Biology A Level - National Extension College

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Biology A levelCourse planThis plan shows the structure of the course and gives an outline ofthe contents. Sections 1–4 cover the requirements of the AS andPart 1 of the A level; Sections 5–8 cover Part 2 of the A level. Youneed to do Sections 1–8 to prepare for the A level.Getting StartedIntroductionMaking the most of the courseA level Biology Course guideSection 1 Lifestyle, health and riskTopic 1 What is cardiovascular disease?Topic 2 Who is at risk of cardiovascular disease?Topic 3 Risk factors for cardiovascular diseaseTopic 4 Biochemistry involved in cardiovascular diseaseCore practical 1 Investigate the effect of caffeine on heart rate inDaphniaCore practical 2 Investigate the vitamin C content of food anddrinkTopic 5 Reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseaseAssignment 1Section 2 Genes and healthTopic 1 The effects of cystic fibrosis on the lungsCore practical 3 Investigate membrane structure, including theeffect of alcohol concentration or temperature on membranepermeabilityTopic 2 Why is CF mucus so sticky? 2017 The Open School Trust – National Extension College1

Biology A levelnCourse PlanCore practical 4 Investigate the effect of enzyme and substrateconcentrations on the initial rate of reactionsTopic 3 The roles of proteins and enzymesTopic 4 How is the CFTR protein made?Topic 5 How is cystic fibrosis inherited?Topic 6 Testing for CFAssignment 2Section 3 Voice of the genomeTopic 1 Cells and their componentsTopic 2 In the beginningCore practical 5 Prepare and stain a root tip squash to observe thestages of mitosisTopic 3 From one to many: the cell cycleTopic 4 How development is controlledTopic 5 Genes and environmentAssignment 3Section 4 Biodiversity and natural resourcesTopic 1 Why are there so many different species?Topic 2 How did organisms become so well adapted?Topic 3 Classification and speciationCore practical 6 Identify sclerenchyma fibres, phloem sieve tubesand xylem vessels and their location within stems through a lightmicroscopeCore practical 7 Investigate plant mineral deficienciesTopic 4 Plant cells and tissuesCore practical 8 Determine the tensile strength of plant fibresCore practical 9 Investigate the antimicrobial properties of plants,including aseptic techniques for the safe handling of bacteriaTopic 5 Making use of biodiversity in plantsTopic 6 On the brinkAssignment 42 2017 The Open School Trust – National Extension College

Biology A levelnCourse PlanSection 5 On the wild sideCore practical 10 Carry out a study on the ecology of a habitat, suchas using quadrats and transects to determine distribution andabundance of organisms, and measuring abiotic factorsappropriate to the habitatTopic 1 What is an ecosystem?Core practical 11 Investigate photosynthesis using isolatedchloroplasts (the Hill reaction)Topic 2 Ecosystems rely on energy transferTopic 3 Global climate changeCore practical 12 Investigate the effects of temperature on theinitial rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction, to include Q10Core practical 13 Investigate the effects of temperature on thedevelopment of organisms (such as seedling growth rate, brineshrimp hatch rates)Topic 4 Predicting and coping with future climate changeTopic 5 Adapt or dieTopic 6 Getting the balance rightAssignment 5Section 6 Infection, immunity and forensicsCore practical 14 Use gel electrophoresis to separate DNAfragments of different lengthsTopic 1 Forensic biologyTopic 2 Cause of deathTopic 3 The body's response to infectionTopic 4 Could the infections have been prevented?Core practical 15 Investigate the effect of different antibiotics onbacteriaTopic 5 Are there treatments for AIDS and TB?Assignment 6Section 7 Run for your lifeTopic 1 Getting movingCore practical 16 Investigate rate of respiration 2017 The Open School Trust – National Extension College3

Biology A levelnCourse PlanTopic 2 Energy for actionCore practical 17 Investigate the effects of exercise on tidal volume,breathing rate, respiratory minute ventilation and oxygenconsumption using data from spirometer tracesTopic 3 Peak performanceTopic 4 Breaking out in a sweatTopic 5 Overdoing itTopic 6 Improving on natureAssignment 7Section 8 Grey matterTopic 1 The nervous system and nerve impulsesTopic 2 Reception of stimuliTopic 3 The brainTopic 4 Visual development and making sense of what we seeCore practical 18 Investigate habituation to a stimulusTopic 5 Learning and memoryTopic 6 Problems with synapsesTopic 7 Genetic modification: risks and benefitsAssignment 8Assignment 94 2017 The Open School Trust – National Extension College

Sample of the A Level Biology Course fromSection 1Topic 1What is cardiovasculardisease?IntroductionDiseases of the heart and circulatory system are collectively knownas cardiovascular disease (CVD). Heart disease and strokes, causedby CVD, are major causes of death and disability in the world today.What causes them and can anything be done to prevent them? Thistopic looks at the heart and blood system, how they work in ahealthy body and what can go wrong to cause cardiovasculardiseases.You will probably need 4 hours to complete this topic.ObjectivesWhen you have completed this topic you should be able to:n explain why many animals have a heart and circulationn explain the importance of water as a solvent in transportn describe how the structure of blood vessels relates to theirfunctionsn describe the cardiac cycle and how the structure and operationof the mammalian heart relate to its function 2017 The Open School Trust – National Extension College1

Biology A levelnSection 1Topic 1nWhat is cardiovascular disease?n list the course of events that leads to atherosclerosisn describe the blood clotting process and its role in cardiovasculardisease.Key termsArterioles Small blood vessels, with walls containing smoothmuscle, formed when arteries divideArtery Large blood vessel which carries blood away from theheart to the body organsAtherosclerosis A form of cardiovascular disease involvingdeposits of cholesterol and formation of plaques in damagedarteriesAtheroma Deposited cholesterol in a damaged arteryAtrial systole First phase of the cardiac cycle when both atriacontractAtrium (plural atria) One of two small chambers of the heart intowhich blood flows from veinsBlood Liquid that transports soluble substances and blood cellsaround the bodyBlood vessel Tube in which blood is carried around the bodyCapillary Tiny blood vessel, with wall one cell thick, which passesthrough the tissues of the bodyCardiac cycle Sequence of events in the heart during a singleheart beatCardiovascular disease (CVD) Disease of the circulatory system(heart and blood vessels)Cholesterol A fatty substance present in cell walls and carried inbloodCoronary artery Artery that carries blood to the heart muscleCoronary heart disease (CHD) Disease of the arteries supplyingthe heartDiastole Phase of the cardiac cycle when heart muscle relaxesDipole Molecule that has a different electric charge at each end,also known as a polar moleculeDouble circulation Blood flows through the heart twice for everycircuit around the body – once through the pulmonary system andonce through the systemic system2 2017 The Open School Trust – National Extension College

Biology A levelnSection 1Topic 1nWhat is cardiovascular disease?Endothelium A delicate layer of cells which lines the inside of anartery or veinFibrin Insoluble protein, produced from fibrinogen, involved in theclotting processFibrinogen Soluble protein found in blood plasma involved in theclotting processHeart Organ in the body that pumps blood round the bodyHydrogen bond Weak type of chemical bond due to electrostaticattraction between a positively charged hydrogen atom and anegatively charged oxygen or nitrogen atom in another molecule orpart of the same moleculeHydrophilic Literally 'water-loving' – this term is applied tochemical groups which attract waterHydrophobic Literally 'water-fearing' – this term is given tochemical groups which repel waterMass flow Bulk transport of materials from one point to another asa result of a pressure difference between the two pointsMetabolism All the chemical reactions that take place in the bodyPlaque A deposit of calcium salts and fibrous tissue that forms in adamaged arteryPlasma The liquid component of bloodPlatelets Small cell fragments found in the blood, involved with theblood clotting mechanismPolar See dipoleProthrombin Inactive protein found in blood plasma involved inthe clotting processPulmonary circulation Vessels which carry blood between theheart and lungsSystemic circulation Blood vessels which carry blood around thewhole body apart from to and from the lungsSystole Phase of cardiac cycle when heart muscle contractsThrombin Plasma protein involved in the clotting processThromboplastin Protein initiating the clotting processVein Large blood vessel carrying blood to the heartVentricle Large lower chamber of the heartVentricular systole Second part of cardiac cycle when bothventricles contract 2017 The Open School Trust – National Extension College3

Biology A levelnSection 1Topic 1nWhat is cardiovascular disease?Venule Small blood vessel formed when capillaries join to returnblood to the heartWhat is cardiovascular disease?Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a term used to describe a diseaseof the circulatory system, which consists of the heart and bloodvessels. Blood is a liquid tissue containing blood cells anddissolved substances that is pumped around the body by the heart.Movement of blood is an example of mass flow, the bulk transportof materials from a place of higher pressure (provided by the heart)to where pressure is lower.Before you go on to look at the reasons why CVD develops, youneed to learn why humans need a circulatory system and how itworks.In Topic 1 Section 1.1 of the textbook, read from the beginning tothe heading How does the circulation work? including the Keybiological principle: Why have a heart and circulation? Then do Activity1.Activity 1(Allow 10 minutes)1Write a short summary explaining why many animals have a heartand circulation. Your summary should include an explanation of theconcept of mass flow.2Suggest why only small animals have an open circulatory system.3What are the advantages for larger animals of having a doublecirculatory system?1Your summary should include these points:n All cells need substances which they get by the process ofdiffusion through their cell membranes.n Complex, multicellular organisms are too large for substancesto diffuse through their skin and to reach all their cells quicklyenough.4 2017 The Open School Trust – National Extension College

Biology A levelnSection 1Topic 1nWhat is cardiovascular disease?n Therefore substances need to be moved by mass flow – the bulktransport of materials from one point to another as a result of apressure difference between the two points.n Therefore substances are carried in blood.n The heart generates the pressure to keep blood moving.2Circulation of body fluid in insects and other small animals ismainly in the body cavities surrounding organs. Diffusion ofsubstances into and out of cells in these organs is only efficientover short distances, and would be too slow in larger animals.3The advantage of a double circulatory system is that blood canpass slowly through the region where gas exchange takes place,giving time for maximum transfer of oxygen and carbondioxide, and then be pumped vigorously round the rest of thebody, enabling the animal to be active.Study hintYou may find it helpful to watch some short videos and animationsshowing open and closed circulatory systems. Here are someexamples.closed circulatory systemhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v KCC FrbuR3U(1 minute 38 seconds)open circulatory systemhttp://www.cengage.com/biology/discipline content/animations/blood circulation.html (interactive animation)How does the circulation work?Because human beings are relatively large organisms, they need acomplex and efficient system to move substances around theirbodies. Next you will learn about the human circulatory system,which is made up of:n blood – a liquid that contains dissolved substances beingtransported around the bodyn blood vessels – blood travels in thesen heart – a pump that creates the pressure needed to keep theblood moving.Blood consists of a liquid plasma, cells (both red blood cells andwhite blood cells) and platelets (small fragments involved inclotting). The soluble substances being transported around thebody are dissolved in the water of the plasma. 2017 The Open School Trust – National Extension College5

Biology A levelnSection 1Topic 1nWhat is cardiovascular disease?Study hintYou can learn more about the composition of blood nd-composition/Activity 2(Allow 5 minutes)List as many substances as you can think of that need to be movedaround the body.You could have included:n nutrients, e.g. glucose and amino acidsn oxygenn carbon dioxiden waste substances, e.g. urean hormones.These fit into four main categories:n respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)n metabolites – substances which take part in metabolic reactions(e.g. glucose, amino acids)n metabolic waste produced as a result of metabolism, that is, thechemical reactions in the body (e.g. urea)n hormones (e.g. insulin).Water as a solventWater is a very good solvent, being able to dissolve many differenttypes of substances. This property is due to the structure of thewater molecules and how they interact together and with othersubstances. Each water molecule consists of two hydrogen atomsjoined to one oxygen atom. The electrons are not evenly spreadover the molecule, with the result that the oxygen atom has anegative charge and the hydrogen atoms a positive charge.Molecules like this are called dipoles, or polar molecules.Another useful property of water is that it has a high specific heatcapacity, meaning that it is slow to warm up and cool down.6 2017 The Open School Trust – National Extension College

Biology A levelnSection 1Topic 1nWhat is cardiovascular disease?Molecules or parts of molecules that readily mix with water arecalled hydrophilic. These include salts, sugars and many proteins.Those that repel water are known as hydrophobic.Study hintTo learn more about water and why it is so important to life, go tothe powerpoint called ‘Water and life’. You can find anotherpowerpoint including a multiple choice quiz ndlessbiologytextbook/ - powerpoint-templates/In Topic 1 Section 1.1 of the textbook, read the Key biologicalprinciple: Properties of water that make it an ideal transport medium.Activity 3(Allow 10 minutes)1What is the name given to a molecule such as water which has adifference in electrostatic charge between one side of the moleculeand the other?2What is the name given to the weak bonds by which watermolecules are attracted to each other?3Why is water such a good solvent of ionic compounds such as salt(sodium chloride)?4Define the terms hydrophilic and hydrophobic.5Suggest an example of a substance whose molecules arehydrophobic.1A molecule of water is an example of a dipole or a polarmolecule.2Hydrogen bonds attract polar molecules such as water to eachother.3Ionic compounds, e.g. salts, dissolve in water because the smallnegative charges at the oxygen end of the water molecules areattracted to the positive ions and surround them. These watermolecules are, in turn, surrounded by more water molecules 2017 The Open School Trust – National Extension College7

Biology A levelnSection 1Topic 1nWhat is cardiovascular disease?attracted to them and so the ion is dissolved in the water. Anegative ion similarly attracts the small negative charge of thehydrogen atoms in the water molecule.4Hydrophilic means ‘water loving’. (This applies to moleculescontaining polar groups, e.g. –OH in sugars and –NH2 in aminoacids.) Hydrophobic means ‘water-hating’.5Examples of substances which are hydrophobic, and thereforedo not dissolve in water, include fats and oils, which have no orvery few polar groups.You now know that mammals have a double circulatory system. Inthe next part of this section you will be looking in more detail at theblood vessels that carry the blood to and from the heart.Blood vesselsIn order to understand how the heart works we first need to knowhow blood vessels work. Figures 1.10A and 1.10B in the textbookare diagrams showing the outside and inside of the heartrespectively, with the blood vessels – the arteries and veins. We willbe returning to these figures a little later.First, you need to understand the differences between arteries,veins and capillaries.Blood vessels are:n arteries – carry blood from the heartn veins – carry blood to the heartn capillaries – very narrow vessels with thin walls, carrying bloodto body tissues; they branch off from arteries and join to formveins.Arterioles are small arteries formed after a larger artery divides,and venules are small veins that join to form a larger vein.Each type of blood vessel has a different structure related to itsfunction. The structures of the three main types of blood vessel areshown in Figure 1.11A in the textbook. Figure 1.11B is aphotomicrograph showing a cross-section of a vein and an arteryclose together; the differences between the two blood vessels areclear.Study hintThis short lecture makes use of a three-dimensional model of anartery and veins, clearly showing the differences in their structures:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v 170ty bkasU8 2017 The Open School Trust – National Extension College

Biology A levelnSection 1Topic 1nWhat is cardiovascular disease?(2 minutes 26 seconds)In Topic 1 Section 1.1 of the textbook, read the section headed Thestructure of blood vessels, then do Activity 4.Activity 4(Allow 10 minutes)Print or copy the table below.1How does the structure of an artery enable the artery to withstandhigh pressure and then recoil to maintain a steady flow of blood?2Complete the table comparing the three main types of blood vessel.We have completed some of the boxes to get you started.1An artery has a thick layer of elastic fibres to allow expansionand recoil of the artery. This is surrounded by a thick layer ofcollagen fibres, which are tough and durable to withstand highpressure.2You will find the answer to Question 2 at the end of this topic.Exam hint 2017 The Open School Trust – National Extension College9

Biology A levelnSection 1Topic 1nWhat is cardiovascular disease?In the exam, you will need to be able to recognise an artery and avein from photomicrographs and drawings.Check that you have understood the function and structure of thedifferent blood vessels in Self check 1.Self check 1(Allow 10 minutes)1In which type of vessel is blood velocity the lowest and howdoes this help with the exchange of substances between theblood and tissue?2Which vessels have the thickest walls and why is this?3How does the structure of the capillaries relate to their role?4What is the function of the smooth muscle in the walls ofarteries and some arterioles?You will find feedback to self checks at the end of the section.The heart is divided into two sides, left and right, and fourchambers:n two atria, one on the left and one on the right, which receiveblood (from the lungs to the left atrium and from the systemicsystem to the right atrium)n two ventricles, one on the left and one on the right, whichpump blood out to the tissues.Study hintYou may find it helpful to visualise blood flow through the heart bywatching an animation. Here’s an example.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v l7ejcLxKW8c(2 minutes 26 seconds)The left and right sides of the heart are completely separate.The benefit of this arrangement is that it:n keeps oxygenated and oxygenated blood separate10 2017 The Open School Trust – National Extension College

Biology A lev

Biology A level Course plan This plan shows the structure of the course and gives an outline of the contents. Sections 1–4 cover the requirements of the AS and Part 1 of the A level; Sections 5–8 cover Part 2 of the A level. You need to do Sections 1–8 to prepare for the A level. Getting Started Introduction Making the most of the course

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