Notes On Proverbs - Plano Bible Chapel
Notes onProverbs2 0 2 1 E d i t i o nDr. Thomas L. ConstableTITLEThe title of this book in the Hebrew Bible is "The Proverbs of Solomon, theSon of David, King in Israel" (cf. 1:1). The Greek Septuagint called this book"Proverbs of Solomon." The Latin Vulgate named it "The Book of Proverbs."Translators of English Bibles place Proverbs among the poetic books(Psalms—Song of Solomon), whereas in the Hebrew Bible it is found amongthe "Writings," the third and final major section.There is some debate about whether 1:1 is the title of the whole book orjust the title of the first major section (chs. 1—9). The first view has in itsfavor the fact that the Hebrew Bible took the verse as the title of the book.According to this view the references to Solomon in 1:1 are an indicationthat he was the primary author of the proverbs in the book.1 The secondview is that 1:1 simply introduces the first major section of the book.2 Thesupport for this view is that some succeeding sections begin with a similarcaption (cf. 10:1; 24:23; 25:1; 30:1; 31:1). However, chapters 1—9 donot contain "proverbs" as such, but longer wisdom speeches. In either case,the book got its title from the proverbs it contains. The whole book is abook of proverbs and wise sayings, so the title is appropriate.WRITERProverbs claims to be a compendium of the wise sayings of several differentindividuals. Only Proverbs and Psalms in the Old Testament claim compositeauthorship for themselves. Solomon originated or collected most of the1SeeDerek Kidner, The Proverbs, p. 22.Edward J. Young, An Introduction to the Old Testament, p. 328, who believed that22:17 also contains a heading.2SeeCopyright Ó 2021 by Thomas L. Constablewww.soniclight.com
2Dr. Constable's Notes on Proverbs2021 Editionproverbs (10:1—22:16 and chs. 25—29 definitely, and probably chs. 1—9 as well).1 Unnamed wise men (sages) wrote other parts (22:17—24:34definitely, and possibly chs. 1—9). Hezekiah's men copied some ofSolomon's proverbs and added them to this collection (chs. 25—29). Agurand King Lemuel produced chapters 30 and 31 respectively. We do notknow who the sages were who wrote 22:17—24:34, nor do we know thenames of the men whom King Hezekiah instructed to compile some ofSolomon's sayings. Agur and Lemuel are unknown to us also, thoughLemuel seems to have been a non-Israelite monarch.2Some of the proverbs appear to have been copied from, or at leastinfluenced by, earlier ancient Near Eastern books of wisdom.3" whatever the Spirit of God inspired the ancient writers toinclude became a part of the Word of the Lord. Such inclusionsthen took on a new and greater meaning when they formedpart of Scripture; in a word, they became authoritative andbinding, part of the communication of the divine will."4"The opinion of R. [Rabbi] Jonathan, that Solomon firstcomposed the Canticles, then the Proverbs, and last of allEcclesiastes, inasmuch as the first corresponds with thespring-time of youth, the second with the wisdom of manhood,and the third with the disappointment of old age, is foundedon the supposition of the unity of the book and of itsSolomonic authorship."51SeeAndrew E. Steinmann, "Proverbs 1—9 as a Solomonic Composition," Journal of theEvangelical Theological Society 43:4 (December 2000):659-74.2Seemy comments on 31:1.Jack Finegan, Light from the Ancient Past, pp. 123-25; W. F. Albright, Archaeologyand the Religion of Israel, p. 15; Michael V. Fox, Proverbs 1—9, pp. 17-23; Allen P. Ross,"Proverbs," in Psalms-Song of Songs, vol. 5 of The Expositor's Bible Commentary, pp. 88386; Roland E. Murphy, Proverbs, pp. 290-94; Tremper Longman III, Proverbs, pp. 42-56.4Murphy, pp. 885-86.5Franz Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Proverbs of Solomon, 1:1-2.3See
2021 EditionDr. Constable's Notes on Proverbs3DATESolomon reigned from 971 to 931 B.C. and Hezekiah from 715 to 686B.C.1 We do not know when the sages, Agur, or Lemuel lived. The earliestthe Book of Proverbs could have been in its final form was in Hezekiah'sday, but it may have reached this stage later than that. We have no wayto tell. The contents of the book could have been in existence in Solomon'slifetime, though not assembled into the collection we know as the Book ofProverbs.According to 1 Kings 4:32, Solomon "spoke" (Heb. dbr) 3,000 proverbs.The Book of Proverbs only contains a total of 800 proverbs.2 That Solomon"spoke" or "uttered" them does not necessarily mean that he "composed"(NRSV) them. Probably the proverbs of Solomon recorded in the Book ofProverbs are ones that he collected, some of which he may have composedbut others of which he obtained from other sources.3GENRE"Knowledge of the genre is essential to the interpretation."4"As we look at the contents of Proverbs, we see more thanone type of genre in the book. For instance, we immediatelysense a difference between chaps. 1—9 and 10—31. Theformer is made up of discourses or speeches, while the latterare closer to what we call proverbs in English."5Proverbs are a distinctive genre (type of literature). They are a particularkind of figure of speech.6 The Hebrew word translated "proverb" (masal)essentially means a comparison. However, through usage it came to meanany profound pronouncement, including: maxims, observations, sermons(e.g., ch. 5), even wisecracks (cf. Ezek. 18:2), and revelations from God1EdwinR. Thiele, A Chronology of the Hebrew Kings, pp, 75, 78.1:1.3See Longman, pp. 23-25.4Hubbard, p. 45.5Longman, p. 30.6See Milton S. Terry, Biblical Hermeneutics, pp. 328-33.2Delitzsch,
4Dr. Constable's Notes on Proverbs2021 Edition(cf. Ps. 49:4).1 Etymologically, the English word means "in place of (i.e.,for) words." A proverb is usually a succinct statement that stands in placeof a long explanation and expresses a truth about reality."The word Mashal from which the word Proverbs is deriveddenotes a simple, self-evident truth, expressed in a short,pointed sentence, designed to 'arrest attention, awakenresponsive thought, and remain fixed in memory.'"2"The proverb, understood broadly, is a short, pithy saying thatoffers advice or an observation on the world. E. I. Gordondefines it more specifically as a 'short familiar saying,expressing some well-known truth or common fact ofexperience,' and he cites Cervantes' memorable definition thata proverb is a 'short sentence founded on long experience.'"3"Proverbs express ideas commonly accepted as true."4As mentioned above, the English word "proverb" is a translation of theHebrew word masal, meaning resemblance. Proverbs are statements thatpaint a small word picture of what life is like or should be like. A proverb isa snapshot of life. However, as with every snapshot, a proverb does notalways represent what life always looks like. One picture does not captureeverything. A good proverb, like a good snapshot, captures what is typical.There are exceptions to the proverbs. They are not always true, but theyare usually true. They represent life accurately, but not completely.Visualize a photograph of a waterfall. It accurately represents a typicalwaterfall, but it does not picture every feature of every waterfall, evenevery waterfall in the locale where the picture was taken. Some waterfallslook quite different, though all waterfalls share certain things in commonthat this picture shows.1Forword studies of masal, see Allen H. Godbey, "The Hebrew Masal," American Journalof Semitic Languages 39:2 (January 1923):89-108; and A. S. Herbert, "The 'Parable'(Masal) in the Old Testament," Scottish Journal of Theology 7 (1954):180-96.2Sanford C. Yoder, Poetry of the Old Testament, p. 275. He did not identify the source ofhis quotation.3Longman, pp. 54-55. His quotation is from Edmund I. Gordon, Sumerian Proverbs:Glimpses of Everyday Life in Ancient Mesopotamia [1959 ed.], p. 1.4Longman, p. 31.
2021 EditionDr. Constable's Notes on Proverbs5" in my opinion, Ecclesiastes and Job function in part as acanonical corrective to an overreading of the book of Proverbs.They quash any presumption that one invariably andimmediately receives rewards for good behavior andpunishments for bad behavior."1Proverbs are a form of literature (genre) that is essentially different frompromises. One of the common mistakes that many Christians make whenthey read the proverbs is to take them as promises. Some are promises aswell as proverbs, when the proverb expresses a truth that is alwaysconsistent, but it is important to be able to distinguish a proverb from apromise. Promises are straightforward statements of assurance thatguarantee that stated effects will inevitably follow. Some promises areconditional, and others are unconditional. Proverbs and promises are reallydifferent forms of expression, and different types of literature."It is inappropriate to treat the proverbs of this book aspromises. They are theological and pragmatic principles."2"Christians are often confused and sometimes discouraged intheir attempt to apply the proverbs. The confusion usuallystems from misunderstanding the character of the proverbs.They are often treated as inviolable laws or infallible promiseswhen they should be understood as universal but not inflexibleprinciples."3"Because the proverbs of Solomon are Scripture, it is supposedthat God himself will guarantee the performance of everyproverb. This has put a strain on many Christians' faith whenthey have 'claimed God's promises in prayer,' holding up someproverb to God. When the exceptional or the unusual occurs,they then think God has failed to fulfill his promise. However,proverbs in Solomon's collection are not promises made byGod, but are guides which are to direct people in livingsuccessful and productive lives."41Ibid.,p. 62.Hassell Bullock, An Introduction to the Poetic Books of the Old Testament, p. 162. Seealso Longman, p. 853Kenneth G. Hanna, From Moses to Malachi, p, p. 302.4William E. Mouser Jr., Walking in Wisdom, pp. 13-14.2C.
6Dr. Constable's Notes on Proverbs2021 EditionLet me try to clarify the difference between a proverb and a promise. Ifyou were driving along a country road, for example, and saw a huge, longshed with the word "chickens" over the doorway, you would probablyconclude that chickens were inside. If you got out of your car, walked overto the shed, and looked in, you would probably see hundreds of white,feathery, clucking chickens. But if your traveling companion said, "Thosearen't chickens; they're pigs," you would say he was crazy. That is whatmany Christians say when they look into the book labeled "Proverbs." Theysay, "Those aren't proverbs; they're promises."Take another example: Proverbs 3:5-6. This is a proverb with a very highdegree of probability because it repeats a truth that God guarantees asabsolutely true elsewhere in Scripture. In almost every book of the Bible,we have evidence that those who trust in the Lord wholeheartedly, and donot rely on themselves alone, receive guidance from Him (e.g., Gal. 5:16).This is such an obvious truth that when we read it in Proverbs, we shouldknow that it is a "proverb" that expresses something that is consistentlytrue. It also expresses what God promises elsewhere in His Word. Thismeans that interpreting the proverbs accurately requires some knowledgeof what God has promised elsewhere in His Word. This is the correlationstep in Bible study.Ask yourself, "Is this a promise elsewhere in Scripture?" If so, the proverbexpresses an observation that is consistently true. We might say that someproverbs have a higher degree of accuracy than others.This distinction between proverbs and promises raises some questions. Ifthe proverbs are not 100 percent reliable as statements, and they areScripture, is Scripture less than 100 percent reliable? No, the proverbs donot claim to be 100 percent reliable. They only claim to be a safe guide towhat usually happens. They are snapshots of life, not statements claimingto reflect what life always looks like. And they are a safe guide, becausethey express what usually happens in life.Another question is: "Are we disobeying Scripture and sinning if we do notfollow a proverb?" For example, some proverbs say do not countersign aloan with a stranger. If we do that, are we sinning? No, the proverbs arenot commands. They are revelations of what will usually follow if we docertain things. We may choose to countersign with a stranger under certaincircumstances, but the proverbs warn us about what we can normallyexpect to happen in most cases if we do. Another example is going into
2021 EditionDr. Constable's Notes on Proverbs7debt. It is not a sin to go into debt, but it is unwise in most cases, as someof the proverbs say."Name it and claim it" theology has greatly influenced many Christians totreat the proverbs as promises, as has the general failure to distinguishproverbs as a unique genre."Didactic Wisdom, the genre to which Proverbs belongs, isalmost always cast as the words of a father to his son. Thedidactic books [of the ancient Near East] formulate someteachings as observations in the third person and others asadmonitions in the second person, but both types aim atinculcating right attitudes and behavior. The teachings are notrevelation and are never spoken by a god (except when theteacher is Pharaoh). With a few exceptions in Ben Sira, godsare never quoted or addressed in the body of the works. Incontent, the advice is both religious and worldly, but the focusis on successful and worthy behavior in mundane affairs. Theadvice is always directed to individuals, not a nationalgrouping. It shows little interest in affairs of state, exceptwhen the pupil happens to be the king, in which case thenational concerns belong to his personal realm of activity.Didactic writings are composed of short proverbs and ofsomewhat longer maxims on a single theme."1"Fundamental to the proverbial form [genre] is the fact that itbears a truth that has been tested by time."2CHARACTERISTIC FEATURESOne characteristic feature of the proverbs is that the editor of a givencollection of proverbs has "chain-linked" similar or related proverbs intochains or series of proverbs. Thus there are frequently series of proverbsthat in some way tie together. Sometimes the link is the subject (e.g., thefool, 26:1-12; the sluggard, 26:13-16; the talebearer, 26:20-22; the1Fox,p. 18.p. 156.2Bullock,
Dr. Constable's Notes on Proverbs82021 Editionmalicious, 26:23-28). At other times the link is an idea, a Hebrew word, oreven a Hebrew letter.1"Proverbs by their nature are like individual pearls. Though theymay be strung together, each one represents a self-containedthought. The unity of the book lies in its common reverencefor wisdom, not in a logically ordered discourse."2Another characteristic feature is that repetition of proverbs within thebook, and even within collections of proverbs within the book, is notuncommon. In some cases, whole proverbs are repeated in exactly thesame words (e.g., 14:12 and 16:25). Sometimes a proverb reappears withonly a slight change in wording (e.g., 10:1 and 15:20). Some proverbs arealmost identical in form but somewhat different in meaning (e.g., 10:2 and11:4). In some cases, only the first line is the same or similar (e.g., 10:15and 18:11). In others, only the second line is the same or similar (e.g., 10:6and 10:11). In still others, one of several lines is the same (e.g., 11:13 and20:19).3 This phenomenon is in keeping with the nature of a collection ofwise sayings. They bear repeating. Where there is a change, it is for apurpose: to express a slightly different point."In its basic form, the proverb is an ancient saying that takeswisdom and endows it with youthful vigor. In a few, piquantphrases the proverb capsulizes a practical idea or truth in sucha way as to lift the common-place to a new level of mentalconsciousness. It reweaves the threadbare idea and shows theordinary to be quite extraordinary."To read straight through a few chapters of Proverbs is liketrying to have a conversation with someone who always replieswith a one-liner."4"The Book of Proverbs has always been regarded as containingthe concentrated deposit of ancient Israelite morality."51Delitzschusually identified these links in his commentary where this phenomenon occurs.p. 302.3Delitzsch, 1:24.4John J. Collins, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, p. 13.5Gerhard von Rad, Wisdom in Israel, p. 74.2Hanna,
2021 EditionDr. Constable's Notes on Proverbs9"The book cannot be said to be a religious book, but ratherone of practical wisdom and instruction. It, however, does notignore religion and frequent appeals are made to man's relationto Deity or to the values to be found in a proper relationshipwith Him."1Richard Trench, commenting on proverbs in general, believed that a proverbalways has four characteristics: shortness, sense, salt, and popularity.2In addition to proverbs of various lengths, this book also contains narrativematerial. Most scholars recognize that Proverbs is a book of poetry anddidactic (in contrast to speculative) wisdom literature."Poetry has three major characteristics: terseness, parallelism,and intense use of imagery. There are also a number of whatmight be called secondary poetical devices."3"We're living in the 'information age,' but we certainly aren'tliving in the 'age of wisdom.' Many people who are wizards withtheir computers seem to be amateurs when it comes to makinga success out of their lives. Computers can store data andobey signals, but they can't give us the ability to use thatknowledge wisely. What's needed today is wisdom."The Book of Proverbs is about godly wisdom, how to get itand how to use it. It's about priorities and principles, not getrich-quick schemes or success formulas. It tells you, not howto make a living, but how to be skillful in the lost art of makinga life."4"Proverbs' guiding belief is that the human intellect—wisdom—founded on fear of God and tutored in traditional teachings, isthe prime virtue of character, and as such is the necessary(and almost sufficient) means for creating a life of success—materially, physically, socially, and morally."51Yoder,p. 277.Trench, On the Lessons in Proverbs, pp. 15-16.3Longman, p. 33. See also p. 36.4Warren W. Wiersbe, Be Skillful, p. 7.5Fox, p. 3.2Richard
Dr. Constable's Notes on Proverbs102021 EditionIt has been said that the sum total of human information currently doublesapproximately every year and a half. In view of this, T. S. Eliot's questionsare more apropos today than when he wrote them:"Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge? Where is theknowledge we have lost in information?"1"The final value of the Book of Proverbs is its revelation of theapplication of wisdom to all sorts and conditions of people, andto the ordinary affairs of human life."2"Proverbs convey wisdom for living by making comparisons orcontrasts. By their nature proverbs bring together experienceand insight, life and light. Life is carefully observed,thoughtfully analyzed, evaluated by experience, and lessonsare distilled resulting in a principle (proverb). That proverb inturn when applied back to life brings improvement andexcellence."3"God is never quoted or addressed [in the book]. It never hada role in the ritual life of Israel, in neither temple norsynagogue. In fact, it never was, and still is not, a subject ofdeliberate study in the rabbinic academies. With the exceptionof a few passages, it treats everyday life, not the grand affairsof state, history, cult, or law. It gives guidance in challengeswe all face: how to get along with people, how to be a goodand decent person, how to make the right choices in personaland business affairs, how to win God's favor and avoiddisaster—all issues of great importance, but still modest andprosaic ones."4FORMSThree things mark biblical poetry, and these are prevalent in the proverbs:terseness, imagery, and parallelism.5 Terseness, or conciseness, is1T.S. Eliot, Collected Poems 1909-1962, p. 147.Campell Morgan, The Unfolding Message of
Proverbs 2021 Edition Dr. Thomas L. Constable TITLE The title of this book in the Hebrew Bible is "The Proverbs of Solomon, the Son of David, King in Israel" (cf. 1:1). The Greek Septuagint called this book "Proverbs of Solomon." The Latin Vulgate named it "The Book of Proverbs."
Proverbs 14:22-35 5. Proverbs 15:1-11 6. Proverbs 15:12-22 7. Proverbs 15:23-33 8. Proverbs 16:1-9 9. Proverbs 16:10-20 10. Proverbs 16:21-33 11. Proverbs 17:1-14 12. Proverbs 17:15-28 13. Proverbs 18:1-13 14. Proverbs 18:14-24 15. Proverbs 19:1-17 16. Proverbs 19:18-29 17. Proverbs 20:1-16 18. Proverbs
5. Proverbs 15:1-11 6. Proverbs 15:12-22 7. Proverbs 15:23-33 8. Proverbs 16:1-9 9. Proverbs 16:10-20 10. Proverbs 16:21-33 11. Proverbs 17:1-14 12. Proverbs 17:15-28 13. Proverbs 18:1-13 14. Proverbs 18:14-24 15. Proverbs 19:1-17 16. Proverbs 19:18-29 17. Proverbs 20:1-
Proverbs 7-8 22. Proverbs 9-10 23. Proverbs 11-12 24. Proverbs 13-14 25. Proverbs 15-16 26. Proverbs 17-18 27. Proverbs 19-20 28. Proverbs 21-22 29. Proverbs 23-24 30. Proverbs 25-26 OLD TESTAMENT 1. Proverbs 27-28 2. Proverbs 29-30 3. Proverbs 31 4. Ecclesiastes 1-2 5. Ecc
Apr 9 Numbers 27 Proverbs 19 Philippians 3-4 Apr 10 Numbers 28 Proverbs 20 John 1 Apr 11 Numbers 29-30 Proverbs 21 John 2-3 Apr 12 Numbers 31 Proverbs 22 John 4 Apr 13 Numbers 32 Proverbs 23 John 5 Apr 14 Numbers 33 Proverbs 24 John 6 Apr 15 Numbers 34 Proverbs 25 John 7 Apr 16 Numbers 35 Proverbs 26 John 8
The proverbs of this book belonged to Solomon (Proverbs 1:1). Solomon was known for his wisdom (1 Kings 4:29). The Bible tells us that Solomon had composed 3000 proverbs (1 Kings 4:32). Other authors were Agur (Proverbs 30:1) and Lemuel's mother (Proverbs 31:1). Date The date of compilation of Proverbs into book form can be no earlier than the .
A BIBLE STUDY ON PROVERBS Proverbs 1:1-33 Proverbs is a book full of Godly practical wisdom for anyone, at any age, who is willing to learn. Studying and memorizing it will change your life and your thinking patterns. Although Jewish poetry, Proverbs
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An introduction to literary studies/ Mario Klarer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. English literature—History and criticism—Theory, etc. 2. American literature—History and criticism— Theory, etc. I. Title. PR21.K5213 1999 820.9–dc21 99–25771 CIP ISBN 0-203-97841-2 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-415-21169-7 (hbk)
