Cosmic Catastrophes Exploding Stars, Black Holes, And .
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-85714-7 - Cosmic Catastrophes: Exploding Stars, Black Holes, and Mapping theUniverse, Second EditionJ. Craig WheelerFrontmatterMore informationCosmic CatastrophesExploding Stars, Black Holes,and Mapping the UniverseSecond EditionFrom supernovae and gamma-ray bursts to the accelerating Universe,this is an exploration of the intellectual threads that led to some ofthe most exciting ideas in modern astrophysics and cosmology. Thisfully updated Second Edition incorporates new material on binarystars, black holes, gamma-ray bursts, wormholes, quantum gravity,and string theory. It covers the origins of stars and their evolution; themechanisms responsible for supernovae, and their progeny; neutronstars, and black holes. It examines the theoretical ideas behind blackholes and their manifestation in observational astronomy, andpresents neutron stars in all their variety known today.In addition to recent developments in astrophysics, this book alsocovers the physics of the twentieth century, discussing quantumtheory and Einstein’s gravity, how these two theories collide, and theprospects for their reconciliation in the twenty-first century. This willbe essential reading for undergraduate students in astronomy andastrophysics, and an excellent, accessible introduction for a wideraudience.J. Craig Wheeler is the Samuel T. and Fern Yanagisawa RegentsProfessor of Astronomy and Distinguished Teaching Professor in theUniversity of Texas at Austin, where he was Chair of the departmentfrom 1986 to 1990. He is President of the American AstronomicalSociety and will serve from 2006 to 2008. He has edited books onsupernovae and accretion disks and published a novel, The KroneExperiment, that has been made into a film of the same title (www.thekroneexperiment.com). Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-85714-7 - Cosmic Catastrophes: Exploding Stars, Black Holes, and Mapping theUniverse, Second EditionJ. Craig WheelerFrontmatterMore informationCosmic CatastrophesExploding Stars, Black Holes,and Mapping the UniverseSecond Edition.j. craig wheelerThe University of Texas at Austin Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-85714-7 - Cosmic Catastrophes: Exploding Stars, Black Holes, and Mapping theUniverse, Second EditionJ. Craig WheelerFrontmatterMore informationcambridge university pressCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São PauloCambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UKPublished in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press,New Yorkwww.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521857147ª J. C. Wheeler 2007This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.First published 2007Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, CambridgeA cataloge record for this publication is available from the British LibraryISBN-13 978-0-521-85714-7 hardbackISBN-10 0-521-85714-7 hardbackCambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence oraccuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to inthis publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is,or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-85714-7 - Cosmic Catastrophes: Exploding Stars, Black Holes, and Mapping theUniverse, Second EditionJ. Craig WheelerFrontmatterMore informationTo my sons,Diek W., the scientist,and J. Robinson, the artist. Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-85714-7 - Cosmic Catastrophes: Exploding Stars, Black Holes, and Mapping theUniverse, Second EditionJ. Craig WheelerFrontmatterMore informationContentsPrefacepage xi1 Setting the stage: star formation and hydrogenburning in single stars1.1 Introduction1.2 Background1.3 Evolution112162 Stellar death: the inexorable grip of gravity2.1 Red giants2.2 Stellar winds2.3 Quantum deregulation2.4 Core collapse2.5 Transfiguration2727323537393 Dancing with stars: binary stellar evolution3.1 Multiple stars3.2 Stellar orbits3.3 Roche lobes: the cult symbol3.4 The first stage of binary evolution: theAlgol paradox3.5 Mass transfer3.6 Large separation3.7 Small separation3.8 Evolution of the second star3.9 Common-envelope phase3.10 Gravitational radiation4242434446475050515254vii Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-85714-7 - Cosmic Catastrophes: Exploding Stars, Black Holes, and Mapping theUniverse, Second EditionJ. Craig WheelerFrontmatterMore informationviiiContents4Accretion disks: flat stars4.1 The third object4.2 How a disk forms4.3 Let there be light – and X-rays4.4 A source of friction4.5 A life of its own4.6 Fat centers? the DAF zoo555556585861655White dwarfs: quantum dots5.1 Single white dwarfs5.2 Cataclysmic variables5.3 The origin of cataclysmic variables5.4 The final evolution of cataclysmic variables68686972756Supernovae: stellar catastrophes6.1 Observations6.2 The fate of massive stars6.3 Element factories6.4 Collapse and explosion6.5 Polarization and jets: new observationsand new concepts6.6 Type Ia supernovae: the peculiar breed6.7 Light curves: radioactive nickel7979848788931021117Supernova 1987A: lessons and enigmas7.1 The large magellanic cloud awakes7.2 The onset7.3 Lessons from the progenitor7.4 Neutrinos!7.5 Neutron star?7.6 The light curve7.7 This cow’s not spherical7.8 Rings and jets7.9 Other firsts1181181201281321331341351361398Neutron stars: atoms with attitude8.1 History – theory leads, for once8.2 The nature of pulsars – not little green men8.3 Pulsars and supernovae – a gameof hide and seek141141143 Cambridge University Press147www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-85714-7 - Cosmic Catastrophes: Exploding Stars, Black Holes, and Mapping theUniverse, Second EditionJ. Craig WheelerFrontmatterMore informationContentsNeutron star structure – iron skin andsuperfluid guts8.5 Binary pulsars – ‘‘tango por dos’’8.6 X-rays from neutron stars – hintsof a violent Universe8.7 X-ray flares – a story retold8.8 The Rapid Burster – none of the above8.9 Millisecond pulsars8.10 Soft gamma-ray repeaters – reach outand touch someone8.11 6162165167170174holes in theory: into the abyssWhy black holes?The event horizonSingularityBeing a treatise on the general nature of deathwithin a black holeBlack holes in space and timeBlack-hole evaporation: Hawking radiationFundamental properties of black holesInside black holes182183195198199holes in fact: exploring the realityThe search for black holesCygnus X-1Other suspectsBlack-hole X-ray novaeThe nature of the outburstLessons from the X-raysSS 433MiniquasarsGiants among usThe middle 10.210.310.410.510.610.710.810.910.1011Gamma-ray bursts, black holes and the Universe:long, long ago and far, far away11.1Gamma-ray bursts: yet another cosmic mystery11.2The revolution11.3The shape of things Cambridge University Press176176179180229229233239www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-85714-7 - Cosmic Catastrophes: Exploding Stars, Black Holes, and Mapping theUniverse, Second EditionJ. Craig WheelerFrontmatterMore heTheTheThesupernova and gamma-ray-burst connectionpossibilities: birth pangs of black holes?short hard burstsfuturepast in our future: the Dark Ages246251255258259Supernovae and the Universe12.1 Our expanding Universe12.2 The shape of the Universe12.3 The age of the Universe12.4 The fate of the Universe12.5 Dark matter12.6 Vacuum energy – Einstein’s blunder that wasn’t12.7 Type Ia supernovae as calibrated candlesand understood candles12.8 Supernovae and cosmology12.9 Acceleration!12.10 The shape of the Universe revisited12.11 Dark energy12.12 The fate of the Universe rmholes and time machines: tunnels inspace and time13.1 The mystery of time13.2 Wormholes13.3 Time machines286286286292Beyond: the frontiers14.1 Quantum gravity14.2 When the singularity is not a singularity14.3 Hyperspace perspectives14.4 String theory14.5 Brane worlds14.6 A holographic Universe14.7 Coda297299302308310317322326Index Cambridge University Press328www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-85714-7 - Cosmic Catastrophes: Exploding Stars, Black Holes, and Mapping theUniverse, Second EditionJ. Craig WheelerFrontmatterMore informationPrefaceThe core of this book concerns supernovae, my principal researchinterest, but the broader theme is the connection of these cosmiccatastrophes with the sweep of intellectual ferment in astrophysics.The story leads from the birth, evolution, and death of stars to thenotion of complete collapse in a black hole, to wormhole timemachines, the possible birth of new universes, and the prospect ofa conceptual revolution in our views of space and time in aten-dimensional string theory. It is all one glorious, interconnectedUniverse, both physically and intellectually. Or maybe there are morethan one.In terms of astrophysical connections, the book reaches back to theorigins of stars and how they evolve, treats the mechanisms ofsupernovae, and then moves forward to the compact progeny ofsupernovae – neutron stars and black holes. Neutron stars arepresented in all the variety we know today – pulsars, millisecondpulsars, binary pulsars, magnetars, and X-ray sources both steady andtransient. The concrete manifestation of black holes in observationalastronomy, especially in binary stellar systems, is described. Topicsthat have come to light as the book was being written, soft gamma-rayrepeaters and the revolution in cosmic gamma-ray bursts, arepresented. The scientific background is given in order to understandwhat kind of supernovae are used to produce the radical notion of theacceleration of the Universe, and how and why. Similar backgroundaids in making the connection between flaring gamma-ray sourcesand compact objects.A parallel theme is not the objects themselves, but the intellectualframework that underlies our study and the limits to which itxi Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-85714-7 - Cosmic Catastrophes: Exploding Stars, Black Holes, and Mapping theUniverse, Second EditionJ. Craig WheelerFrontmatterMore informationxiiPrefacecurrently extrapolates. This involves discussions of the physics of thetwentieth century, the quantum theory and Einstein’s gravity, howthey collide, and the prospects for reconciliation. In the process, theconcept of gravity as curved space is shown to lead to radical notions,such as time machines and baby bubble universes. The promise ofstring theory to give a unifying view and to open new conceptualwindows is illustrated.Because I have used and intend to use this book for classes, I have,for completeness, written about topics that have been presentedbefore: the basics of stellar evolution, the discovery and interpretationof pulsars, the nature of space and time in the vicinity of black holes,and the more recent topics, such as wormholes and the promise ofstring theory. I have presented this material in my own style and hopethat there is some benefit to seeing it again. In addition, I have tried topresent this material in a broad context that gives it a differentperspective to that of previous treatments.There are other topics that I have stressed here because they are ofcrucial importance and because they tend to get overlooked. One ofthese is binary-star evolution. When I began to teach this material,there was scarcely any mention of binary stars in introductoryastronomy texts, save perhaps for a mention of eclipses and visual andspectroscopic binaries. Current texts are much better, but this topic isso fundamental that I am compelled to present it in some detail.Supernova researchers believe many supernovae depend incidentallyor critically upon their being in binary systems. Much of what weknow about neutron stars follows from their being in binaries. Theonly way we know about stellar-mass black holes is by discoveringthem in binary systems. Many books on black holes concentrate onthe supermassive variety in galactic nuclei and scarcely mentionthose in binary systems, never mind the amazing array of phenomenology associated with them and the reasons for it. I have thusdevoted a chapter to discussing the systematics of Roche lobes, masstransfer, and common envelopes, the language of this field that isoften passed over in books of this kind.A closely related topic is that of accretion disks. The study of diskshas become an industry unto itself, but these objects are rarelypresented with the background of how they work and why they are soimportant to the topics of this book, from the evolution of Type Iasupernovae to binary neutron stars to binary black holes to the cosmic Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-85714-7 - Cosmic Catastrophes: Exploding Stars, Black Holes, and Mapping theUniverse, Second EditionJ. Craig WheelerFrontmatterMore informationPrefacexiiigamma-ray bursts. Accretion disks have a life of their own, withinstabilities that cause them to flare and attract the attention ofastronomers. With the exception of venerable old Cygnus X-1 and a fewothers, all the host of new black-hole candidate discoveries are due toflaring systems. The most plausible mechanism for the flaring isassociated with the disk. Accretion disks also merit a separate chapter.I have also included topics that, although the subject of manyarticles in popular science literature, have not, to my knowledge,been incorporated in a book where the relevant background can belaid out in advance and the story told as an integral part of modernastrophysics. There are three examples of that, all of which have‘‘exploded’’ in the past year. One is the proof that the soft gamma-rayrepeaters involve exceedingly strongly magnetized neutron stars –magnetars in the language of my colleague Robert Duncan. Anotherstory is the amazing array of developments that have followed sincethe discovery of the first optical counterparts of the cosmic gammaray bursts, not the least of which, to someone of my bent, is theassociation of one with a supernova. In each of these cases, tounderstand the story behind the headlines fully, one needs to knowthe relation of the topic to stellar evolution, the ideas behind the birthof neutron stars and black holes, the significance of supernovae thatshow a paucity of hydrogen and helium, and the nature of binary starevolution. Last, but certainly not least, is the use of supernovae tomeasure distances on cosmological scales. The tentative result, thatthe Universe is accelerating, was recently proclaimed the scientificbreakthrough of the year 1998 by Science Magazine. Here I have theopportunity to tell the story in terms of the history of the topic as wellas the astrophysical background involving binary-star evolution,specific supernova mechanisms, and the elements of cosmology.The seeds of this book were planted in 1975. My colleague,R. Edward Nather, invented a course at the University of Texas calledAstronomy Bizarre. The purpose of this course was to tell the story ofthe Universe from the big bang onward, rather than from the SolarSystem outward as is traditional for introductory astronomy courses,and to introduce some of the exotica of astronomy for which one haslittle time in the standard introductory course for nonscience majors.Nather taught the first version of this course just after I arrived at theUniversity of Texas. The prerequisite of a standard introductoryastronomy course was omitted from the catalog. More than 300 Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-85714-7 - Cosmic Catastrophes: Exploding Stars, Black Holes, and Mapping theUniverse, Second EditionJ. Craig WheelerFrontmatterMore informationxivPrefacestudents registered, and a second section had to be opened. I wasassigned that section and have been teaching some version of thecourse for the last 25 years. This book represents some of the materialI have developed for the course.Nather and I planned to write a book based on his originalAstronomy Bizarre syllabus. We wrote a draft, but the projectfoundered for various reasons. The material that ended up in thisbook is very different from that first draft, but the early introductionof the notion of conserved quantities is a vestige of that work, and Ithank Ed for that idea.Astronomy Bizarre was such a successful course that it evolved toencompass several versions. Over the years, I inherited the course thatconcentrated on stars. To keep my teaching fresh, I have regularlychanged the content of the course. Sometimes I concentrate onsupernovae and closely related topics. Other times, I have taught thewhole course just on black holes and related ideas. I have taught itsometimes to a small class required to do substantial writing. To staycurrent, I have added new material as new developments have comealong, a never-ending process in astrophysics.As I have taught the course, I have had to wrestle with how toportray the complex and fascinating ideas of astrophysics to classes ofbright, interested, but nontechnically trained students. This book alsorepresents a compilation of the ideas I like to try to explain to popularaudiences and the techniques I have developed to accomplish this.One of the ideas with which I am most pleased is blowing up a balloonand turning it inside out to portray the embedding diagram of thecurved space around a black hole. I have also tinkered with thevocabulary. In many cases, I adopt the jargon of astronomy andendeavor to define and explain it. In other cases, I have invented newphrases. I did not think that the term ‘‘degeneracy’’ carried muchimport for a popular audience, even after an attempt to explain it. Ihave thus referred to a ‘‘quantum pressure’’ rather than ‘‘degeneracypressure,’’ feeling that this term gets the basic point across that thispressure is different in a fundamental way from that exerted by a gasof hot plasma. I trust that these attempts to make the materialaccessible to nonscience-major students have some value foraudiences beyond the lecture hall.In addition to the various themes of the book I outlined earlier, Ihave emphasized several physical themes that tie together various Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-85714-7 - Cosmic Catastrophes: Exploding Stars, Black Holes, and Mapping theUniverse, Second EditionJ. Craig WheelerFrontmatterMore informationPrefacexvtopics of the course. I stress the difference between stars supported bythermal pressure and those supported by the quantum pressure, whyone results in regulated nuclear burning and one leads to stellarexplosions. These lessons are used throughout stellar evolution, fromstar formation to hydrogen burning to red-giant formation to theformation of iron cores and the contrasting examples of classicalnovae and Type Ia supernovae. The nature of the weak interaction andthe intimate connection to neutrinos is introduced early and used torelate the topics of the solar-neutrino problem, massive core collapse,and the radioactive decay that powers the light curves of supernovaedevoid of extended envelopes of matter at the time of explosion.Over the years, many friends and colleagues have helped me tounderstand the material I have tried to synthesize in this book.Any errors of fact or interpreta
Exploding Stars, Black Holes, and Mapping the Universe Second Edition From supernovae and gamma-ray bursts to the accelerating Universe, this is an exploration of the intellectual threads that led to some of the most exciting ideas in modern astrophysics and cosmology.This fully updated Second Edition incorporates new material on binary stars, black holes, gamma-ray bursts, wormholes, quantum .
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Case 3 exploding star Vela Jr The distance to supernova Vela Jr is 652 light years. The Constant in equation (1) is 0.12 and the correction term is 78 years. The explosion was seen at 1250 AD giving the impact time as 1328 AD. The fourteenth century Black Death was in world's population was destroyed [2]. Case 2 exploding star WZ Sagittae
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SNe is a Wolf-Rayet star exploding within a helium-rich CSM (Matheson et al.2000;Pastorello et al.2007; Hosseinzadeh et al.2017). Lacking a good theory for the pre-SN mass loss, it is not clear what progenitors produce these Type Ibn SNe. Theoretical models of high mass stars suggest that a pulsational-pair instability in very massive stars at low
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DCEPS stars; CW (W Virginis), CWA and CWB stars 128 7.4 RR (RR Lyrae), RR(B), RRAB, and RRC stars 131 8 Lessregularsingle-starvariables 133 8.1 M (Mira) stars 133 8.2 SR (semi-regular variable); SRA; SRB; SRC; SRD; and SRS stars 137 8.3 A naked-eye hypergiant variable star 141 8.4 L (slow irregular variable); LB and LC stars 143
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