A Review Paper On Pressure Vessel Design And Analysis

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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 3 Issue 3, March - 2014A Review Paper on Pressure Vessel Design andAnalysisShyam R. Gupta,PG Student of Mechanical DepartmentKalol Institution of Technology And Research Center,Kalol, India.Chetan P. VoraAssociate Professor, Mechanical Department KalolInstitution of Technology and Research Center, Kalol,India.Abstract— This paper reviews some of the developments in theII.LITERATURE REVIEW:In this section research papers are discussed related to thepresent work. Published papers are highlight in this section.A. M Javed Hyder and M Asif[1]etc presented work to optimize location and size of opening inpressure vessel cylinder using ANSYS, Analysis performedfor three thick-walled cylinders with internal diameter 20, 25and 30 cm having 30 cm height and wall thickness of 20 mm.first they done analysis of pressure vessel cylinder withouthole, they found tangential, longitudinal, radial, and vonmisses stress ,then optimization of hole size is carried out bymaking hole having diameter of 4,8,10,12,14,16 and 20 mmlocated at center in each of three thick cylinders, from fig 14they found that the optimum size of hole is 8 mm cylinderhaving internal diameter 20 cm and hole size 10 mm forcylinder having internal diameter of 25 cm and 30 cm haslowest von Misses stress value and finally 12 mm hole locatedat 1/6, 1/8, 2/8, 3/8, and 4/8 of cylinder from top in all threecylinders, and they found Von Misses stress is maximum atthe center 0.500 location and decreased directed away fromthe center and the stress increased at the location change from0.1250 to 0.0625 from cylinder top due to end effect andfinally they found Von-Mises stress is minimum at location1/8 of cylinder height.IJERTdetermination of stress concentration factor in pressure vessels atopenings, stress analysis of different types of end connections andminimization stress with the help of optimize location and angleof nozzle on shell and head. The literature has indicated agrowing interest in the field of stress concentration analysis in thepressure vessels. The motivation for this research is to analyzethe stress concentration occurring at the openings of the pressurevessels and the means to reduce the effect of the same. Design ofpressure vessels is governed by the ASME pressure vessel code.The code gives for thickness and stress of basic components, it isup to the designer to select appropriate analytical as procedurefor determining stress due to other loadings. In this paper therecent and past developments, theories for estimation of stressConcentrations are presented and the scope for future studies isalso presented.Keywords— Pressure Vessel, ANSYS, PVElite Software, PRO-E,Mechanical Stresses, ABAQUSI.INTRODUCTIONPressure vessels find wide applications in thermal and nuclearpower plants, process and chemical industries, in space andocean depths, and fluid supply systems in industries. Thefailure of pressure vessel may result in loss of life, healthhazards and damage of property. Due to practicalrequirements, pressure vessels are often equipped withopenings of various shapes, sizes and positions. Vessels haveopenings to accommodate manholes, handholds, and nozzles.Openings vary in size from small drain nozzles to full vesselsize openings with body flanges. The openings cannot beavoided because of various piping or measuring gaugeattachments. They allow for the mounting of equipment, theinsertion of instrumentation, and the connection of pipingfacilitating the introduction and extraction of content but theyalso lead to the high stress concentration which leads to thefailure of pressure vessel. Openings in pressure vessels arefrequent, in fact all riveted constructions make use of suchmeans of fabrication, and all vessels must have openings.These geometric discontinuities alter the stress distribution inthe neighborhood of discontinuity so that elementary stressequations no longer prevail. Such discontinuities are calledstress raisers and the regions in which they occur are called theareas of stress concentrations.IJERTV3IS030449B. Josip Kacmarcik, Nedelijko Vukojevic And FuadHadzikadunic[2]etc concluded that comparison show good agreement betweenthe stress concentration factor determined with two differentmethod, here two different method strain gauge withexperimental set-up and finite element analysis withABAQUS software are used for two different nozzlegeometries investigation, here two stress concentration factordefined by maximum principal stress and maximum vonMises stress are calculated by strain gauge measurement andcompared with ABAQUS software, in this paper nozzleexternal radius are different C1 Nozzle has higher radius thenC2 nozzle, but both nozzle have same thickness of vessel walland external radius of a vessel, in this paper only 1/8 of thevessel part and ¼ of nozzle part is modeled because it ispossible to defined three symmetry planes and here as a meshgeneration 3D tetragonal elements are implemented, stressconcentration factor is obtained by the value ofwww.ijert.org295

International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 3 Issue 3, March - 2014stress(principal and von Mises) obtained via FEM analysis andstrain gauge measurement, when compared both method it isshown that the maximum deviation of 15.5% is acceptable forengineering application of stress concentration factor andFEM analysis is very reliable enough for determining stressconcentration factor in pressure vessel design. And thisresearch also show advantages of FEM analysis in possibilityto determine stresses on vessel internal side that can be greaterthan external stresses which is very difficult for strain gaugemeasurement.F. James j Xu, benedict C. Sun, Bernard Koplik[6]had did work on local pressure stress on lateral pipe-nozzlewith various angle of interaction, this paper report variation oflocal pressure stress factor at the junction of pipe-nozzle whenits angle varies from 90 to 30 degree, the circumferential andlongitudinal stress at four symmetric points around the pipenozzle junction are plotted as function of an angle, theALGOR finite element software was employed to model forthe true pipe-nozzle geometry, the numerical stress resultcome from parameters beta and gamma which are the nozzlemean radius and pipe thickness, at angle 90 degree at thisangle result had low value local stress, these stress increase asangle of interaction is decrease from 90 degree and stressvalue more decrease when angle is decrease from 45 degree,the inside crotch point B has worst circumferential stressvalue, and concluded that angle 90 degree local pressure stressare same at point A and B as same as point C and D due tosymmetry. And it had low stress value than other angleIJERTC. V.N. Skopinsky, A.B. SMETANKIN[3]presented work on modeling and stress analysis of nozzleconnection in Ellipsoidal head of pressure vessel underexternal loading, in this paper he used Timoshenko shelltheory and the finite element method, the effect of stressconcentration in external loading has more effect than in theinternal pressure, there is an appreciable increase of themaximum stress for shell in the interaction region even at thesmall level of nominal stress, non-radial and offset connectionhave non-uniform distribution of stress on the interactioncurve between the nozzle and the head, the influence ofangular parameter α for non-radial nozzle connection is shownin this paper, a decrease of maximum effective stress as anangle α increase is more significant for non-centralconnection, and in case of torsional moment loading, the angleaffects the stress in opposite manner, the stress in the shellincrease as alpha angle increase.increase number of nozzle on the periphery of pressure vesseluntil the symmetry is achieved, and find out optimum anglesuch that the stress are maintained within limits. in this paperfirst one nozzle placed on top on shell and calculated stresseswith finite element analysis, then two nozzle placed with angle60 degree from each other, then again two nozzle placed atangle 90 degree from each other, then also again two nozzleplaced at angle 180 degree from each other ,then three nozzleplaced at angle 60 degree from each other, then again threenozzle placed at angle 90 degree from each other, then fournozzle placed at angle 60 degree and again four nozzle placedat 90 degree from each other and calculated stress fromANSYS software ,from this study they found the result thatpeak stresses for symmetrical nozzle attachment is lowest thanthe others and stress increment factor for symmetric nozzleattachment is lower than other, here the stress value isminimum at two nozzle which is placed at angle 180 degreeand four nozzle placed at angle 90 degree from each other, thisstate that the symmetry nozzle attachment had always lowerstress than others.D. J. Fang,Q.H.Tang[4]etc presented work on a comparative study of strengthbehavior for cylindrical shell interaction with and without padreinforcement under out-of-plane moment loading on nozzle,three pairs of full-scale test vessel with different meandiameter of nozzle to mean diameter of cylindrical vessel ratiowere designed and fabricated for testing and analysis ,thematerial of the cylinder, reinforcement pad and the nozzle arelow carbon steel, result from this research indicate that themaximum elastic stress and stress ratio are reduced by padreinforcement, they found that in test reduction rate is 20-60%and in finite element analysis reduction rate is 28-59% and itsrate of reduction depend upon structure and dimension of thevessel for example D/d ratio, and result also indicate that theplastic limit of nozzle in cylinder vessel is increased by padreinforcement, generally rate of increase is about 40-70% fromtest and its larger than 40% from finite element analysis, sothe conclusion given from the result that the reinforcementstructure are useful under static external load on nozzle.E. Pravin Naral and P S Kachare[5]presented work on structural analysis of nozzle attachment onpressure vessel design, they said if the nozzle is kept on peakof the dished end it do not disturb the symmetry of the vessel,but if it is placed on the placed on the periphery of the vessel,it may be disturb the symmetry of the vessel. Size, diameter,angle, etc of nozzle connection may significantly vary even inone pressure vessel, these nozzle cause geometricdiscontinuity of vessel wall, so a stress concentration createdaround a opening, the junction may fail due to high stress ,sodetailed analysis is must be required, in this paper conduct astudy analysis, what will be the effect of the nozzle angle andIJERTV3IS030449G. Amran Ayob[7]worked on stress analysis of torispherical shell with radialnozzle, in this paper experimental reading was taken with helpof 0.0625-inch foil string gauge which was bonded to the outerand inner surface of the shell, the model was instrumentedwith 39 pairs of 0.0625-inch foil strain gauge, these gauge waslocated between S -0.1 to S 0.5 in the meridional direction.The experimental result used here is the part of testprogrammer carried out by drabbles to determine theshakedown behavior of a torispherical vessel with nozzle,under action of internal pressure, thrust and bending momentapplied to the nozzle. There are three interacting geometriclocation which could influence stress field, the maximumstress could occur any of sphere-nozzle, sphere-knuckle andcylinder-knuckle junction the graph of the elastic stress factordistribution along meridional plane due to four load caseshown in this paper, the crotch corner and the weld-crownregion are the highest stress area with ESF approximately 2,www.ijert.org296

International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 3 Issue 3, March - 2014H. V. N. Skopinsky[8]had worked on stresses in ellipsoidal pressure vessel headswith noncentral nozzle, the objective of this paper is moreinvestigation of shell intersection problem, the shell theoryand finite element method are used for stress analysis ofnozzle connections in ellipsoidal heads of the pressure vessel,here nozzle is considerably displaced on ellipsoidal head fromhead axis is considered in this paper, the feature of numericalprocedure, structural modeling of nozzle-head shellintersections and SAIS special-purpose computer program arediscussed. The result of stress analysis and parametric study ofellipsoidal vessel head with a noncentral nozzle under internalpressure loading are presented, in many practical design, thenozzle is placed at a relatively large distance from the headaxis. Special consideration of these case is given in thisanalysis, this stress analysis result better understanding of thispoorly investigated problem and give the possibility ofachieving a more reliable design of nozzle connections on thepressure vessel heads, also the SAIS program can be used fordesign optimization purpose e.g. nozzle location finding.L. B.S.Thakkar and S.A.Thakkar [12]did a case study and put efforts to design the pressure vesselusing ASME codes & standards to legalize the design. Theperformance of a pressure vessel under pressure can bedetermined by conducting a series of tests to the relevantASME standard in future scope they have mentioned Designof pressure vessel in PVELITE software can be accrue.Further FEA analysis can be done to verify the above designprocedure, they concluded that the design of pressure vessel ismore of a selection procedure, selection of its components tobe more precise rather designing of every components,pressure vessel components are selected on the basis ofavailable ASME standard and the manufactures also followthe ASME standard while manufacturing the components sothat leaves designer free from designing the components. Thisaspect of design greatly reduce the development time of newpressure vessel, it also allows the designer to keep free frommultiple prototype for pressure vessel before finalizing thedesign, here standard part are used so it reduce time forreplacement so less overall costIJERTI. Jaroslav Mackerle[9]had worked on bibliographical review of finite elementmethod(FEMs) applied for the analysis of pressure vesselstructural/components and piping from the theoretical as wellas practical points of view, he searched paper contains 856reference to papers and conference proceeding on the subjectthat were published in 2001-2004, he found papers those areclassified in the following categories: linear and nonlinear,static and dynamic, stress and deflection analysis, stabilityproblem, thermal problem, fracture mechanics problem,contact problem, fluid-structure interaction problem:manufacturing pipe and tube: welded pipe and pressure vesselcomponents: development of special finite element forpressure vessel and pipes, finite element software and othertopics, and he found that linear and nonlinear, static anddynamic, static and deflection analysis and fracture mechanicsproblem had various topic in pressure vessel and piping.present, here six model included with nozzle offset locationnozzle offset/vessel outer diameter in present study, model 1 isthe ax symmetric case with nozzle located in the center of thecrown, the model 3 offset the outermost weld location is atcrown/knuckle junction and in this work FE model wascreated with using PATRAN mesh generation program andstress analysis work was done by using ABAQUS program,they concluded that the nozzle has very little influence on thelimit pressure of the head, even when it is located in theknuckle region of the head, for external load applied to thenozzle, the effect of increasing the offset is to increase thelimit loads.J. P balicevic, D Kozak, D. Karlievic[10]presented work on ANLYTICAL and NUMERICAL solutionof internal forces by cylindrical pressure vessel with semielliptical heads, in this paper the solution for internal forcesand displacement in the thin-walled cylindrical pressure vesselwith ellipsoidal head using general theory of thin walled shellof resolution have been proposed, distribution of the forcesand displacement in thin walled shell are given inmathematical form, finite element analysis of the cylindricalvessel with semi-elliptical head has been done by usingANSYS 10 code for to confirms analytical solution, hereellipsoidal head model made as axi-symmetric problem toavoid bending effect on the contact between heads andcylinders and author concluded principal stresses calculatedanalytically are very close to the finite element result( thedifference is less than 3%)K. M F hsieh, D G Moffat, J mistry[11]had worked on nozzle in the knuckle region of a torisphericalhead, in this paper limit load interaction plot for pressure Vsnozzle axial force, in-plane moment, out-of-plane moment andfor in-plane moment versus out-of-plane moment are alsoIJERTV3IS030449M. Shaik Abdul Lathuef and K.Chandra Sekhar [13]discusses some of the potential unintended consequencesrelated to Governing Thickness of shell as per ASME. Herehave a scope to change the code values by take the minimumgoverning thickness of pressure vessel shell to the desiredrequirements and also relocate of nozzle location to minimizethe stresses in the shell. In this paper nozzle located at fiveplaces and analysis with ANSYS here nozzle locates at shellleft end, at the shell middle, at the shell right end, at dishedend of both side and calculate stress. And they found fromresult that the stress would be Minimum at the dished end withhillside orientation. A low value of the factor of safety resultsin economy of material this will lead to thinner and moreflexible and economical vessels. Here we evaluated the stressin the vessel by Zick analysis approach.N. Binesh P Vyas, R. M. Tayade[14]concluded that Design of pressure vessel by using PVElitegives accurate analysis result and also reduces time .A verticalpressure vessel has been designed using graphical basedsoftware named PVElite. For designing of vertical legsupported pressure vessel some input parameters like volume,inside diameter, design pressure (either inside pressure orexternal pressure), temperature, material, processing fluid. Etc.is required. PVElite gives thickness of shell, thickness of head,height of head, thickness of nozzle, manhole, PVElitecalculate local stress according to welding research councilwww.ijert.org297

International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 3 Issue 3, March - 2014(WRC) 107, further research need to explore environmentalparameter such as earthquake, thermal load, fluctuation loadand so on.[15]O. Dražan Kozak Ivan Samardžićetc had worked on stress analysis of cylindrical vessel withchangeable head geometry, The main objective of this paper isnumerical analyses of cylindrical pressure vessel withchangeable head geometry (semi-elliptical and hemisphericalheads) and comparison of results in means of precision andtime needed for getting the solution, comparison of analyticaland numerical results for pressure vessel with hemisphericalheads is shown, In this paper a numerical analysis of pressurevessel with hemispherical and semi-elliptical heads isperformed, with three types of elements: SOLID 95, PLANE183 and SHELL 181. It is concluded that in both cases ofpressure vessel heads, using of PLANE 183 element presentsthe best approach, because of minimal number of elements formeshing, shortest calculation time, this type of axsymmetricelement could be recommended in such cases, when the totalsymmetry of model is considered.a special computer programmed was created for calculationpurposes.T. Shafique M.A. Khan [20]done analysis and shown result of stress distributions in ahorizontal pressure vessel and the saddle supports. The resultsare obtained from a 3D finite element analysis. A quarter ofthe pressure vessel is modeled with realistic details of saddlesupp

pressure vessel design, they said if the nozzle is kept on peak of the dished end it do not disturb the symmetry of the vessel, but if it is placed on the placed on the periphery of the vessel, it may be disturb the symmetry of the vessel. Size, diameter, angle, etc of nozzle connection may significantly vary even in

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