Chapter 10 - Byzantine & Muslim Civilizations

Chapter 10Byzantine & Muslim Civilizations

Section 1The Byzantine Empire

Constantinople Capital of Byzantine Empire –Constantinople– Protected by Greek Fire– Controlled by:Roman EmpireChristiansByzantinesMuslim ArabsTurks

Constantine Ruled Roman Empire Made 2 Changes:– Became Christian – stopped persecution– Moved capital from Rome to Byzantium Built expensive city Fortified capital Renamed it Constantinople– Early 500’s city – successful– People lived there – Byzantines When Roman Empire fell – split– East – strong – military & trade

Trade Constantinople on Bosporus – straight– narrow channel links 2 bodies ofwater– Black Sea & Mediterranean SeaEurope & Asia met there riches

Middle Ages Period from fall of Roman Empire, AD476 to 1500 – Middle Ages – alsoknown as medieval – exist duringMiddle Ages– During this period – Byzantines remainedstrong

Justinian One of the greatest rulers– Always completed everything– Listened to everyone– Created – Code of Justinian – organizedcollection and explanation of Roman lawsfor use by the Byzantine Empire Became basis for legal system in mostEuropean countries Byzantine scholars kept and copiedGreek works

After Justinian’s Death 565 – empire decline– Emperors fought over religious & politicalarguments with:Turks & Persians (East)Arabs (South)Germanic (North & West)

Religion Problem Most were Christian– Byzantine Christians rejected:Pope – leader of the Church ofRome– Emperor got to choose the Patriarch –leader of the Church in Constantinople Greek spoken in Byzantine Church Latin spoken in Roman Church– 2 Churches grew apart– Christians prayed to holy people or saintsrepresented by icons – paintings of people 700’s Byzantine Emperor outlawed icons –Pope disagreed and banished emperor from thechurch

Religion Problem Byzantines thought Pope did not haveauthority to do it schism – split Roman Catholic Church – WestEastern Orthodox Church - East

Second Golden Age 900-mid 1000’s trade, population grew– Reign of Basil II (976 -1025) best periodsince Justinian – regained land

Fall of Constantinople Late 1100’s – Turks taking land away 1171 – disagreement with Veniceovertrade war 1200’s – Constantinople attacked byChristian Crusaders – ruled city for 50years 1261 – regain city – empire gone 1453 – 70,000 Turks surroundedConstantinople– 7,000 defenders held out for 2 months– When city fell – renamed Istanbul – capitalof Ottoman Empire

Section 2Beginnings of Islam

Arabian Peninsula Mainly a desert– No major rivers– Little rainfall

Bediouns Nomads – people who have nopermanent home but move from placeto place in search of food, water, &pastures– Traveled on camels from oasis to oasis forwater for them and their animals– Herded sheep, camels, & goats (pg. 298) Acted as guides for caravans – traderswho traveled across the desert in largegroups

Mecca One of the most important and busytrading centers on Arabian peninsula– Goods went from there to Syria toMediterranean Sea and to Yemen

Muhammad Born 570 into a poor family– Worked on caravans– At 40 years old 610 he went into a cave to pray– Voice of an angel from God told him therewas one God – created people, - God wouldteach his people, told Muhammad he wouldbe Gods messenger

Muhammad People who accepted the teachings ofMuhammad came to be known asMuslim – “person who submits” Many Arabs prayed at the Kaaba– Many people feared Muhammad, theythought he was threatening their old godsand would try to gain political power 622 people invited Muhammad and hisfollowers to Yathrib – N of Mecca

Muhammad People thought he was a Prophet – thismovement or hijra – “the migration” –622 year 1 on Muslim calendar– Also – Yathrib became Medina 630 – Muhammad returned to Mecca– When he died, 2 years later, Islam spreadover the Arabian Peninsula

Muslim Beliefs Muezzin – calls Muslims to worship 5times a day Mosque – house of worship – faceMecca

5 Pillars of Islam Basic Muslim Beliefs

Quran The holy book of Islam– Contains messages God gave to Muslims– Many have memorized it Many have learned Arabic– Similar to Torah or Bible Believed in 1 God Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, & Jesus –important people in religious history Saw himself as the last prophet in a long line ofprophets– Muhammad called Jews & Christians “peopleof the book”

Role of Women Quran taught men & women werespiritually equal––––Right to inherit propertyGet an educationCould not be forced to marryGet a divorce

Split Among Muslims 656 – Uthman – leader of the Muslimcommunity – assassinated– Caused a split in Muslim world– Disagreed who would be the next leader 2 Groups– Shiites (small) Said ruler should be direct descendant ofMuhammad Would be inspired by God, like Muhammadshould explain meanings of messages receivedfrom God

Split Among Muslims– Sunnis (large) Said any true Muslim an could lead No man should tell what God’s message meant Muslim scholars could best explain the Quran– Today 85% of Muslims are Sunnis

Section 3Muslim Civilization

Islam Spreading 150 years after Muhammad’s deathIslam spread to:––––SpainNorth AfricaIndiaChina As traders traveled to North Africa &Asia, they took their religion Arab armies conquered new territories

Islam Spreading By 732 Arab forces were defeated byEuropean soldiers at the Battle Tours(France) They were able to be successful becauseRome, Persia, & Byzantine Empires werenot as powerful Under their Rule– People practice own religion– Have own business– Non Muslims: Pay extra tax Not allowed to serve in military

Golden Age 800-1100 – advances in math, science& literature Muslim leaders – caliphs – created anempire and made it rich Baghdad, natural center of trade, wascapital of Muslim Empire– Caliph was Muhammad successor Math– Khwarizmi – helped create algebra greater discoveries in astronomy, chemistry,& physics

Golden Age Science– Philosopher – Ibn Sina – organized medicalknowledge Literature– Sufis – Muslims who believed they coulddraw close to God through prayer, fasting,and a simple life– Sufis missionaries helped spread Islam

Ottoman Empire 1258 Mongols killed last caliph Muslim world now controlled byMongols and Turks Muslim Turks – the Ottomansexpanded the sultan – Ottoman rulerheld:– Most of Southern Europe– North Africa– Middle East

Ottoman Empire They tolerated the many ChristianGroups who lived there strength 1683 European nations grew stronger Ottoman Empire began decline

Religion Problem Most were Christian – Byzantine Christians rejected: Pope – leader of the Church of Rome – Emperor got to choose the Patriarch – leader of the Church in Constantinople Greek spoken in Byzantine Church Latin spoken in Roman Church – 2 Churche