Chapter 13: Medieval Africa
3/23/041:36 AMPage 440440–441 Peter Adams/Getty Images440-443 CO13-824133Medieval AfricaIslamic mosque and marketplace in Djenne, MaliA.D. 300A.D. 700c. A.D. 300c. A.D. 750Axum conquersKushArab Muslimtraders settlein East Africa110013241500c. 1441Mansa Musa First enslavedtravels toAfricans arriveMakkahin Europe
440-443 CO13-8241333/23/041:38 AMPage 441Chapter PreviewWhile China enjoyed an artistic golden age, kingdoms inAfrica grew rich from trading salt and gold. This chapter willtell you about an African ruler who led a great caravan on along journey from North Africa to the Arabian Peninsula.Chapter Overview Visitjat.glencoe.com for a previewof Chapter 13.View the Chapter 13 video in the World History:Journey Across Time Video Program.The Rise of African CivilizationsAfrica’s geography influenced the rise of itscivilizations. The growth of trade led to theexchange of goods and ideas.Africa’s Government and ReligionAfrican rulers developed different forms ofgovernment. Traditional religions, Christianity,and Islam shaped early African culture.African Society and CultureThe family was the foundation of African society.A growing slave trade, however, would disruptAfrican society.Categorizing Information Make this foldable to help you organize your notesabout medieval Africa.Step 1 Draw a map ofAfrica on one side of asheet of paper.Step 3 Unfold, turn thepaper over (to the cleanside), and label as shown.The Rise of AfricanCivilizationsReading and WritingAs you read about thecivilizations of Africa,write down three mainquestions under eachheading. Then write ananswer to each question.Africa’s Governmentand ReligionStep 2 Fold the sheet of paperinto thirds from top to bottom.African Society andCulture441
440-443 CO13-8241333/23/041:40 AMPage 442Compareand ContrastMaking ComparisonsOne way authors help you to understandinformation is by organizing material so that youcan see how people, places, things, or eventscompare (are alike) or contrast (are different).Read the following passage:First, look at whatis being comparedor contrasted. Inthis case, it is thereligions of twogroups of peoplefrom Africa, highlighted in pink.Some groups, like the Nanti in EastAfrica, thought people could talkdirectly with their god. Others, like theIgbo, thought their creator could only bespoken to through less powerful godsand goddesses who worked for him.forad, lookeruoyeAssignal thtahtswordns,mparisoocfo,eus, similarekilsasuc hent.or dif fer442The contrasts(differences)are highlightedin blue.Even though Africans practicedtheir religion differently in differentplaces, their beliefs served similarpurposes. They provided rules forliving and helped people stay intouch with their history.—from page 463The comparisons (similarities)are highlighted in green.
Create aVenn DiagramRead to WriteA Venn diagram can help you to compare and contrast information. Differences are listed in the outsideparts of each circle. Similarities are listed in the portion ofthe two circles that overlap. Read the paragraphs below.Then create a Venn diagram to compare and contrast theroles of European and African women as stated in u will read about therise and fall of manywealthy kingdoms inAfrica during the MiddleAges. Choose one of thekingdoms and do researchto find out what modernAfrican nation occupiesthat same area today.Write a report to compareand contrast the modernnation and the earlyAfrican kingdom.As in most medieval societies, women in Africaacted mostly as wives and mothers. Men had morerights and controlled much of what women did.Visitors to Africa, however, saw exceptions.European explorers were amazed to learn thatwomen served as soldiers in some African kingdoms.African women also won fame as rulers. In theA.D. 600s, Queen Dahia al-Kahina led the fightagainst the Muslim invasion of her kingdom, whichwas located about where Mauritania is today.Another woman ruler was Queen Nzinga, whoruled lands in what are now Angola and Congo. Shespent almost 40 years battling Portuguese slavetraders.—from page 470As you read each section, makeVenn diagrams to help you compareand contrast important details.443Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY
444-453 C13S1-8241333/23/042:23 AMPage 444The Rise of AfricanCivilizationsWhat’s the Connection?Meeting PeopleEgypt and Kush were Africa’s firstgreat civilizations. In this section, youwill learn about African civilizationsthat developed later.Sundiata KeitaFocusing on the Africa has a vast and varied West African empires grew rich from Africa’s rain forests blocked invadersand provided resources. (page 450) East African kingdoms and statesbecame centers for trade and newideas. (page 451)Mansa Musa(MAHN sah moo SAH)Sunni Ali (sun EE ah LEE)Building Your Vocabularylandscape. (page 445)trade. (page 447)(sun dee AH tuh KY tuh)plateau (pla TOH)griot (GREE OH)dhow (DOW)Reading StrategySummarizing InformationCreate diagrams describing theaccomplishments of each medievalAfrican civilization.Locating PlacesGhana (GAH nuh)Mali (MAH lee)Timbuktu (TIHM BUHK TOO)Songhai (SAWNG HY)Axum (AHK SOOM)A.D. 300TimbuktuKilwaCHAPTER 13A.D. 9001500c. A.D. 300c. A.D. 7501468AxumconquersKushArab Muslim traderssettle in East AfricaSunni Ali al Africa
3/23/042:26 AMPage 445European or American had ever risked thejourney before. The “death road” crossedmore than 1,500 miles (2,414 km) of theSahara, the world’s largest desert. To getlost meant certain death.Only nomads living in the region knewthe way, but Vischer hoped to map theroute. Like the desert nomads, his lifedepended upon finding oases. Upon hisreturn, Vischer amazed people with storiesof the Sahara. He told of swirling windsand shifting sand dunes.Africa’s GeographyAfrica has a vast and varied landscape.Reading Focus How can geography discourage peoplefrom exploring another place? Read to learn about thegeographic features that made it difficult for people totravel across parts of Africa.In 1906 a teacher named Hans Vischerexplored what he called the “death road,”a trade route connecting western Africato the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. NoGeography and Climate Zones in Africa40 N0 20 WStrait NSAdReMediterraneanHR.ileN20 NARTESEAN DLIBYSMediterranean SeanAdef IDESERTMAopo R.mpLiTSERFind NGS online map resources @www.nationalgeographic.com/mapsRANGEEIB DOrange R.01,000 mi.NSHow people live in Africa dependsupon where on the continent theymake their home.1. Which type of physical featurecovers the largest area of Africa?2. How might Africa’s geography haveaffected trading patterns there?DAGASCARmbezi RZaNAM20 SRain forestINDIANOCEANLakeMalawiSSavanna0 KilimanjaroLakeTanganyikaEWMount KenyaGREATNATLANTICOCEANCONGO LakeBASIN VictoriaRIFT VALLEYGulf ofGuineaCongoR.DesertEQUATORKE444-453 C13S1-824133DR1,000 km0Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projectionACape of Good Hope20 EKEY40 E60 EDesertMediterraneanRain forestSavanna445(t)Christine Osborne/Lonely Planet Images, (tc)Frans Lemmens/Getty Images, (bc)Brand X Pictures, (b)Michael Dwyer/Stock Boston/PictureQuest
444-453 C13S1-8241333/23/042:28 AMPage 446A Vast and Diverse Continent Africa isthe world’s second-largest continent. TheUnited States fits into Africa three times, withroom to spare. The Equator slices through themiddle of the continent. Hot, steamy rainforests stretch along each side of it. Yet therain forests cover only 10 percent of the land.Most of Africa lies in the tropics. Here dry,sweeping grasslands reach for thousands ofmiles. Most of the tropical grasslands, knownas savannas, have high temperatures anduneven rains. These wide-open grasslandsare perfect for raising herds of animals. Formuch of Africa’s history, the people of thesavanna were hunters and herders.North and south of the savannas are thedeserts—the Sahara to the north and theKalahari to the southwest. For many years,these unmapped seas of sand blockedtravel. People had to follow the coastline ifthey wanted to get past the deserts. Areas ofmild climate, good for growing crops, arefound along the Mediterranean Sea innorthwest Africa and in the south.The African PlateauAlmost all of Africa,except the coastal plains, rests on a plateau(pla TOH)—an area of high flat land. Riversspill off the plateau in crashing waterfallsand rapids, cutting off inland water routes.Although the Nile River is Africa’s longestriver, the Congo River winds 2,700 miles(4,345 km) through Africa, near the Equator.In the east, movements of the earth’scrust millions of years ago cracked the continent, and parts of the plateau’s surfacedropped. This formed the Great Rift Valley,where some of the earliest human fossilshave been unearthed. The valley extendsthrough eastern Africa from present-dayMozambique to the Red Sea.Cause and Effect Whatcaused the Great Rift Valley?UNITED STATESComparing Africa to the U.S.SizeAfricaUnited States11,667,159 square miles(30,217,894 sq. km)3,794,085 square miles(9,826,680 sq. km)Population about 891 millionpeopleTodayabout 291 millionpeopleLongestRiverNile River4,160 miles (6,693 km)Missouri River2,565 miles (4,130 km)LargestDesertSahara3,500,000 square miles(9,065,000 sq. km)Mojave15,000 square miles(38,850 sq. km)Sources: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2004;World Population Data Sheet, 2003;The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1990446CHAPTER 13Medieval AfricaAFRICAAfrica has a land area roughly three timesthat of the United States.1. How does the size of the Sahara compare tothe size of the United States?2. How does the population of Africa compareto that of the United States?
444-453 C13S1-8241333/23/042:29 AMPage 447West African EmpiresWest African empires grew richfrom trade.Reading Focus What would you rather have—a pound of gold or a pound of salt? Both of thesegoods were important to West Africans and helpedthem build large trading empires.Stories of golden lands south ofthe Sahara seemed hard to believe.There’s a country, claimed one story,“where gold grows like plants in thesame way as carrots do, and is pluckedat sunset.”The Berbers who told the tales hadseen the gold with their own eyes. TheBerbers, the first known people to settle inNorth Africa, crossed the Sahara to tradewith people in western Africa. Theybegan making the trip about 400 B.C.For hundreds of years, Berbertraders carried goods on horses anddonkeys, which often died in the hotSahara. When the Romans conqueredNorth Africa, they introduced camelsfrom central Asia. Camels, nicknamed“ships of the desert,” revolutionizedtrade. Their broad feet did not sink inthe sand, and their humps stored fat forfood. In addition, they could travelmany days without water.Traders grouped hundreds, maybeeven thousands, of camels together toform caravans. They traded salt andcloth from North Africa and the Saharafor gold and ivory from western Africa.The trade led to the growth of cities inwestern Africa. Eventually, rulers ofthese cities began to build a series ofempires. During the Middle Ages, theseAfrican empires were bigger than mostEuropean kingdoms in wealth and size.The first empire to develop was Ghana.While many of the caravans that crossed the desertgoing to and from West Africa included about 1,000camels, some caravans may have had as many as12,000 camels. What were some of the items tradedby caravans?CHAPTER 13Medieval Africa447
444-453 C13S1-8241333/23/042:31 AMPage 448Rise of GhanaGhana (GAH nuh) rose topower in the A.D. 400s. It was a “crossroadsof trade,” a place where trade routes cometogether. Trade routes reached across theSahara into North Africa and down theNiger River (NY juhr) to kingdoms inthe rain forest. Some extended all the wayto Africa’s northeastern coast.For traders to meet, they had to passthrough Ghana. Passage came at a price—atax paid to Ghana’s rulers. These taxesmade Ghana rich. Why did traders pay thetaxes? First, Ghana knew how to make ironweapons. Like ancient Kush, it used theseweapons to conquer its neighbors.Although Ghana owned no gold mines, itcontrolled the people who did. Second,Ghana built a huge army. “When the kingof Ghana calls up his army,” said one trader,“he can put 200,000 men in the field.”Third, people wanted the trade items,especially salt and gold, at almost any price.West Africans needed salt to flavor and preserve food, and their bodies needed salt tostay healthy. They paid taxes to get saltfrom Berber mines in the Sahara. In turn,the Berbers paid taxes to get gold to sell at ahuge profit in Europe.Rise of MaliGhana did not last forever,however. The discovery of new goldmines outside Ghana’s control reducedthe taxes it collected. In addition, heavyfarming robbed the soil of minerals andmade it harder to grow enough crops tofeed people. Constant fighting also hurtGhana. Ghana’s rulers had accepted thereligion of Islam, but they fought withNorth African Muslims who wanted tobuild empires of their own.Trade Routes of North Africa20 W0 20 ENWTunisE40 EMeditTripoli e r r a n e a n Se aCairoSS A H A R LAPersianGulfMakkah(Mecca)ReR.Timbuktu20 NCaspianSea01,000 , c. 1050Mali, 1300sBenin, c. 1500Songhai, 1500s4481,000 km0Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projectionCHAPTER 13Trade routeSalt minesGold minesMedieval AfricaA number of empires in West Africa,including Ghana, grew wealthy fromthe salt and gold trade.1. About how many miles was it fromthe kingdom of Ghana to Cairo?2. In general, where were many of thesources of salt found in West Africa?0
Volkmar Kurt Wentzel/National Geographic Image CollectionAfter Ghana fell in the 1200s, the kingdom of Mali (MAH lee) replaced it. WestAfrican griots (GREE ohz), or storytellers,give credit to a great warrior-king namedSundiata Keita (sun dee AH tuh KY tuh)—the “Lion Prince.” Sundiata, whoruled from 1230 to 1255, seized the capitalof Ghana in 1240. He then won control oflands from the Atlantic coast to the tradingcity of Timbuktu (TIHM BUHK TOO) andbeyond. His conquests put Mali in controlof the gold-mining areas, allowing him torebuild the gold and salt trade.ge.rRAnalyze Why did WestAfrica become the center of three large tradeempires?Salt mining beganin the Sahara in the Middle Ages.Ancient miners worked undergroundand in sand dunes to extract solidblocks of salt. The salt trade becamea successful business for the Africanpeople. In ancient times, salt was sodesirable that it was traded ounce forounce for gold.There are many salt deposits inwestern Africa because part of thedesert was once a shallow sea madeup of salt water. When the sea driedup, salt was left behind.People need a small amount of saltto stay healthy. It is lost when peopleand animals sweat,so people needsome in their food.In ancient times,before refrigeratorsor canned foodsAFRICAwere invented,salt was used tokeep foods fromgoing bad. It alsowas used to addflavor to food.NiRise of Songhai Mali began a slow declineafter the death of its last strong king,Mansa Musa (MAHN sah moo SAH), in1332. The kings who followed failed to stopBerber conquerors, who for a time evenruled Timbuktu.In 1468 Sunni Ali (sun EE ah LEE), theleader of Songhai (SAWNG HY), stormed intoTimbuktu and drove out the Berbers. He thenbegan a campaign of conquest. Sunni Aliused Songhai’s location along the NigerRiver to his advantage. He ordered a fleet ofwar canoes to seize control of the rivertrade. His armies then swept westward into the Sahara, where they tookover Berber salt mines. By the time ofhis death in 1492, Sunni Ali had builtthe largest empire in West Africa.The empire lasted almost 100 moreyears. In 1591, however, a small armyfrom the Arab kingdom of Moroccocrossed the Sahara. Soldiers withcannons, guns, and gunpowder easily cut down Songhai soldiers armedwith swords, spears, and bows andarrows. Within months, Songhai’sempire was gone.Africa’s Salt MinesAfrican salt minetodayConnecting to the Past1. How do salt deposits form?2. Why do you think salt was so valuablethat it was traded ounce for ouncefor gold?
444-453 C13S1-8241333/23/046:06 AMPage 450Kingdoms of the Rain ForestAfrica’s rain forests blocked invadersand provided resources.Reading Focus What does your state make thatpeople in other places want to buy? Africa’s rain forestkingdoms had something the savanna kingdomswanted. It was not gold or salt, but something just asvaluable—food.Ghana, Mali, and Songhai ruled thewide-open savannas. However, the denserain forests along the Equator kept themfrom expanding to the southern coast.People living in the rain forests built theirown kingdoms and empires. They includedBenin, which arose in the Niger delta,and Kongo, which formed in the CongoRiver basin.Griots who live in the Niger delta stilltell stories about King Ewuare (eh WOO ah ray), who founded the empire of Beninaround 1440. In describing his ancestor’saccomplishments, one storyteller boasted:He fought against and captured201 towns and villages. . . .He took their . . . rulers captiveand caused the people to paytribute to him.—J.V. Egharevba,A Short History of BeninFarmers in the rain forest kingdomsenjoyed many natural advantages, including farmable soil and a warm, wet climate.In cleared-out areas of the forest, they oftenproduced a surplus, or extra supply, offoods like bananas, yams, or rice.The Kingdom of BeninBronze statue ofqueen from BeninStatue of horn playerfrom BeninThis bronze casting honored the king ofBenin. Around when was the kingdomof Benin founded?450(l)Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY, (c)The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Gift of Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1964 (1978.412.310), (r)The British Museum, London/Bridgeman Art Library
Food surpluses supported rulers and aclass of artisans. Kongo weavers, for example, wove fabrics from bark and plant fibersthat looked to Europeans like velvet. InBenin, artists excelled at sculpting and carving metal, wood, and ivory.Rain forest kingdoms that bordered onthe dry savannas traded surplus food andcrafts for copper, salt, and leather goods fromthe savannas. Later, when the Europeansarrived, traders from Benin and Kongo metships along the coast. They traded, amongother things, captives taken in war.Describe What advantagesdid farmers in the rain forests have over farmersin other parts of Africa?East AfricaEast African kingdoms and statesbecame centers for trade and new ideas.Reading Focus Have you ever met someone whoused to live somewhere far away? Did their ideas helpyou to think about the world differently? Read to learnhow new ideas arrived along the coast of East Africa.People today in the East African countryof Ethiopia trace their history back to1005 B.C. In that year, Queen Makeda rose tothe throne of a great empire called Saba orSheba. According to the Glory of Kings,Ethiopia’s oldest written history, Makedatraveled to meet with King Solomon, rulerAfrican Trading Empires A.D. 100–1600AxumLocation East AfricaGhanaMaliSonghaiZimbabweWest AfricaWest AfricaWest AfricaSE Africac. 1200–1450c. 1000–1600c. 700–1450GHANATimePeriodc. 100–1400c. 400–1200GoodsTradedivory,frankincense,myrrh, slavesiron products,salt, goldanimal products,salt, goldsalt, goldgold, copper,ivoryKeyFactsKing Ezanaconverted toChristianity;made it theofficial religion.Taxes fromtraders passingthrough madeGhana rich.Songhai gainedcontrol of WestAfrican tradeby conqueringTimbuktu andmastering tradeby river.Kings Mutotaand Matopebuilt theregion’sbiggestempire.King MansaMusa builtmosquesand libraries.Large trading kingdoms developed in severalareas of Africa.1. Which kingdom developed earliest?2. Generalize What were some of the commontrade items of the West African empires?CHAPTER 13Medieva
long journey from North Africa to the Arabian Peninsula. View the Chapter 13 video in the World History: Journey Across Time Video Program. Chapter OverviewVisit jat.glencoe.com for a preview of Chapter 13. 441 The Rise of African Civilizations Africa’s geography influenced the rise of its civilizations. The growth of trade led to the exchange of goods and ideas. Africa’s Government and .
Part One: Heir of Ash Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 .
TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD. Contents Dedication Epigraph Part One Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Part Two Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18. Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26
History Alive! The Medieval World and Beyond explores the legacy of civilizations from Europe, Africa, and the Middle East to Asia and the Americas. Students will learn about Europe during medieval times, Islam in medieval times, the culture and kingdoms of West Africa, Imperial China, Japan during medieval times, civilizations of the Americas,
DEDICATION PART ONE Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 PART TWO Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 .
Johannesburg, South Africa Auckland Park Theological Seminary Polokwane, South Africa Taberna Dei Academy Kempton Park, South Africa Kaleideo Congregation Centurion, South Africa AFM of South Africa Witrivier, South Africa Africa School of Missions Irene, South Africa Full Gospel Church of God College Cullinan, South Africa Berea Bible School
Ancient and Medieval Africa Introduction Kush—Ghana—Mali—Songhay—Benin Subject: Civilizations of Ancient and Medieval Africa, and the Trans-Sahara Trade Route Time Frame: Four weeks Level/length: The unit below on Kush, Ghana, Mali, Songhay, and Benin was written with seventh graders in mind, but can easily be adapted for grades 5–9.
management in Africa 3. Community involvement in natural resources management in Africa – regional overviews 3.1 Introduction: Different understandings of, and approaches to, CBNRM in different regions 3.2 Central Africa 3.3 East Africa 3.4 Southern Africa 3.5 West Africa 3.6 Summary 4. What has CBNRM achieved in Africa? The ‘3Es .
About the husband’s secret. Dedication Epigraph Pandora Monday Chapter One Chapter Two Chapter Three Chapter Four Chapter Five Tuesday Chapter Six Chapter Seven. Chapter Eight Chapter Nine Chapter Ten Chapter Eleven Chapter Twelve Chapter Thirteen Chapter Fourteen Chapter Fifteen Chapter Sixteen Chapter Seventeen Chapter Eighteen
