A Medical Terminology - Jones & Bartlett Learning

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APPENDIXAPPENDIXAMedical TerminologyNational EMS Education StandardCompetenciesMedical TerminologyUses foundational anatomical and medical terms and abbreviations inwritten and oral communication with colleagues and other health careprofessionals.6Medical TerminologyIt is critical that you have a strong working knowledge of medicalterminology. The language of medicine is primarily derived fromGreek and Latin. Medical terminology is used in internationallanguage, and it is also necessary for communicating with othermedical personnel. The wider your vocabulary base, the morecompetent you seem to the rest of the medical community andthe better the patient care you will be able to provide. Understanding terminology involves breaking words down into theirseparate components of prefix, suffix, and root word and havinga good working knowledge of those parts.6PrefixesA prefix appears at the beginning of a word and generallydescribes location and intensity. Prefixes are frequently found ingeneral language (ie, autopilot, submarine, tricycle), as well as inmedical and scientific terminology. When a medical word (ventilation) contains a prefix (hyper), the meaning of the word isaltered (hyperventilation). Not all medical terms have prefixes.By learning to recognize a few of the more commonly usedmedical prefixes, you can figure out the meanings of terms thatlists commonmay not be immediately familiar to you.prefixes.6SuffixesA commonly used suffix is -itis, which means “inflammation.”When this suffix is paired with the prefix arthro-, meaningjoint, the resulting word is arthritis, an inflammation ofthe joints. Sometimes it is necessary to change the last letter or letters of the root word or prefix when a suffix islists commonadded to make pronunciation easier.suffixes.6Root WordsThe main part or stem of a word is called a root word. A rootword conveys the essential meaning of the word and frequentlyindicates a body part. With a combining form, the root wordand a combining vowel such as i, e, o, or a may be combinedwith another root word, a prefix, or a suffix to describe aparticular structure or condition.A frequently used term in EMS is CPR, which stands forcardiopulmonary resuscitation. When we break it down, cardiois a root word meaning “heart,” and pulmonary is a root wordmeaning “lungs.” By performing CPR we introduce air into thelungs and circulate blood by compressing the heart to resuscitate the patient. Some root words may also be used as prefixes orlistssuffixes; those already appear in the earlier tables.common root words.6AbbreviationsAbbreviations take the place of words to shorten notes or documentation. When you are using abbreviations in patient carereports, remember to use only standard, accepted abbreviationslists commonly usedto avoid confusion and errors.abbreviations. This list is intended to help you decipher documents written by other health care professionals. Before usingany abbreviations in your own reports, you should be familiarwith accepted use of abbreviations in your local jurisdiction orservice area.Suffixes are placed at the end of words to change the originalmeaning. In medical terminology, a suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech.79306 APPA Printer.indd 140412/20/10 6:26 PM

Appendix A Medical TerminologyTable A-11405Common ga-without, lack ofcyst(o)-pertaining to the bladder orany fluid-containing sacinter-betweenab-away fromcyt(o)-pertaining to a cellintra-withinabdomi(n)-abdomende-down fromiso-equalacr(o)-pertaining to an extremitydermat(o)-pertaining to the skinlatero-sidead-to, towarddi-twice, doubleleuk(o)-pertaining to anything white orto leukocytes (white blood cells)aden(o)-pertaining to a glanddia-through, completelylith(o)-pertaining to a stonean-without, lack ofdys-difficult, painful, abnormalmacro-largeana-up, back, againect(o)-out frommal-bad or abnormalangio-vesselelectro-pertaining to electricitymedi-middleante-before, forwardend(o)-withinmega-largeanti-against, opposed toenter(o)-pertaining to the intestinesmelan-blackarteri(o)-arteryepi-upon, onmening(o)-pertaining to a membrane,particularly the meningesarthro-pertaining to a jointerythr(o)-pertaining to anything redor to erythrocytes (redblood cells)micro-smallauto-selfeu-easy, good, g to the spinal cord, thebone marrow, or myelinbi(o)-pertaining to lifeextra-outside, in additionmy(o)-pertaining to muscleblast(o)-germ or cellgastr(o)-pertaining to the stomachnas(o)-pertaining to the noseblephar(o)-pertaining to an taining to females or thefemale reproductive organsnephr(o)-pertaining to the kidneycalc-stone; also heelhemat(o)-pertaining to bloodneur(o)-pertaining to a nerve or thenervous systemcardi(o)-pertaining to the hearthemi-halfnoct-nightcephal(o)-pertaining to the headhem(o)-pertaining to bloodolig(o)-little, deficientcerebr(o)-pertaining to the cerebrum, hepat(o)a part of the brainpertaining to the liveroophor(o)-pertaining to the ovarycervic(o)-pertaining to the neck orthe uterine cervixheter-other, differentophthalm(o)-pertaining to the eyechole-pertaining to bilehom-same or likeorchid(o)-pertaining to the testicleschondr(o)-pertaining to cartilagehydr(o)-waterorchi(o)-pertaining to the testiclescircum-around, abouthyper-over, excessiveoro-pertaining to the mouthcontra-against, oppositehypo-under, deficientortho-straight or normalcost(o)-pertaining to a ribhyster(o)-pertaining to the uterusoste(o)-pertaining to bonecyan(o)-blueinfra-belowot(o)-pertaining to the earcontinues79306 APPA Printer.indd 140512/20/10 6:26 PM

1406Appendix A Medical TerminologyTable A-1Common Prefixes, gpara-by the side ofpseud(o)-falsesemi-half or partialpath(o)-pertaining to diseasepsych(o)-pertaining to the mindsub-under, moderatelyper-throughpulm(o)-pertaining to the lungsuper-above, excessive, or more thannormalperi-aroundpur-pertaining to pussupra-abovephag(o)-pertaining to eating,ingesting, or engulfingpyel(o)-pertaining to the kidneyor pelvistachy-fastpharyng(o)-pertaining to the throat,or pharynxpy(o)-pertaining to pustherm-pertaining to temperaturephleb(o)-pertaining to a veinquadr(i)-fourthorac(o)-pertaining to the chestpneum(o)-pertaining to respiration,the lungs, or epost-after, behindretr(o)-backward or behinduni-onepre-beforerhin(o)-pertaining to the nosevas(o)-vesselpro-before, in front ofsalping(o)-pertaining to a tubeproct(o)-pertaining to the rectumscler(o)-hard; also meanspertaining to the scleraTable A-2Common g-algiapertaining to pain-emiapertaining to the presenceof a substance in the blood-ologyscience mature cell-gramrecord-osispertaining to a disease process(see also -sis)-celepertaining to a tumoror swelling-grapha record or the instrument -ostomyused to create the recordsurgical creation of an opening,or hole-centesispertaining to a-itisprocedure in which anorgan or body cavityis punctured, often todrain excess fluid orobtain a sample foranalysisinflammationsurgical incision-cytecell-lysisdecline, disintegration, or -pathydestructiondisease or a system for treatingdisease-ectomysurgical removal of-megalyenlargement ofpertaining to eating orswallowing-otomy-phagiacontinues79306 APPA Printer.indd 140612/20/10 6:26 PM

Appendix A Medical TerminologyTable A-21407Common Suffixes, g-phasiapertaining to speech-rrhageabnormal or excessiveflow or discharge-sisa process, action, or condition-phobiapertaining to anirrational fear-rrhagiaabnormal or excessiveflow or discharge-taxisorder, arrangement of-plastyplastic surgery-rrhaphysuture of; repair of-trophicpertaining to nutrition-plegiaparalysis-rrheaflow or discharge-uriapertaining to a substance inthe urine or the condition soindicated-pneapertaining tobreathing-scopeinstrument forexamination-ptosisdrooping-scopyexamination with aninstrumentTable A-3Common Root WordsRoot WordMeaningRoot WordMeaningacou-hearcarotidgreat arteries of the neck gest-carry, produce, -a fraction in the metricsystem; one hundredthor 100-gramsomething written or recordedalges-paincente-to puncture (a bodycavity)graph-write, recordandr-malecili-eyelidhumerusthe bone in the upper armaortalarge artery exiting fromthe left ventricle of theheartcleid(o)-clavicleidi-separate, alack of oxygen or excessof carbon dioxide inthe body that results inunconsciousnesscycl-circle or cyclelact-milkasthen-weakdigitfinger or toelingu-tongueaudi-to )-pertaining to sensationor ouch or sacflexbendpalpateto examine by touchcallushard, thick skin; also aforamenmeshwork of connectivetissue that forms duringthe healing process aftera fractureopeningped-child or footcarcin-cancerbreakpercussto examine by strikingfract-Root WordMeaningcontinues79306 APPA Printer.indd 140712/20/10 6:26 PM

1408Appendix A Medical TerminologyTable A-3Common Root Words, continuedRoot WordMeaningRoot Word MeaningRoot WordMeaningphot-lightsepsisthe presence of microorganismsor their toxins in the blood; alsothe toxic condition caused by suchpresencetom-cutpleur-rib, sidesept-wall, divider; also seventoxicpoisonouspod-footserumthe clear portion of body fluids,including bloodtrich-hairpto-fallsinuscavity, channel, or hollow spaceur-urineptyal-salivasom(a)-bodyvaric-varicose veinpyr-firespir-coilvertigoa disordered sensationin which one’s own bodyor the surroundings areperceived as movingradiusthe forearm bone on thethumb side; also a linefrom the center of a circleor sphere to the edgestasisslowing or stopping of the normalflow of a fluid, such as bloodviscer-internal ner nerve-containinglayer of the eyestern(o)-sternum (breastbone)xen-foreign (material)sangui(n)-bloodstomaany small opening on the surface of xerthe body, such as a pore; also, theopening created in the abdominalwall for the passage of urine orfecessebuma fatty secretion of thesebaceous glandstact-touchsect-cuttetra-fourTable A-4dryCommon Abbreviations**Sometimes abbreviations are written with periods (for example, abd. and a.c.), and sometimes different capitalization might be used and might convey a differentmeaning. Not all possible meanings for the abbreviations in this table are given here. Unless you are certain about the meaning, ask the person who used ningAbbreviationMeaningA&Panatomy andphysiologyACLSadvanced cardiac life supportAKabove the knee–abeforead libas much as desiredAKAabove the knee amputation––aaof each (usedin writingprescriptions)ADLactivity of daily livingA-linearterial lineabdabdomenAEDautomated external defibrillator AMAagainst medical adviceABGarterial blood gasAFatrial fibrillationambambulatoryacbefore mealsAIDSacquired immunodeficiencysyndromeAMIacute myocardial infarctioncontinues79306 APPA Printer.indd 140812/20/10 6:26 PM

Appendix A Medical TerminologyTable A-41409Common Abbreviations, continuedAbbreviation MeaningAbbreviationMeaningAbbreviation MeaningAMSaltered mental statusCABGcoronary artery bypassgraftCVPantanteriorCADcoronary artery disease CXRchest x-rayAO 4alert and oriented to person,place, time, and selfCBCcomplete blood countD&Cdilation and curettageAPanteroposterior, front-toback, action potential, anginapectoris, anterior pituitary,arterial pressurecccubic centimeterD/CdiscontinueAPCatrial premature complex,activated protein C, aspirinphenacetin-caffeineCC or C/Cchief complaintdiffdifferentialAqwaterCCUcoronary care unitdigdigoxinARDSadult respiratory distresssyndromeCHFcongestive heart failure DMdiabetes mellitusASAaspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)Cl—chlorideDOAdead on arrivalASAPas soon as possiblecmcentimeterDOEdyspnea on exertioncubic centimeterDONdirector of nursing3central venous pressureASHDarteriosclerotic oratherosclerotic heart diseasecmAV, A-Vatrioventricular, arteriovenousCNScentral nervous systemDOSdead on sceneBBBbundle branch blockc/ocomplaining ofDPTdiphtheria, pertussis,and tetanus toxoidsvaccinebidtwice dailyCOcardiac output, carbonmonoxideDSDdry sterile dressingBKAbelow the knee amputationCO2carbon dioxideDtaPdiphtheria, tetanustoxoids, and acellularpertussis vaccineBMbowel movementCOLDchronic obstructivelung diseaseDTPdiphtheria, tetanustoxoids, and pertussisvaccineBPblood pressureCOPDchronic obstructivepulmonary diseaseDTsdelirium tremensBSblood sugar, breath sounds,bowel sounds, bachelor ofscience (degree)CPchest pain, chemicallypure, cerebral palsyDVTdeep venous thrombosisBSAbody surface areaCPRcardiopulmonaryresuscitationD5Wdextrose 5% in waterbxbiopsyCRNAcertified registerednurse anesthetistDxdiagnosisc–withCRTcapillary refill time,cathode-ray tubeECGelectrocardiogram Cdegrees Celsius (centigrade)CSFcerebrospinal fluidEDemergency departmentCacalciumCSMcarotid sinus massage,cerebrospinalmeningitisEDCestimated date ofconfinementCAcancer, cardiac arrest,chronologic age, coronaryartery, cold phalogramcontinues79306 APPA Printer.indd 140912/20/10 6:26 PM

1410Table A-4Appendix A Medical TerminologyCommon Abbreviations, continuedAbbreviation MeaningAbbreviationMeaningAbbreviation MeaningeghhourJVDfor example jugular venous iumENTears, nose, and throatHhypodermicKClpotassium chlorideERemergency roomH&Hhemoglobin andhematocritkgkilogramETendotracheal tube,endotrachealH&Phistory and physicalKUBkidneys, ureters, and bladderETAestimated time of arrival H/AheadacheKVOkeep vein openETOHethyl alcoholHbhemoglobinLliterETTendotracheal tubeHcthematocritLAClaceration, laparoscopicassisted colectomy Fdegrees FahrenheitHgmercurylbpoundFIO2fraction of inspiredoxygenHgbhemoglobinLElower extremity, left eye, lupuserythematosusFBSfasting blood sugarHHhiatal herniaLLLleft lower lobe of the lungFeironHIVhumanimmunodeficiencyvirusLLQleft lower quadrant of theabdomenFHRfetal heart rateH2OwaterL/Mliters per minuteFHTfetal heart tonesH2O2hydrogen peroxideLMPlast menstrual periodFHxfamily historyHPIhistory of presentillnessLOClevel of consciousness, loss ofconsciousnessfLfemtoliterhrhourLPMliters per minuteflfluidhsat bedtimeLPNlicensed practical nursefldfluidHTNhypertensionLRlactated SDlysergic acid diethylamidefxfractureHzhertzLULleft upper lobe of the lungggramI&Ointake and outputLUQleft upper quadrant of theabdomenGBgallbladderICintracardiac,inspiratory capacity,irritable colonLVNlicensed vocational nurseGIgastrointestinalICPintracranial pressuremmetergmgramICUintensive care unitMAEmoves all extremitiesgrgrainIDDMinsulin-dependentdiabetes mellitusMAEWmoves all extremities wellGSWgunshot woundIMintramuscularMAPmean arterial cose tolerance testIPPBintermittent positivepressure breathingMCLmidclavicular line, modifiedchest leadGUgenitourinaryIUDintrauterine(contraceptive) mgmilligram (mgm is a formersymbol)continues79306 APPA Printer.indd 141012/20/10 6:26 PM

Appendix A Medical TerminologyTable A-41411Common Abbreviations, continuedAbbreviation MeaningAbbreviation MeaningAbbreviation MeaningMImyocardial infarctionNKDAno known drug allergiesPEpulmonary embolism,physical examinationMICUmobile intensive care unit;medical intensive care unitNPAnasopharyngeal airwayPEApulseless electrical activityminminuteNPOnil per os (nothing bymouth)PEARLpupils equal and reactiveto lightmLmilliliterNSnormal salineped(s)pediatricmmmillimeterNSRnormal sinus rhythmPEEPpositive end-expiratorypressuremm Hgmillimeters of mercuryNTGnitroglycerinPERLpupils equal and reactiveto lightMRImagnetic resonanceimagingN/Vnausea and vomitingPERRLpupils equal, round, andreactive to lightMSmorphine sulfate, multiplesclerosisN/V/Dnausea, vomiting, anddiarrheapHhydrogen ionconcentrationMSO4morphine sulfateNVDneck vein distentionPIDpelvic inflammatorydiseaseMVAmotor vehicle accidentO2oxygenPNDparoxysmal nocturnaldyspneaMVCmotor vehicle crashOBobstetricspoper os (by mouth)MVPmitral valve prolapseOBSorganic brain syndromePOpostoperative, “post op”NnormalODoverdose, right eye,optical density, outsidediameter, doctor ofoptometryPO2partial pressure of oxygenNasodiumOPoutpatientPRNpro re nata (as needed)NA, N/Anot applicableOPAoropharyngeal airwaypsipounds per square inchNaClsodium chlorideORoperating roomPSVTparoxysmalsupraventriculartachycardiaNADno apparent distress, noappreciable diseaseOSleft eyeptpatientNaHCO3sodium bicarbonateOUboth eyesPTphysical therapyNCnasal cannulaozouncePTAprior to admission,plasma artial thromboplastintimeNICUneonatal intensive care unitpcafter mealsPVCpremature ventricularcomplex, tes mellitusPCO2partial pressure ofcarbon dioxidePVDperipheral vascular diseaseNKAno known allergiesPDRPhysicians' DeskReferenceqeverycontinues79306 APPA Printer.indd 141112/20/10 6:26 PM

1412Table A-4Appendix A Medical TerminologyCommon Abbreviations, continuedAbbreviation MeaningAbbreviationMeaningAbbreviation Meaningqdevery daystatimmediatelyWBCwhite blood cellqhevery hourSTDsexually transmitteddiseaseWNLwithin normal limitsqidfour times a daySub Qsubcutaneousw/owithoutqodevery other oid arthritis,right atriumSxsymptomsyoyear oldRADreactive airway disease,right axis deviationsymsymptomsx–exceptRBCred blood celltabtablet1 first, first degree, primaryRhRhesus blood factor,rhodiumTBtuberculosis2 secondary, second degreeRHDrheumatic heart diseaseTBAto be admitted, to beannounced increase(d)RLRinger’s lactatetbsptablespoon decrease(d)RLLright lower lobe of thelungtechtechnician,technologistØno, not, noneRLQright lower quadrant ofthe abdomenTIAtransient ischemicattack rightRNregistered nursetidthree times a dayR/Orule outTKOto keep open microROMrange of motion, rupture TPRof membranestemperature, pulse,respiration alphaRULright upper lobe of thelungtspteaspoon betaRUQright upper quadrant ofthe abdomenTxtreatment approximatelyRxs–prescriptionUunit 2times twowithoutUAurinalysis/perSCsubcutaneous, secretory UEcomponentupper extremity not equalSICUsurgical intensive careunitURIupper respiratoryinfection greater thanSIDSsudden infant deathsyndromeUSPUnited StatesPharmacopeia less thanSLsublingualUTIurinary tract infection?questionable, possibleSOBshortness of breathVDvenereal disease changeSQsubcutaneousvolvolume negativesshalfVSvital signs웨femaleS/Ssigns and symptomsw/with웧male79306 APPA Printer.indd 1412Lleft12/20/10 6:26 PM

1406 Appendix A Medical Terminology Table A-1 Common Prefi xes, continued Prefi x Meaning Prefi x Meaning Prefi x Meaning para- by the side of pseud(o)- false semi- half or partial path(o)- pertaining to diseas

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