Power Generation TYING MULTIPLE POWER SYSTEMS TOGETHER .

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Power GenerationTYING MULTIPLE POWER SYSTEMSTOGETHER WITH INTELLIGENT CONTROLSBy Tom DrakeSenior Sales Manager – Gas Power SystemsMTUThe control system is the most essential component of a microgrid. It manages amicrogrid’s distributed energy assets to cost-effectively produce energy whilemaintaining grid stability. To deliver the right energy mix for a customer’s needs, thesystem must be predictive, intelligent and automated. After specifying a few keyparameters, a control system can calculate exactly which energy sources will be neededto ensure efficient and reliable operation of a microgrid.The need for dispatchable generationWhether it’s powering a residential high-rise in a major city or a mining operation in aremote area, every microgrid is designed to support an electric or thermal load. A widerange of distributed energy sources can be installed to optimize load management. Theoptions could be renewable, such as solar panels and wind turbines, or conventional,such as diesel- or natural gas-powered generator sets combined with battery energystorage systems and intelligent controls to optimize these various assets.

Generator // CHPWind turbinesEnergy storageSystem controlsIntelligence // Optimizer // AISolarPublic gridElectricityHeatLoadIndustrial // Commercial // ResidentialComponents of a microgridNew opportunitiesIntelligent control systems can bundle a microgrid’s distributedenergy resources and loads together for on-grid (parallel mode) oroff-grid (island mode) energy consumers. A control system works asan optimization tool to harness a microgrid’s various assets.Microgrids in environments with unlimited grid access allows optimumload management (peak shaving and load shifting) and enablesoperators to participate in the power balancing market. For off-gridapplications, the microgrid becomes the sole energy source.Intelligent controls help lower fuel consumption and maintenancerequirements to reduce overall operating costs, cut exhaust and noiseemissions and ensure the availability of reserve power. A welldesigned microgrid system allows energy users to optimize all ofthese functions into one system.As more customers realize the benefits of microgrids, the marketcontinues to expand. Specifically, North American and Asia Pacificregions are showing the most growth potential for the future. Withthe growing demand for energy independence, renewable energysources and on-site combined heat and power (CHP) systems, alongwith advancements in battery technology, interconnectivity andintelligent controls, the implementation of microgrids will continueto grow.Annual total installed capacity by region, base scenario, worldmarkets: 2014-2020MW5.500Why use a microgrid?— Cost optimization— Peak shaving— Reduced environmental footprint— Increased energy efficiency— Increased resiliency/reliability— Defer need for investment— Flexible solutions— Additional revenue streams for customer— Grid services— Energy 3.0002.5002.0001.5001.0001.17486250002014Middle East & Africa20152016Latin America20172018Asia Pacific2019Europe2020North America02

The growing need for dispatchable generationControlsIntelligent control systems must be in place in any microgrid tobalance distributed energy sources. Every piece of equipment mustbe integrated to safely and cost-effectively produce energy whileminimizing environmental impact. At a site with multiple generatorsets powering loads with electrical switchgear (shown below), agenset master controller keeps individual engines in sync with eachother to seamlessly handle the load. All units work together toproduce the exact power needed. A genset master controller’s soletask is to monitor power generation assets.The world continues to shift toward renewable energy sources suchas solar, wind and biogas-powered components. More than 60% ofnew power plant installations are devoted to renewable energy.Renewable capacity has increased 70% since 2008. However,renewable energy is a variable source and not dispatchable. Themaximum capacity factor (time a facility is able to produce maximumpower) for wind and solar is 35%. This low capacity factor creates arisk of instability and the need for flexible generation assets, such asreciprocating engines and battery energy storage, paired withrenewable sources. With a microgrid on-site, an energy user has adiverse mix of dispatchable power “behind the meter” at theircommand. Through flexible generation assets—whether it’s engines,solar panels or battery storage—power can be instantaneouslyavailable and financially optimized at all times with intelligent controls.Genset Master Controller functions— High-level controller interfacing with individual genset controllersfor multi-unit installation— Start/stop selection and power setpoint of the gensets accordingto power or heat requirements— Load sharing— Leveling of engine run hours across units— Synchronizing/control of main and tie breakers— Island operation logic— Visualization and data tracking of multiple units— Remote accessMaximum Capacity Factors92.3%55.5%Genset master controllerAs power generation systems get more complex, so do the control53.3%38.4%34.5%1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.25.1%Solar PVWindHydropowerCoalNatural GasNuclearGensetCircuit BreakerMain BreakerUninterrupted Power SuppyLoadMain SupplyMaster/Microgrid ControllerIntelligent SystemWireless CommunicationRenewable Energy 2008Hydro2009Geotermal2010201120122013Biomass, biogas, waste-to-energy2014Solar20152016Windsystems. A microgrid controller manages many more assets than agenset master controller. In the microgrid application shown below,the control system must not only manage how diesel or gas generatorsets interact with each other, but also how they integrate withrenewable sources (which produce efficient yet variable power), thegrid and battery energy storage systems. Adding to the complexity,on-grid or off-grid applications present different challenges. Eitherway, a microgrid controller must perfectly balance all assets to reducethe total cost of energy produced, optimizing the installation’sfinancial and energy solution.Soutrce: US energy overview: Renewable energy capacity build bytechnology (GW) [2]03

Microgrid controller1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.Microgrid controller functions— Control of gas/diesel generators, solar, wind, battery storage,spinning reserves— Grid parallel and grid forming operation in island mode— Optimization of assets – technical and financial— Modular platform for scalable solution— Visualization and data tracking of multiple units— Remote accessGensetCircuit BreakerMain BreakerUninterrupted Power SuppySwitch GearLoadEnergy StorageRenewablesMain SupplyMaster/Microgrid ControllerIntelligent SystemWireless CommunicationGrid designThe architecture of a microgrid controller is organized by function.Like a generator set controller, there are primary control functions tostabilize engine assets. Secondary controls are associated withtransitioning between grid parallel mode and island mode. If there is apower outage, operation parameters must be restored betweenphases. Tertiary control’s main objective is financial optimization—focusing on which mix of assets minimize the cost of energy.Hierarchical control of hybrid power systemPrimary Control— Stabilize the voltage and frequency— Offer plug-and-play capability for DERs— Share the active and reactive power— Mitigate circulating currentsSecondary Control— Frequency restoration— Voltage restorationAn ideal automation and control system is a fully integrated platformthroughout all layers of control—from very basic functions likehardware I/O control or field device interfacing all the way to highlayer SCADA functions like trending, reporting and system overviewvisualization.Each layer is scalable to a customer’s needs. For example, computingpower can be adjusted by adding or removing industrial PCs. If youneed very high availability, redundancy on all layers can be provided,from controller redundancy through network redundancy, all the wayto I/O redundancy. Based on a system-wide user management,according to your role or on your individual account, you can alwaysaccess all general information and control functions throughout thesystem, with the option of personalized profiles for access toadditional functions. No matter if you are working locally at a powerunit, sitting in a control room or reviewing reports at your desk, anytype of interface to this automation and control system features thesame user experience. This is a fully integrated, fully customizable,high performance automation and control solution with fullredundancy on demand.Layers of controlTertiary Control— Optimal operation— Power flow managementOperator StationsControl architectureEngineering/Maintenance ServerOption:RedundancyLayer 2Plant Manager/IntelligencePrimaryControlLayer 1Control/RegulationRenewables control(3rd party ControlLayer 0I/Os Generation/StorageBattery StorageTertiaryControlPortable OperatorUnitsLayer 3Operator/ServiceGas Genset / CHPDiesel GensetRenewablesPrimaryControlMicrogrid 1Microgrid 2Microgrid NMain Grid04

A flexible, scalable solutionScalable HWplatformSoftware Building KitIntelligence / Analytics IPC PLC Display I/O NetworkMicro-Grid Control FunctionsPower Distribution trolsAutomation andcontrol systemCustomized &optimized tocustomer needsEvery microgrid—and customer—has different needs. A microgridcontroller must provide complex functions throughout the systemwith user-friendly engineering tools. It functions as an automationsystem building kit with two parts: hardware platform and softwarebuilding kit. Hardware is scalable with built-in redundancies, withfunctions that can be used in a wide range of Industrial PCs orcontrollers in a very flexible and efficient way. Hardware componentsprovide calculation power, communication and I/O. A softwarebuilding kit brings these two worlds together to intelligently dispatchmultiple assets to financially optimize the system. Using analytics andartificial intelligence, hardware and software work in tandem as apowerful automation and control solution that is not limited topredefined controller devices, but is customized to a customer’s exactspecifications.Operational modesMicrogrid design varies depending on whether the microgrid isconnected to the main grid in grid parallel mode or isolated from thegrid in island mode. In any case, a microgrid control system ensuresthe most reliable, economical and environmentally responsibleoperation possible.Grid parallel modeThere is growing interest from on-grid energy consumers (industry,service providers and municipal services) in the development ofpartial or complete self-supply. The motivating factors for thesecustomers are: independence from nationwide network providers,security of supply, cost optimization, and a “green” image.Functions— Active Power Control – Set active power (kW)import/export to the grid— Reactive Power Control – Set reactive power (KVAR)import/export to the grid— Optimize utilization of renewable generation to reduceusage of gensets/grid— Optimize load factor/running hours of gensets— SOC Limits – Control State of Change (SOC) boundariesof battery storage (scheduled or fixed values)Island modeConsumers without grid connections run self-sufficient islandoperations (traditionally based on conventional diesel generators).Installations include mines in remote regions, inhabited islands, andremote hotel resorts. Common goals are the development ofmicrogrids, consisting of regenerative energy (PV, wind), batterystorage, and backup generators in connection with intelligent energymanagement systems.Functions— Utilize Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) to improve powerquality by supporting generators during transient load changes— Optimize usage of renewable generation with BESS to avoidcurtailment of these assets— Renewable curtailment should power production exceedconsumption

Control & monitoring functionsA microgrid controller forms an interface between a complex networkof distributed energy sources, battery and load. Through user-friendlydisplays accessible on desktop and mobile platforms, an engineer canmonitor live data and performance history while the systemautomatically manages the microgrid efficiently and reliably.Example: Control System FunctionsSystem Overview (Home screen)Functions— Live data overview showing flow of energy being produced,consumed and stored— Performance history for all subcomponents— Alarm list and historyCapacity Management (System)Functions— Reduce utilization of generator sets— Optimize genset starts— SOC schedule to store energy from renewables for nighttime use— Avoid solar curtailment— Ensure stability of electrical system with sufficient stored energyCapacity Management (Genset Group)Functions— Optimize genset starts— Add/subtract genset capacity to ensure optimal load factor— Pre-programmed generator start times/load acceptance capabilityto intelligently manage assets06

Capacity Management (Solar)Functions— Reliable solar curtailment, factoring in BESS SOC, BESS powerlimits and inverter power limits— Avoid curtailment through analysis of solar capacity in powermanagementBESS ManagementFunctions— Overview of battery parameters— Monitoring to avoid undesirable SOC rest states: BESS remainingdeeply discharged for prolonged time— Full utilization of battery capacity— Thermal monitoringBESS Management (Thermal)Functions— Overview of HVAC system— Monitor ambient and battery temperatures— Track invertor power— Detect overheating to prevent battery fire07

Simulation toolEvery microgrid is unique. Modeling real-world applications canensure a microgrid and its control system is designed optimally. TheMTU Microgrid Validation Center in Friedrichshafen, Germ

unit, sitting in a control room or reviewing reports at your desk, any type of interface to this automation and control system features the same user experience. This is a fully integrated, fully customizable, high performance automation and control solution with full redundancy on demand. Layers of control 04 1. Genset 2. Circuit Breaker 3 .

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