Public Swimming Pool And Spa Pool Advisory Document

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Public Swimming Pool andSpa Pool Advisory Document

Public swimming pool and spa pool advisory documentThis work is copyright. It may be reproduced in whole or in part for studyor training purposes subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgment of thesource and no commercial usage or sale. Health Protection NSW 2013HEALTH PROTECTION NSW73 Miller StreetNORTH SYDNEY NSW 2060Tel. (02) 9391 9000Fax. (02) 9391 9101TTY. (02) 9391 9900www.health.nsw.gov.auFor more information, please contact your local Public Health Unit whosecontact details can be found at www.health.nsw.gov.auThis document is intended as a guide and represents a compendium ofinformation on disinfection of public swimming pools. Every reasonable efforthas been made to give reliable data and information. No warranty as to thecompleteness of the information is given. The NSW Ministry of Health and itsemployees disclaim all liability and responsibility for any direct and indirect lossor damage which may be suffered through reliance on any informationcontained in or omitted from this document. No person should act solely onthe basis of the information contained in this document, without first takingappropriate professional advice about their obligations in specific circumstances.Suggested citation: Health Protection NSW. Public swimming pool andspa pool advisory document. Sydney: 2013.SHPN (EH) 130037ISBN 978 1 74187 896 7April 2013

AcknowledgementsThere were many contributions made in the development of this advisory document. In particular NSW Healthwould like to acknowledge the Swimming Pool Industry Group, and the organisations below who provideddirection and guidance.Aquatic and Recreation InstituteCollingridge and AssociatesFulham Engineering Services Pty LtdPallintest AustraliaProMinent Fluid Controls Pty LtdStevenson and Associates Pty LtdSiemens Water TechnologiesTrisley’s Hydraulic ServicesBellingen Shire CouncilLeichhardt Municipal CouncilRyde City CouncilShoalhaven City CouncilWarringah CouncilPoolwerxTim Batt Water Solutions Pty LtdSwimming is animportant recreationalactivity. Learning toswim preventsdrowning. Swimmingpromotes goodphysical, mental andcardiovascular health.In properly managedpools the benefits ofswimming faroutweigh any risk.(WHO 2006)Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 1

ContentsAcknowledgments. 43.4Microbiological sampling. 163.4.1 Sampling technique. 16Quick start for pool operators. 53.4.2 Timeliness.17A.B.C.D.E.3.4.3 Interpretation.17Chemical criteria. 5Chemical testing. 5Microbiological criteria. 5Fact sheets. 5Pool occupiers information sheet. 5Chapter 1:Introduction. 61.1 Overview. 61.2 Purpose. 61.3 Scope and application. 61.4 Disease risk from swimming pools. 71.5 Legislation. 71.6 Australian Pesticides and VeterinaryMedicines Authority (APVMA). 81.7 NSW Health website. 83.4.4 Chemical criteria.173.4.5 Database.173.5Micro-organism risk factors. 18Chapter 4:Disinfection. 194.14.24.34.4Overview.19Disinfectant properties.19Disinfection concepts.19Characteristics of various disinfectants. 204.4.1 Chlorine-based disinfectants that producehypochlorous acid. 20(i)Free available chlorine (free chlorine). 21(ii)The effect of pH on chlorine(iii)Total chlorine, free chlorine and combineddisinfection power. 21Chapter 2:Microbial health risks and transmission. 9(iv)Bather pollution and the formation of2.12.2Overview. 9Micro-organisms. 9(v)Reducing chloramines. 232.2.1 Viral pathogens. 9(vi)Stabilised chlorine – cyanuratechlorine. 22chloramines. 22products and cyanuric acid. 232.2.2 Bacterial pathogens. 10(vii)2.2.3 Protozoan pathogens.11Electrolytic generation of2.2.4 Fungal pathogens.12hypochlorous acid. 242.3 Disease transmission theory.132.4 Transmission of micro-organismsin swimming pools.132.5 Conclusions.134.4.2 Bromine-based disinfectants. 24(ii)The formation of bromamines. 25(iii)The effect of pH on brominedisinfection power. 253.1 Overview.153.2 Indicator micro-organisms.153.3 Microbiological criteria.153.3.1 Heterotrophic plate count (HPC). 16The hydrolysis of bromine to form hypobromousacid. 25Chapter 3:Microbiological criteria and sampling. 153.3.2 Escherichia coli (E. coli). 16(i)(iv)Isocyanuric acid and bromine. 26(v)Breakpoint bromination andsuper-bromination. 264.4.3 Chlorine dioxide. 264.54.63.3.3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 16PAGE 2 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory DocumentOther disinfection systems. 26Disinfection by-products (DPBs). 27

Chapter 5:Disinfection chemical criteria, otherchemicals, sampling and monitoring. 286.4Water balancing. 406.4.1 Overview. 406.4.2 pH. 405.1 Overview. 285.2 Chemical criteria. 286.4.4 Calcium hardness. 405.2.1 Dosing. 286.4.5 Temperature.415.2.2 Chlorine systems chemical criteria. 286.4.6 Langelier saturation index.416.4.3 Total alkalinity. 406.4.7 Corrosive water – The Ryznar index. 425.2.3 Bromine systems chemical criteria. 285.2.4 Alternate disinfection systems. 306.5Backwashing of sand filters. 425.2.5 Oxidation-reduction potential. 306.5.1 Reuse of backwash water (externally). 425.2.6 Pool operating periods. 306.5.2 Recycling of swimming pool5.3 Other chemicals used in swimming pools. 305.3.1 Chemicals for raising pH. 30(i)Soda ash (sodium carbonate Na2CO3). 30(ii)Bicarb (sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3Minimising pool pollution. 436.6.1 Restricting bather load andencouraging bather hygiene. 43– pH buffer). 306.6.2 Total dissolved solids. 435.3.2 Chemicals for lowering pH. 316.6.3 Water sources. 44(i)Dry acid (sodium bisulphate NaHSO4). 31(i)Mains water. 44(ii)Hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid HCl). 31(ii)Borewater. 44(iii)Carbon dioxide (CO2). 31(iii)Rainwater (roof water) harvesting. 44(i)Calcium chloride (CaCl2). 316.7 Prevention and control of chloraminesin indoor aquatic centres. 45(ii)Potassium monopersulphate (KHSO4). 316.7.1 Education. 455.3.3 Other chemicals. 315.45.55.65.75.85.95.10backwash wastewater. 436.6(iii)Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). 316.7.2 Superchlorination. 45(iv)Ozone (O3). 316.7.3 Shock dosing. 45(v)Sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3.5H2O). 32(i)Chlorine dioxide. 45(vi)Isocyanuric acid (C3N3O3H3)(ii)Potassium monopersulphate. 45(Cyanuric Acid). 326.7.4 Ultra violet light treatment systems. 45(vii)Algaecides. 326.7.5 Ozone. 46(viii)Flocculants. 326.7.6 Granulated activated carbon filters. 46Health and safety issues of chemicals. 33Disinfection by-products. 33Frequency of pool testing. 33Sampling location. 35Testing equipment and testing. 35Other chemical and physical parameters.36Record keeping. 366.7.7 Zeolite. 466.7.8 Ventilation – indoor. 46Chapter 7:Design, construction and amenities. 487.17.2Overview and introduction. 48Circulation and filtration. 487.2.1 Surface water removal. 48Chapter 6:Managing water quality. 377.2.2 Bather load. 496.1 Overview. 376.2 Chlorine demand. 376.3 Chemical dosing control equipment. 377.2.4 Water distribution – zonal and non-zonal.517.2.3 Circulation rate and pool turnover. 507.2.5 Separate plant for high risk pools.517.2.6 Dye Testing.517.2.7 Entrapment prevention.516.3.1 Continuous metered disinfectant7.2.8 Upgrading existing outdoor pools.51dosing system. 376.3.2 Oxidation-reduction potential. 386.3.3 Direct chlorine residual measurement7.3Filtration systems.517.3.1 Element filters (cartridge filters). 52(amperometric). 396.3.4 Automatic controllers. 406.3.5 pH probes. 407.3.2 Granular filters (typically sand filters).527.3.3 Ultrafine filters incorporating diatomaceousearth filters. 52Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 3

7.4 Maintenance of swimming poolsand spa pools. 537.5 Change rooms, pool hall and amenities. 537.5.1 Floors, walls and change areas. 537.5.2 Light and ventilation. 537.5.3 Showers. 5310.2.3 Risk management plan. 6410.2.4 Implementation. 6410.3 Dynamics of risk analysis. 6410.4 Other plans. 6610.5 Descriptive risk assessmentand management of pools and spas. 667.5.4 Hand basins. 547.5.5 Toilets (water closets). 557.5.6 Baby nappy change / parent facilities. 557.5.7 Waste removal (garbage). 557.5.8 Storage of hazardous and dangerouschemicals. 557.5.9 Water temperature. 557.5.10 Towel and costume hire. 55Chapter 11:Legislation. 6711.111.211.311.411.5Overview. 67The Public Health Act 2010. 67The Public Health Regulation 2012. 67Schedule 1 of the Regulation. 68Enforcement of the Act and Regulation. 687.5.11 First aid. 557.5.14 Kiosk. 56Appendix A:Breakpoint chlorination(see section 4.4.1). 69Chapter 8:Cryptosporidium risk management. 571. Combined chlorine and chloramines. 692. Continual breakpoint chlorination theory. 703. Shock breakpoint chlorination. 717.5.12 Shade. 567.5.13 Glass. 568.18.28.38.4Overview. 57Epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis. 57Control measures and strategies. 57Swimmer hygiene practices. 588.4.1 Personal hygiene. 588.4.2 Awareness of infants who are nottoilet trained. 588.5 Education. 598.6 Operational control and management. 608.6.1 Barriers used in pool operations. 60(i)Filters. 61(ii)Disinfection. 618.6.2 Water sampling for Cryptosporidium. 61Chapter 9:Pool designer and operatorcompetencies. 629.19.29.39.49.5Overview. 62Pool designers. 62Operator competencies. 62Formal operator qualifications. 62Pool safety qualifications. 62Appendix B:Sample log sheet. 73Appendix C:Components to consider in recyclingswimming pool backwash water. 75Appendix D:Components to considerin water harvesting. 77Appendix E:Descriptive risk assessment andmanagement of pools and spas. 79Glossary / Abbreviations. 81References. 84Bibliography. 87Chapter 10:Health risk management planning. 6310.1 Overview. 6310.2 Public health risk. 6310.2.1 Risk identification. 6310.2.2 Risk assessment / characterisation. 63PAGE 4 NSW Health Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document

Health Protection NSWQuick Start for Pool OperatorsD. Fact sheetsThe three most important parts of this advisorydocument for pool operators are:A series of fact sheets which complement this AdvisorynChemical criteriaDocument can be found at:nChemical blicpools/nMicrobiological criteria and samplingPages/default.aspxA. Chemical criteriaE. Pool occupiers information sheetThe mandatory Chemical Criteria is specified in ScheduleInformation Sheet Number 4 for occupiers of public pools1 to the Public Health Regulation 2012. Schedule 1 canis provided at:be found 012-schedule 1.pdfAfter these essential sections, it is recommended thatNSW Health only recommends the use of chlorine orChapter 1 (Introduction), Chapter 4 (Disinfection),bromine based disinfection systems for public swimmingChapter 6 (Managing water quality) and Chapter 8pools and spa pools. These systems rely on proper(Cryptosporidium risk management) be studied.concentrations of pH and reserve alkalinity. It is essentialFinally, the Contents should be consulted for mattersthat pool operators also read section 5.2 of Chapter 5.of additional interest.B. Chemical testingThe minimum mandatory requirements for chemicaltesting are also specified in Schedule 1 mentioned above.The frequency of pool testing as best practice is outlinedin section 5.6 of Chapter 5. Sampling location isdiscussed in section 5.7, testing equipment in section 5.8and record keeping in section 5.10.C. Microbiological criteriaThe Microbiological criteria are specified in Box 3.1 ofChapter 3. It is important for pool operators to read allof Chapter 3.Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW Health PAGE 5

CHAPTER 1Introduction1.1OverviewCryptosporidium. Outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis are aproblem in public swimming pools because CryptosporidiumThis chapter introduces the 2013 Public Swimming Poolis chlorine resistant and is easily transmitted by infantsand Spa Pool Advisory Document by explaining its purpose,who are not toilet trained. The advisory documentscope and application. This chapter also explains that thehighlights minimising the risk of Cryptosporidiumdisease risk from swimming pools is always present nocontamination in public swimming pools and spa pools.matter how well a pool is disinfected and its patrons aremanaged. There is a brief overview of the public healthThe advisory document is, where possible, evidencelegislation framew

Public Swimming Pool and Spa Pool Advisory Document NSW HeAltH PAGe 1 Acknowledgements There were many contributions made in the development of this advisory document.

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