NASA’s Planetary Geologic Mapping Program: Overview

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NASA’s Planetary GeologicMapping Program: OverviewDavid A. WilliamsChair, Geologic Mapping SubcommitteeMapping and Planetary Spatial Infrastructure TeamISPRS MeetingPragueJuly 17, 2016

INTRODUCTION Why Planetary Geologic MappingAdvantages of Planetary MappingHistory of Planetary Map production (USGS)Current Organization: GEMS & MAPSITNASA Funding: Planetary MappingCurrent Map Production Approach &Techniques Summary

WHY PLANETARY GEOLOGIC MAPPING?“On first examining a new district [planet] nothing can appear morehopeless than the chaos of rocks [landforms]; but by recording thestratification and nature of rocks [morphology, superposition &crosscutting relations] at many points, always reasoning and predictingwhat will be found elsewhere, light soon begins to dawn on the district[planet], and the structure of the whole becomes more or lessintelligible.”Charles Darwin, autobiography (1958)(w/paraphrasing by J.F. McCauley & J.M. Moore)“ a geological map is like a graph to a physicist: it allows one tounderstand many observations in a comprehensive form that would bemore difficult without it.”John Guest, Principles of ExtraterrestrialGeologic Mapping (1974)

WHY PLANETARY GEOLOGIC MAPPING? Geologic mapping documentsmain geologic units and featuresand their relative ages and othercharacteristics. These form thebasis for the recognition of majorresurfacing events and processesoperative on planetary surfacesthrough timeSpecific accomplishments include: 1. Documentation of the geologicalevolution of Earth's Moon. Thisknowledge served to guide samplingand interpretation of Apollo rocksample. Radiometrically dated surfacesthat were mapped and crater countedestablished lunar chronology and astratigraphic system

WHY PLANETARY GEOLOGIC MAPPING? 2. Documentation of thegeological evolution of other solidsurface planetary bodies imagedby spacecraft, including Mars,Venus, Mercury, the Galileansatellites, and other outer solarsystem bodiesFor example, documentationof the diverse geologicalevolution of Mars via mappingis regarded by MEPAG as no. 2in its top 10 list of ce/2 Complex Surface Geology/index.html

WHY PLANETARY GEOLOGIC MAPPING? 3. Based on estimated impact rates, terrestrialplanetary surfaces can be dated with model ages.This produced the first planetary time scale,which is now published in The Geologic TimeScale 2012. 4. Geologic mapping has been performed forlanding site selection and characterization fornumerous landing sites on the Moon and Mars.

ADVANTAGES of PLANETARY MAPPING The advantage of geologic mapping overphotogeological studies alone is that itreduces the complexity of heterogeneousplanetary surfaces into comprehensibleproportions through interpretationThe distributions of these units are thenmapped, along with visible structural features,in order to identify the relative roles of impactcratering, volcanic, tectonic and gradationalprocesses in shaping their surfaces.Geologic mapping has aided in theunderstanding of the processes that producedcompositionally-distinct materials observed onmany planetary bodies, and generallychemical and physical analyses of a given siteon a planetary body can be investigated farbetter if the geologic setting of the site isknown first

HISTORY of PLANETARY MAPPRODUCTION With advent of planetary exploration by NASA in 1960s, recognized needfor geologic maps of the Moon to prepare for Apollo crewed landingsNASA collaboration with US Geological Survey geologists for mapproduction and coordinationLunar quadrangle system established & LAC maps made using telescopic &Lunar Orbiter imagesNearside map completed (Wilhelms & McCauley 1971)As each new planetary object has been imaged, lower resolution globalmaps followed by higher resolution quadrangle map series were made:1960s-70s: Moon (Lunar Orbiter), Mercury (Mariner 10), Mars (Mariner 9)² 1980s-90s: Mars (Viking), Venus (Magellan)² 1990s-2000s: Galilean satellites (Voyager, Galileo), Mars landing sites (MER)² 2000s-10s: Saturnian satellites (Cassini), Vesta & Ceres (Dawn), Comet 67P/C-G(Rosetta), Mercury (MESSENGER), Moon (LRO), Pluto & Charon (New Horizons)² With time, greater desire to make maps during nominal portion of activeflight missions

CURRENT ORGANIZATION:GEMS & MAPSIT Image mosaics, DTMs, geologic maps, derived regional &global data products, & associated geospatial infrastructureare integral to the success of the planetary science enterprise– Science investigations and mission operations for all Solar Systembodies– Influences all phases of the mission lifecycle Strategic needs must be anticipated and prioritized by thecommunity, requiring a NASA-sanctioned analysis group Mapping & Planetary Spatial Infrastructure Team (MAPSIT)– MAPSIT succeeds PCGMWG and assumes strategic planning role MAPSIT’s Geologic Mapping Subcommittee (GEMS) adviseson NASA planetary geologic mapping program– GEMS collects PG Mapping community concerns, issues findings,advises NASA on mapping issues

ENABLING PLANETARY SCIENCE Planetary SpatialInfrastructure is thetechnology,policies, standards,human resources,software tools, andrelated activitiesnecessary toacquire, process,distribute, use,maintain, andpreserve planetaryspatial data forscience andexplorationh"p://gistbok.org/bokwiki/index.html

CURRENT ORGANIZATION:GEMS & MAPSIT Jani Radebaugh, Brigham Young University [Chair]Brad Thomson, Boston University [Vice-Chair]Shane Byrne, University of ArizonaSarah Sutton, University of ArizonaDaniella DellaGiustina, University of ArizonaErwan Mazarico, NASA Goddard Space FlightCenterDavid Williams, Arizona State UniversityJames Skinner, United States Geological SurveyTrent Hare, United States Geological SurveyBrent Archinal, United States Geological SurveyRobin Fergason, United States Geological SurveyJustin Hagerty, United States Geological SurveyLisa Gaddis, United States Geological SurveyJay Laura, United States Geological Survey Sarah Noble, NASA Headquarters OfficerRepresenting a Diverse Community: Domain geoscience specialists Moon, Mercury, Small Bodies,Outer Planets, Mars Photogrammetry and Geodesy SOCET-SET, SOCET-GXP Geologic Mappers Mission participation LRO, MRO, OSIRIS-Rex,MESSENGER, Cassini, Galileo Cartographic Software expertise e.g. ISIS, ArcMAP, QGis,Lunaserv Human Exploration SKG and ISRU expertiseGeologic Mapping Subcommi"eeDavid Williams [ASU] (Chair)David Crown [PSI]Debra Buczkowski [JHU-APL]Corey Fortezzo [USGS]James Skinner [USGS]

NASA FUNDING:PLANETARY MAPPING NASA supports geologic map production through several funding programsFor maps made using image data from current/recent flight missions, sendproposals to appropriate Data Analysis Program (DAP):²²²²²Mercury, Vesta, Ceres – Discovery DAPMoon – Lunar DAPMars – Mars DAPSaturn’s Moons – Cassini DAPPluto, Charon – New Frontiers DAP (New in 2017) For maps made using older data not covered in a DAP, send proposals toSolar System Workings Program (Venus maps, Galilean satellite maps, etc.) For map production where science has already been done, or to upgradeolder maps using GIS, send proposals to Planetary Data, Archiving, & ToolsProgram (PDART)

HOW PG MAPPING IS DONE I Iterative process, using ever better imagingdataMost mapping is done using grayscaleimages and topographic data² Compositional and spectral data often usedto aid in devising map units² Define and characterize surface map unitsbased on specific physical attributesrelated to the geologic processes thatproduced themBrightness (albedo), texture, contact types² Morphology & slope, topography of surface² Color images if available composition² Identify & map types & extents of structuralfeaturesRidges, troughs, graben, lineaments, scarps² Crater rims, pits, etc.²

HOW PG MAPPING IS DONE II Determine stratigraphic history throughcontact relations among units andfeaturesSuperposition, cross-cutting, embayment,intrusion leads to determining relativestratigraphy² Crater counting of homogeneous mapunits & application of crater chronologysystems can provide cratering model agedates in Ma to Ga, providing “absolute”stratigraphy² Derived cross sections can aiddetermining 3D nature of rock units,where topographic information isavailableAll planetary mapping done using GISsoftware

HOW PG MAPPING IS DONE III Guidelines for making geologic maps given in Planetary Mappers Handbook(Tanaka et al., ryMapping/ ArcGIS soCware by ESRI is preferred by USGS, which supports fundedmappers through their GIS laboratory and technical support PI’s should have their own mapping computers & access to ArcGIS so]ware at their home ins tu ons prior to start of the project Recommended that mappers obtain basic ArcMap training through ESRIonline classes or other means before the start of the project Once funded, USGS provides PI w/digital ArcGIS project includingpreferred basemap, possibly some supplementary data sets, and layers formapping linear features (lines), point features (points), geologic contacts(lines), surface features (polygons), and map units (polygons) Mappers produce digital map in GIS map text, repor ng results orproblems at annual Planetary Mappers Mee ng

HOW PG MAPPING IS DONE IV Once dra] map & text is completed, submi"ed to USGS for review USGS Map Coordinator checks for accuracy w/Handbook guidelines Map then undergoes peer review by two mappers, as well as sciencereview by map coordinator ACer revision for any reviewer comments, map is again checked byMC and once approved, sent to USGS PublicaHons for produc on In the past, this process from start to finish typically lasted 5 years However, with advent of digital map produc on and refinement ofprocedures, it is hoped this meline can be reduced to 3-4 years total

SUMMARY NASA has supported geological mapping of planetary surfaces sincethe 1960s, working in conjunc on with the U.S. Geological Survey Since 1960s NASA and the USGS have overseen geological mappingcampaigns for the Moon, Mars, Venus, and Mercury, and hassupported mapping of Jovian & Saturnian satellites, asteroid Vesta,and the dwarf planet Ceres 170 planetary geologic maps have been produced, and 60 moreare in various states of produc on MAPSIT and GEMS are currently working with NASA to streamlineprocedures for planetary geological mapping in the digital age Goal: Produce robust infrastructure and resources for planetarymapping community to con nue geologic mapping of planetaryobjects in shortest me possible (3-4 years)

Recommendations: Geologic MappingDuring Active Missions

INTRODUCTION Why Planetary Geologic Mapping Advantages of Planetary Mapping History of Planetary Map production (USGS) . Since 1960s NASA and the USGS have overseen geological mapping campaigns for the Moon, Mars, Venus, and Mercury, and has supported mapping

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