Dairy Cattle HealthManagementTraining Package For Dairy Extension WorkersAugust, 2017Developed withDairy Training Centre
Dairy Cattle HealthManagementPart I Training manualPart II Training Guideline2
PrefaceSNV Ethiopia, through EDGET project (Enhancing Dairy Sector Growth in Ethiopia, 20132018), engages in the capacity building, extension services and innovative support to theEthiopian dairy sector particularly working with smallholder dairy farmers. The aim of theproject is to increase milk production and productivity in order to double the income of thesmallholder dairy farmers. EDGET is operational in the regions Oromia, Amhara and SNNP,and working with 65,000 dairy farming households.The project works closely together with livestock regional bureaus and their respectivezonal, woreda and kebele staff in delivering extension and other supports. One area ofcollaboration is the development of practical training and coaching tools and materials forextension workers based on a need assessment.SNV has engaged the Netherlands based Dairy Training Centre (DTC) for the developmentof the Training package for extension workers. The documents were more elaborated andvalidated with the utmost contribution of high level experts from regional Livestock andFisheries resources Development Bureaus/Agencies and Research Centers from the threeoperational regions of EDGET.Overall nine training packages were developed on Breed Improvement and FertilityManagement; Dairy Cattle Feeding and Nutrition Management; Dairy Cattle HealthManagement; Dairy Farm Management; Dairy Housing and Manure Management; FarmEconomics; Forage Production and Management; Hygienic and Quality Milk Production;Young Stock Management.This training package is on Dairy Cattle Health Management.SNV, also on behalf of the experts that contributed and DTC, would hope to see the materialswidely used outside the project areas by all interested dairy development practitioners.The materials will be available in hard copies and soft copies including on SNV websitewww.snvworld.org and other relevant websites.I
Table of contentsPreface. ITable of contents . IIList of tables . VList of figures . VII. Dairy Cattle Health Management Training Manual . 11. Introduction . 12. Infectious Diseases . 12.1 Anthrax . 12.1.1 Clinical Signs . 12.1.2 Transmission . 22.1.3 Prevention and control . 22.1.4 Public health risks. 22.2 Blackleg . 22.2.1 Clinical signs . 32.2.2 Prevention and control . 32.3 Pneumonic Pasteurellosis . 32.3.1 Clinical signs . 32.3.2 Prevention and control . 32.4 Foot and Mouth Disease . 32.4.1 Clinical signs . 42.4.2 Prevention and control . 42.5 Lumpy Skin Disease . 42.5.1 Clinical signs . 42.5.2 Prevention and control . 42.6 Tuberculosis . 42.6.1 Transmission and spread . 42.6.2 Clinical signs . 42.6.3 Control and prevention . 43. Diseases of the Newborn . 54. Diseases of reproductive system . 54.1 Mastitis . 54.1.1 Factors that predispose to Mastitis . 54.1.2 Transmission of mastitis . 64.1.3 Clinical signs of mastitis . 64.1.4 Mastitis Detection Techniques . 74.1.5 Mastitis prevention and control measures . 84.2 Cystic Ovarian Disease . 124.2.1 Clinical signs of cystic ovarian disease . 124.2.2 Treatment of cystic ovarian disease . 124.3 Persistent corpus luteum . 134.3.1 Clinical signs . 124.3.2 Treatment . 124.3.3 Prevention: . 12II
4.4 Delayed ovulation in cattle . 124.4.1 Prevention of delayed ovulation . 134.4.2 Prevention and control . 134.5 Abortion . 134.6 Retained placenta . 134.6.1 Clinical signs . 134.6.2 Treatment . 144.7 Vibriosis . 144.7.1 Clinical signs . 144.7.2 Prevention and Control measures . 144.8 Trichomoniasis . 144.8.1 Clinical signs: . 144.8.2 Prevention and control . 144.8.3 Treatment . 144.9 Leptospirosis . 144.9.1 Clinical signs . 154.9.2 Prevention and control . 154.9.3 Treatment . 154.10 Brucellosis .154.10.1 Clinical Signs . 154.10.2 Prevention and control: . 154.10.3 Public health risks of Brucellosis . 154.10.4 Prevention & Control . 154.10.5 Treatment . 164.11 Dystocia . 164.12 Metritis and endometritis . 174.12.1 Clinical signs . 174.12.2 Prevention and control . 174.13 Vaginal and uterine prolapses . 175. DISEASES OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM . 185.1 Simple indigestion . 185.1.1 Clinical signs of simple indigestion . 185.1.2 Prevention and control . 185.2 Bloat . 185.2.1 Clinical signs . 185.2.2 Prevention and control . 185.2.3 Treatment of bloat: in frothy bloat: . 185.3 Grain overload/Rumen Acidosis . 195.3.1 Clinical Signs . 195.3.2 Prevention and control . 195.4 Laminitis . 195.5 Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis . 195.5.1 Clinical signs . 195.5.2 Treatment . 19III
6. METABOLIC DISEASES IN DAIRY CATTLE . 206.1 Milk fever . 206.1.1 Clinical Signs . 206.1.2. Prevention and control . 206.2 Ketosis . 206.2.1 Clinical Signs . 206.2.2 Prevention and control . 206.2.3 Treatment of sick animals . 207. PARASITIC INFESTATION . 217.1 Ectoparasite Infestation . 217.2 Internal parasite infestation . 237.2.1 Life cycle of Intestinal parasites . 237.2.2 Clinical Signs . 237.2.3 Lung worms . 247.2.4 Liver flukes . 247.2.5 Control measures of internal parasites infestation . 248. General principles of farm health management . 269. Checklist for dairy cow health management . 26References . 29Annexes . 30II. Dairy Cattle Health Management Training Guideline . 33A. Module Book . 33B. Lesson Matrix . 37C. Assignment Dairy Health Management . 42D. Assessment . 48IV
List of tablesTable 1 Vaccination schedule of Dairy Cattle . 26v
List of figuresFigure 1. Cattle died of anthrax . 1Figure 2. Sites affected by Blackleg . 2Figure 3. Case of Pneumonic pasteurellosis . 3Figure 4: How bacteria enter the teat canal . 6Figure 5: A farmers checking the milk on clinical signs of mastitis . 7Figure 6: A strip cup . 7Figure 7: The California Mastitis Test . 8Figure 8: Checking milk sample by strip cup . 9Figure 9: Milking techniques . 10Figure 10: Dipping technique of teats after milking . 10Figure 11: Intramammary drugs (antibiotics) . 12Figure 12: Normal presentation of the foetus . 16Figure 13: Abnormal presentations of the foetus . 17Figure 14: Over grown hoof . 19Figure 15: Some species of ticks and diseases they transmit . 21Figure 16: Spraying a cow . 22Figure 17: Life cycle of an intestinal worm . 23Figure 18: Rough hair coat . 23Figure 19: Pasture contamination . 24Figure 20: Life cycle of liver flukes . 24Figure 21: Drenching medicine . 25Figure 22: Body condition score . 27Figure 23: Hoof score . 27VI
I. Dairy Cattle Health Management Training Manual1. IntroductionIn Ethiopia Dairy cattle industry is becoming the main source of food and income forboth urban and rural societies. It has an important economic significance, especially inrural areas. But there are constraints affecting the dairy cattle extension system likeshortage of feed, non-standardized housing system, poor genetic makeup and luck ofregular health management package which will be discussed in this manual.Health management is one of the most important factors influencing the developmentof dairy cattle industry Ethiopia. It is one of the critical factors in maintaining optimummilk yield, keeping normal calving intervals and ensuring the generation to continuethrough caring and reducing mortality in calves and other young dairy stocks. Thismanual is not intended to describe all dairy cattle diseases; however, the manual hasbeen prepared to be used as a reference for farm extension workers to support dairycattle farmers on most common health issues which are commonly encountered at adairy farm level through offering knowledge and teaching basic skills on recognizingand solving dairy cattle health problems.Good dairy health management practices is based on good nutritional supply,housing, genetic improvement and close follow up which discussed in dairy cattle feedmanagement and dairy cattle fertility management manuals. To avoid health problemsin dairy cattle routine health care procedures should be followed. It is important torecognize the dairy cattle herd in general and then the individual cows in particular forany health issues. This can be done through attentive observation, touching individualcows, smelling and even by hearing sounds from cows. These are important pointsto identify health problems in the herd and to take appropriate action on time. Themost common dairy cattle diseases discussed in this manual are Infectious Diseases,Diseases of the Reproductive system, Diseases of Digestive system, metabolic diseases,and parasitic diseases.2. Infectious Diseases2.1 AnthraxAnthrax is a per acute, acute or sub acute soil borne bacterial disease affectingmammals. It is characterized by exudation of dark tarry blood from natural orifices.It is fatal zoonotic disease affecting humans and animals resulting in huge economicloss. The bacteria can survive for long period of time by undergoing sporulation andbe source of infection.2.1.1 Clinical SignsIn per acute case animals diesuddenlywithoutshowingany signs. There is high fevertremors, depression, convulsion,respiratory distress, abdominaloedema, bloody milk, rumenatony, abortion is observed inacute and sub-acute cases.Figure 1. Cattle died of anthrax1
2.1.2 TransmissionAnthrax does typically not spread from animal to animal nor from person to person.The bacteria produce spores on contact with oxygen. These spores are extremelyresistant and survive for years in soil, or on wool or hair of infected animals. Then ifingested or inhaled by an animal, or on entering through cuts in the skin, they cangerminate and cause disease.Because the blood of infected animals sometimes fails to clot and may leak from bodyorifices, insects can spread the bacteria to other animals. Typically animals becomeinfected by ingesting spores which are in the soil or in feed.2.1.3 Prevention and control·Undertaking
rural areas. But there are constraints affecting the dairy cattle extension system like shortage of feed, non-standardized housing system, poor genetic makeup and luck of regular health management package which will be discussed in this manual. Health management is one of the most important factors influencing the development
Table 3.2 Cattle holdings and average herd size by region, June 2017 2017 Change on year (%) England Average dairy herd size (head) 93 3.1 Average beef herd size (head) 27 1.1 Total cattle holdings Wales Average dairy herd size (head) N/A N/A Average beef herd size (head) N/A N/A Total cattle holdings Scotland Average dairy herd size (head) 96 .
Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding Navigation guide for Nominators Latest update: October 24th, 2017 . Purebreed Dariy Cattle Associations (PDCA), Dairy Records Processing Centers (DRPC), Dairy Record Providers (DRP), National Association of Animal Breeders (NAAB) and several
Female or male dairy cattle being fed a ration that includes milk or liquid milk replacer and which are not intended for veal production; one of the 3 classes of 'non-lactating dairy cattle' defined under current federal guidelines. Dairy Cow Female dairy cattle that are intended for production of milk for human consumption.
The Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding (CDCB) is the result of the U.S. dairy industry working together for the common good, empowering dairy farmers to fulfill their essential role of feeding the world. Effective collaboration is built over trust and shared visions, and success requires willingness to take risks and competence to innovate.
Gates Foundation. SNV. 3 SNV (2012), Challenges and Opportunities: Smallholders and School Feeding—Initial Baseline Report. PG-HGSF Project Learning Series No. 1; and SNV (2011), Procurement Governance for Home Grown School Feeding: The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. 4 The other Counties were: Baringo, Kilifi, Kitui, Laikipia and Narok .
3 Definitions Dairy businesses are businesses that develop, produce, market, or distribute dairy products. Dairy plants are any location where milk, cream, dairy products, or trade products are received for the purpose of manufacturing, processing, or packaging (T.C.A. 53-3-106). Dairy products must be derived from the milk of hooved mammals including, but not limited to: cattle,
Page 4 CDCB Activity Report CEO COLUMN João Dürr There is only one certainty in the dairy industry: CHANGE. While dairy producers are masters of adapting to changing conditions, today’s race is harder because of the speed of change. Dairy management is transforming at a record pace, and dairy herd business models are challenged. Supporting
EODATA1-5 EODATA Data collected on the biology of the EO (e.g., population size, condition, viability, effort). List the plant community for natural community EOs. For example: 2002-10:Nagel – 10 fish sampled in 10 minutes of seining. EONUM EONUM Element Occurrence Number, a 3 digit number unique to an element’s occurrence. Assigned by Heritage mapper. 2. EORANK EORANK A general ranking of .