO-CCITT Use ISO/IEC Directives, 1989 Part 3 - Drafting andpresentation of International StandardsISO/IEC 2022:1994Information technology - Character code structure and extension techniquesJIS X 0201-1976Code for Information InterchangeJIS X 0208-1990Code for the Japanese Graphic Character set for information interchangeJIS X 0212-1990Code of the supplementary Japanese Graphic Character set for informationinterchangeKS X 1001-1997Code for Information Interchange (Hangul and Hanja)RFC 1951DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification version 1.3
PS 3.5-2001Page 4Note:RFC 1951 is available from “http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1951.html”.
PS 3.5-2001Page 5Section 3DefinitionsFor the purposes of this standard, the following definitions apply.3.1 REFERENCE MODEL DEFINITIONSThis part of the standard makes use of the following terms defined in ISO 7498:a)b)Application EntitiesOSI Presentation Protocol3.2 ACSE SERVICE DEFINITIONSThis part of the standard makes use of the following terms defined in ISO 8649:a)Association3.3 PRESENTATION SERVICE DEFINITIONSThis part of the standard makes use of the following terms defined in ISO 8822:a) Presentation Contextb) Presentation Data Value (PDV)c)Transfer Syntaxd) Transfer Syntax Name3.4 OBJECT IDENTIFICATION DEFINITIONSThis part of the standard makes use of the following terms defined in ISO 8824:a)OSI Object Identification3.5 DICOM INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW DEFINITIONSThis part of the standard makes use of the following terms defined in PS 3.1:a) Attributeb) Command Elementc)Data Dictionary3.6 DICOM CONFORMANCE DEFINITIONSThis part of the standard makes use of the following terms defined in PS 3.2:a)Conformance Statement3.7 DICOM INFORMATION OBJECT DEFINITIONSThis part of the standard makes use of the following terms defined in PS 3.3:a)Attribute Tag
PS 3.5-2001Page 6b) Information Entityc)Information Object Definition (IOD)d) Multi-Frame Image3.8 DICOM SERVICE CLASS SPECIFICATIONS DEFINITIONSThis part of the standard makes use of the following terms defined in PS 3.4:a)Service-Object Pair (SOP) Class3.9 DICOM NETWORK COMMUNICATION SUPPORT FOR MESSAGE EXCHANGE DEFINITIONSThis part of the standard makes use of the following terms defined in PS 3.8:a)3.10DICOM Upper Layer ServiceDICOM DATA STRUCTURES AND ENCODING DEFINITIONSThe following definitions are commonly used in this Standard:BASIC OFFSET TABLE: A table of pointers to individual frames of an encapsulated multi-frame image.BIG ENDIAN: A form of byte ordering where multiple byte binary values are encoded with the mostsignificant byte encoded first, and the remaining bytes encoded in decreasing order of significance.CHARACTER REPERTOIRE: A finite set of different characters that is considered to be complete for agiven purpose and is specified independently of their encoding (also referred to as a character set).DATA ELEMENT: A unit of information as defined by a single entry in the data dictionary. An encodedInformation Object Definition (IOD) Attribute that is composed of, at a minimum, three fields: a DataElement Tag, a Value Length, and a Value Field. For some specific Transfer Syntaxes, a Data Elementalso contains a VR Field where the Value Representation of that Data Element is specified explicitly.DATA ELEMENT TAG: A unique identifier for a Data Element composed of an ordered pair of numbers (aGroup Number followed by an Element Number).DATA ELEMENT TYPE: Used to specify whether an Attribute of an Information Object Definition or anAttribute of a SOP Class Definition is mandatory, mandatory only under certain conditions, or optional.This translates to whether a Data Element of a Data Set is mandatory, mandatory only under certainconditions, or optional.DATA SET: Exchanged information consisting of a structured set of Attribute values directly or indirectlyrelated to Information Objects. The value of each Attribute in a Data Set is expressed as a Data Element.A collection of Data Elements ordered by increasing Data Element Tag number that is an encoding of thevalues of Attributes of a real world object.DEFINED TERM: The Value of a Data Element is a Defined Term when the Value of the element may beone of an explicitly specified set of standard values, and these values may be extended by implementors.ELEMENT NUMBER: The second number in the ordered pair of numbers that makes up a Data ElementTag.ENUMERATED VALUE: The Value of a Data Element is an Enumerated Value when the value of theelement must be one of an explicitly specified set of standard values, and these values shall not beextended by implementors.
PS 3.5-2001Page 7GROUP NUMBER: The first number in the ordered pair of numbers that makes up a Data Element Tag.ITEM: A component of the Value of a Data Element that is of Value Representation Sequence of Items.An Item contains a Data Set.ITEM DELIMITATION DATA ELEMENT: Used to mark the end of an Item of Undefined Length in aSequence of Items. This is the last Data Element in an Item of Undefined Length.LITTLE ENDIAN: A form of byte ordering where multiple byte binary values are encoded with the leastsignificant byte encoded first; and the remaining bytes encoded in increasing order of significance.NESTED DATA SET: A Data Set contained within a Data Element of another Data Set. Data Sets can benested recursively. Only Data Elements with Value Representation Sequence of Items may, themselves,contain Data Sets.PIXEL CELL: The container for a single Pixel Sample Value that may include unused bits or bits for dataother than the Pixel Sample Value (e.g. overlay planes). The size of a Pixel Cell shall be specified by theBits Allocated (0028, 0100) Data Element.PIXEL DATA: Graphical data (e.g., images or overlays) of variable pixel-depth encoded in the Pixel DataElement, with Value Representation OW or OB. Additional descriptor Data Elements are often used todescribe the contents of the Pixel Data element.PIXEL SAMPLE VALUE: A value associated with an individual pixel. An individual pixel consists of one ormore Pixel Sample Values (e.g. color images).PRIVATE DATA ELEMENT: Additional Data Element, defined by an implementor, to communicateinformation that is not contained in Standard Data Elements. Private Data elements have odd GroupNumbers.REPEATING GROUP: Standard Data Elements within a particular range of Group Numbers whereelements that have identical Element Numbers have the same meaning within each Group (and the sameVR, VM, and Data Element Type). Repeating Groups shall only exist for Curves and Overlay Planes(Group Numbers (50xx,eeee) and (60xx,eeee), respectively) and are a remnant of versions of thisstandard prior to V3.0.RETIRED DATA ELEMENT: A Data Element that is unsupported beginning with Version 3.0 of thisstandard. Implementations may continue to support Retired Data Elements for the purpose of backwardcompatibility with versions prior to V3.0, but this is not a requirement of this version of the standard.SEQUENCE DELIMITATION ITEM: Item used to mark the end of a Sequence of Items of UndefinedLength. This Item is the last Item in a Sequence of Items of Undefined Length.SEQUENCE OF ITEMS (VALUE REPRESENTATION SQ): A Value Representation for Data Elementsthat contain a sequence of Data Sets. Sequence of Items allows for Nested Data Sets.STANDARD DATA ELEMENT: A Data Element defined in the DICOM Standard, and therefore listed inthe DICOM Data Element Dictionary in PS 3.6.TRANSFER SYNTAX (Standard and Private): A set of encoding rules that allow Application Entities tounambiguously negotiate the encoding techniques (e.g., Data Element structure, byte ordering,compression) they are able to support, thereby allowing these Application Entities to communicate.UNDEFINED LENGTH: The ability to specify an unknown length for a Data Element Value (of ValueRepresentation SQ, OW, or OB) or Item. Data Elements and Items of Undefined Length are delimited withSequence Delimitation Items and Item Delimiter Data Elements, respectively.
PS 3.5-2001Page 8UNIQUE IDENTIFIER (UID): A string of characters that uniquely identifies
ISO/IEC 8824:1990 Information processing systems Open Systems Interconnection Specification of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) ISO 8859-1:1987 Information proce
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