ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS WORKSHOP (2110017)
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICSWORKSHOP(2110017)Laboratory ManualEnrollment No:Name:Semester: 1st (BE)Shankersinh Vaghela Bapu Institute of TechnologyGandhinagar, Gujarat.Department of Electronics and Communication2015-16
Shankersinh Vaghela Bapu Institute of TechnologyGandhinagar, Gujarat.CertificateThis is to certify that the Lab/term work carried out in the subject ofELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS WORKSHOP (2110017) and recordedin this journal is the bonafide work of Mr./Miss/Mrs. . Enrollment No . ofB.E. semester in the branch of .during the academic year 2015- 2016.Faculty In chargeDate:Head of the DepartmentDate:i
INDEXNoDateTitleSign1To Understand & Draw the symbols of variouselectronic devices.2To identify resistors, capacitors using Differentcodes.3Verification of Truth tables of Logic Gates (NAND,NOR, EX-OR, AND, OR, NOT).4To study cathode ray oscilloscope and performmeasurements.5To study digital multimeter and perform testing ofvarious components.6To study function generator & Power Supply andperform measurements.7To study soldering- de-soldering techniques.8To study wiring diagram of ceiling Fan.9How Fluorescent Lights Work.10To study about stair case wiring two way switch.11To Study Half – Wave Rectifier.iiRemark
EEW LAB MANUALEXPERIMENT NO.: 1Date:AIM: To Understand & Draw the symbols of various electronic devices.Sr. No.Device NameResistor1.2.Variable resistorCapacitor3.4.5.SymbolElectrolyte (polarized) CapacitorVariable capacitor6.SVBIT/EC/EEW LAB MANUALInductorPage 1
EEW LAB MANUAL7.8.TransformerDC power supplyGround9.AC supply10.voltmeter11.12.Current meter13.14.SVBIT/EC/EEW LAB MANUALCROohm meterPage 2
EEW LAB MANUAL15.16.17.18.19.20.PN junction diodeZener diodeTunnel diodeLight Emitting diode(LED)Seven segment displayPhoto diode21.npn transistor22.pnp transistorSVBIT/EC/EEW LAB MANUALPage 3
EEW LAB MANUAL23.24.25.26.27.28.29.Photo transistorOptocouplerThermistorLDR(Light Dependent Resistor)UJT(Uni Junction Transistor)n-typeUJT(Uni Junction Transistor)p-typeSCR(Silicon Controlled Rectifier)30.SVBIT/EC/EEW LAB MANUALDIACPage 4
EEW LAB MANUALTRIAC31.32.33.34.n-channel JFETp-channel JFETn-channel depletion MOSFETp-channel depletion MOSFET35.36.37.n-channel enhance MOSFETp-channel enhance MOSFETSVBIT/EC/EEW LAB MANUALPage 5
EEW LAB MANUALRelay38.39.DC Supply40.AC SupplyCONCLUSION:SVBIT/EC/EEW LAB MANUALPage 6
EEW LAB MANUALEXPERIMENT NO.: 2Date:AIM: To Identify resistors, capacitors using Different codes.(a) To study different types of resistors and coding.THEORY:The resistor's function is to reduce the flow of electric current. This symbolis used toindicate a resistor in a circuit diagram. Resistance value is designated in units called the "Ohm." A1000 Ohm resistor is typically shown as 1K-Ohm (kilo Ohm), and 1000 K-Ohms is written as 1MOhm (Mega ohm).There are two classes of resistors; fixed resistors and the variable resistors. They are alsoclassified according to the material from which they are made. The typical resistor is made of eithercarbon film or metal film. There are other types as well, but these are the most common.The resistance value of the resistor is not the only thing to consider when selecting a resistorfor use in a circuit. The "tolerance" and the electric power ratings of the resistor are also important.The tolerance of a resistor denotes how close it is to the actual rated resistance value. For example,a 5% tolerance would indicate a resistor that is within 5% of the specified resistance value.The power rating indicates how much power the resistor can safely tolerate. The maximumrated power of the resistor is specified in Watts. Power is calculated using the square of the current(I2) x the resistance value (R) of the resistor. If the maximum rating of the resistor is exceeded, itwill become extremely hot and even burn. Resistors in electronic circuits are typically rated 1/8W,1/4W, 1/2W, 1W and 2W. 1/8W is almost always used in signal circuit applications. When poweringa light emitting diode, a comparatively large current flow through the resistor, so you need toconsider the power rating of the resistor you choose.SVBIT/EC/EEW LAB MANUALPage 7
EEW LAB MANUALFixed Resistors:A fixed resistor is one in which the value of its resistance cannot change. They are given below:Carbon film resistors:This is the most general purpose, cheap resistor. Usually the tolerance of the resistance valueis 5%. Power ratings of 1/8W, 1/4W and 1/2W are frequently used.Carbon film resistors have a disadvantage; they tend to be electrically noisy. Metal film resistorsare recommended for use in analog circuits. The physical sizes of the different resistors are asfollows.Rough sizeRatingThickness Lengthpower(mm)(mm)(W)1/8231/4261/239Metal film resistors:Metal film resistors are used when a higher tolerance (more accurate value) is needed. Theyare much more accurate in value than carbon film resistors. They have about 0.05% tolerance.Resistors that are about 1% are more than sufficient. Ni-Cr (Nichrome) seems to be used for thematerial of resistor. The metal film resistor is used for bridge circuits, filter circuits, and low-noiseanalog signal circuits.SVBIT/EC/EEW LAB MANUALPage 8
EEW LAB MANUALRough sizeRatinThicknes Lengtgshpower(mm)(mm)(W)From the top of thephotograph1/8W(tolerance 1%)1/4W(tolerance 1%)1W (tolerance 5%)2W (tolerance 5%)1/8231/42613.5122515Variable Resistors:There are two general ways in which variable resistors are used. One is the variable resistor whichvalue is easily changed, like the volume adjustment of Radio. The other is semi-fixed resistor thatis not meant to be adjusted by anyone but a technician. It is used to adjust the operating conditionof the circuit by the technician. Semi-fixed resistors are used to compensate for the inaccuracies ofthe resistors, and to fine-tune a circuit. The rotation angle of the variable resistor is usually about300 degrees. Some variable resistors must be turned many times to use the whole range of resistancethey offer. This allows for very precise adjustments of their value. These are called "Potentiometers"or "Trimmer Potentiometers."In the photograph to the left, the variable resistortypically used for volume controls can be seen onthe far right. Its value is very easy to adjust.The four resistors at the center of the photograph arethe semi-fixed type. These ones are mounted on theprinted circuit board.The two resistors on the left are the trimmer potentiometers.SVBIT/EC/EEW LAB MANUALPage 9
EEW LAB MANUALOther Resistors:There is another type of resistor other than the carbon-film type and the metal film resistors.It is the wirewound resistor. A wirewound resistor is made of metal resistance wire, and becauseof this, they can be manufactured to precise values. Also, high-wattage resistors can be made byusing a thick wire material. Wirewound resistors cannot be used for high-frequency circuits. Coilsare used in high frequency circuits. Since a wirewound resistor is a wire wrapped around aninsulator, it is also a coil. Using one could change the behavior of the circuit. Still another type ofresistor is the Ceramic resistor. These are wirewound resistors in a ceramic case, strengthened withspecial cement. They have very high power ratings, from 1 or 2 watts to dozens of watts. Theseresistors can become extremely hot when used for high power applications, and this must be takeninto account when designing the circuit. These devices can easily get hot enough to burn you if youtouch one.The photograph on the left is of wirewoundresistors.The upper one is 10W and is the length of 45 mm,13 mm thickness.The lower one is 50W and is the length of 75 mm,29 mm thickness.The upper one is has metal fittings attached. Thesedevices are insulated with a ceramic coating.The photograph on left is a ceramic (or cement) resistor of 5W andthe height is of 9 mm, 9 mm depth, 22 mm width.CDS ElementsSome components can change resistance value by changes in the amount of light hitting them. Onetype is the Cadmium Sulfide Photocell. (Cd) The more light that hits it, the smaller its resistancevalue becomes.SVBIT/EC/EEW LAB MANUALPage 10
EEW LAB MANUALThere are many types of these devices. They vary according to lightsensitivity, size, resistance value etc.Pictured at the left is a typical CDS photocell. Its diameter is 8 mm,4 mm high, with a cylinder form. When bright light is hitting it, thevalue is about 200 ohms, and when in the dark, the resistance value isabout 2M ohms.Thermistor (Thermally sensitive resistor):The resistance value of the Thermistor changes according totemperature. This part is used as a temperature sensor. Thereare mainly three types of thermistor.1. NTC(Negative Temperature Coefficient thermistor)With this type, the resistance value decreasesrises.continuously as the temperature2. PTC(Positive Temperature Coefficient Thermistor)With this type, the resistance value increases suddenly when the temperature risesabove a specific point.3.CTR(Critical Temperature Resister Thermistor)With this type, the resistance value decreases suddenly when the temperature risesabove a specific point.NTC type is used for the temperature control.SVBIT/EC/EEW LAB MANUALPage 11
EEW LAB MANUALRESISTOR CODINGS:Colour Coding:There are main two types of codes used for the identification of value of the resistor. Theresistance value is displayed using the color code (the colored bars/the colored stripes), because theaverage resistor is too small to have the value printed on it with numbers.ColorExample 1(Brown 1),(Black 0),(Orange 3)10 x 103 10k ohmTolerance(Gold) 5%SVBIT/EC/EEW LAB MANUALValue MultiplierTolerance(%)Black010-Brown110 1Red210 2Orange310 0.05Yellow410-Green510 0.5Blue610 0.25Violet710 0.1Page 12
EEW LAB MANUALExample 2(Yellow 4),(Violet 7),(Black 0),(Red 2)470 x 102 47k ohmTolerance(Brown) 1%Gray810-White910-Gold-10-1 5Silver-10-2 10None-- 20Character Coding:Characters are also used for coding the resistor. The characters used for coding are E, K, M, and R.When character comes in between two decimal numbers, it acts as a decimal point. The letter Eindicates Ohms only, K indicates Kilo ohms and M indicates Mega ohms. e.g.1. 2E5 2.5 Ω2. 3K9 3.9 KΩ3. 9M7 9.7 MΩ4. 23E 23Ω5. 1K 1 KΩ6. 2M 2MΩ7. 22M3 22.3MΩ8. R3 0.3 ΩSVBIT/EC/EEW LAB MANUALPage 13
EEW LAB MANUAL(b) To study different types of capacitors and coding.THEORY:The capacitor's function is to store electricity, or electrical energy. The capacitor alsofunctions as a filter, passing alternating current (AC), and blocking direct current (DC). This symbolis used to indicate a capacitor in a circuit diagram. The capacitor is constructed with twoelectrode plates facing each other, but separated by an insulator. When DC voltage is applied to thecapacitor, an electric charge is stored on each electrode. While the capacitor is charging up, currentflows. The current will stop flowing when the capacitor has fully charged.The capacitor has an insulator (the dielectric) between 2 sheets of electrodes. Different kinds ofcapacitors use different materials for the dielectric.Breakdown voltage:When using a capacitor, you must pay attention to the maximum voltage which can be used.This is the "breakdown voltage." The breakdown voltage depends on the kind of capacitor beingused. You must be especially careful with electrolytic capacitors because the breakdown voltage iscomparatively low. The breakdown voltage of electrolytic capacitors is displayed as WorkingVoltage. The breakdown voltage is the voltage that when exceeded will cause the dielectric(insulator) inside the capacitor to break down and conduct. When this happens, the failure can becatastrophic.The different types of capacitors are given below:Electrolytic Capacitors (Electrochemical type capacitors):Aluminum is used for the electrodes by using a thin oxidization membrane.Large values of capacitance can be obtained in comparison with the size of the capacitor, becausethe dielectric used is very thin. The most important characteristic of electrolytic capacitors is thatthey have polarity. They have a positive and a negative electrode [Polarized]. This means that it isvery important which way round they are connected. If the capacitor is subjected to voltageexceeding its working voltage, or if it is connected with incorrect polarity, it may burst. It isextremely dangerous, because it can quite literally explode. Make absolutely no mistakes. Generally,in the circuit diagram, the positive side isindicated by a " " (plus) symbol. Electrolyticcapacitors range in value from about 1µF tothousands of µF. Mainly this type of capacitor isused as a ripple filter in a power supply circuit,or as a filter to bypass low frequency signals, etc.Because this type of capacitor is comparativelySVBIT/EC/EEW LAB MANUALPage 14
EEW LAB MANUALsimilar to the nature of a coil in construction, it isn't possible to use for high-frequency circuits. (Itis said that the frequency characteristic is bad.)The photograph on the left is an example of the different values of electrolytic capacitors in whichthe capacitance and voltage differ.From the left to right:1µF (50V) [diameter 5 mm, high 12 mm]47µF (16V) [diameter 6 mm, high 5 mm]100µF (25V) [diameter 5 mm, high 11 mm]220µF (25V) [diameter 8 mm, high 12 mm]1000µF (50V) [diameter 18 mm, high 40 mm]The size of the capacitor sometimes depends on the manufacturer. So thesizes shown here are just examples.In the photograph to the right, the mark indicating thenegative lead of the component can be seen.You need to pay attention to the polarity indication so asnot to make a mistake when you assemble the circuit.Tantalum CapacitorsTantalum Capacitors are electrolytic capacitors that use a material called tantalum for the electrodes.Large values of capacitance similar to aluminum electrolytic capacitors can be obtained. Also,tantalum capacitors are superior to aluminum electrolytic capacitors in temperature and frequencycharacteristics. When tantalum powder is baked in order to solidify it, A crack forms inside. Anelectricchargecanbestoredonthiscrack.These capacitors have polarity as well. Usually, the " " symbol is used to show the positivecomponent lead. Do not make a mistake with the polarity on these types.Tantalum capacitors are a little bit more expensive than aluminum electrolytic capacitors.Capacitance can change with temperature as well as frequency, and these types are very stable.Therefore, tantalum capacitors are used for circuits which demand high stability in the capacitanceSVBIT/EC/EEW LAB MANUALPage 15
EEW LAB MANUALvalues. Also, it is said to be common sense touse tantalum capacitors for analog signalsystems, because the current-spike noise thatoccurs with aluminum electrolytic capacitorsdoes not appear. Aluminum electrolyticcapacitors are fine if you don't use them forcircuits which need the high stabilitycharacteristics of tantalum capacitors.The photograph on the left illustrates the tantalum capacitor.The capacitance values are as follows, from the left:0.33 µF (35V)0.47 µF (35V)10 µF (35V)The " " symbol is used to show the positive lead of the component. It is written on the body.Ceramic CapacitorsCeramic capacitors are constructed with materials such as titanium acid barium used as thedielectric. Internally, these capacitors are not constructed as a coil, so they can be used in highfrequency applications.Typically, they are used in circuits which bypass high frequencysignalstoground.These capacitors have the shape of a disk. Their capacitance iscomparatively small. The capacitor on the left is a 100pF capacitor witha diameter of about 3 mm. The capacitor on the right side is printed with103, so 10 x 103pF becomes 0.01 µF. The diameter of the disk is about6mm.Ceramic capacitors have no polarity. Ceramic capacitors should not beused for analog circuits, because they can distort the signal.Multilayer Ceramic CapacitorsSVBIT/EC/EEW LAB MANUALPage 16
EEW LAB MANUALThe multilayer ceramic capacitor has a many-layered dielectric. Thesecapacitors are small in size, and have good temperature and frequencycharacteristics. Square wave signalsused in digital circuits canhave a comparatively high frequency component included.This capacitor is used to bypass the high frequency to ground.In the photograph, the capacitance of the component on the left isdisplayed as 104. So, the capacitance is 10 x 104 pF 0.1 µF. Thethickness is 2 mm, the height is 3 mm, and the width is 4 mm. Thecapacitor to the right has a capacitance of 103 (10 x 103 pF 0.01 µF). The height is 4 mm, thediameteroftheroundpartis2mm.These capacitors are not polarized. That is, they have no polarity.Variable CapacitorsVariable capacitors are used for adjustment etc. offrequency mainly.On the left in the photograph is a "trimmer," which usesceramic as the dielectric. Next to it on the right is one thatuses polyester film for the dielectric.The pictured components are meant to be mounted on aprinted circuit board.When adjusting the value of a variable capacitor, it is advisable to be careful.One of the component's leads is connected to the adjustment screw of the capacitor. This meansthat the value of the capacitor can be affected by the capacitance of the screwdriver in your hand.It is better to use a special screwdriver to adjust these components.Pictured in the upper left photograph are variable capacitors with the following specifications:Capacitance:20pF (3pF - 27pF measured) [Thickness 6 mm, height 4.8 mm]There are different colors, as well. Blue: 7pF (2 - 9), white: 10pF (3 - 15), green: 30pF (5 - 35),brown: 60pF (8 - 72). In the same photograph, the device on the right has the followingspecifications:Capacitance:30pF (5pF - 40pF measured) [The width (long) 6.8 mm, width (short) 4.9 mm, andthe height 5 mm]SVBIT/EC/EEW LAB MANUALPage 17
EEW LAB MANUALThe components in the photograph on the rightare used for radio tuners, etc. They are called"Varicons" but this may be only in Japan.The variable capacitor on the left in thephotograph, uses air as the dielectric. Itcombines three independent capacitors.For each one, the capacitance changed 2pF 18pF. When the adjustment axis is turned, thecapacitance of all 3 capacitors changesimultaneously.Physically, the device has a depth of 29 mm, and 17 mm width and height. (Not including theadjustment rod.)There are various kinds of variable capacitor, chosen in accordance with the purpose for whichthey are needed. The pictured components are very small.To the right in the photograph is a variable capacitor using polyester film as the dielectric. Twoindependent capacitors are combined.The capacitance of one side changes 12pF - 150pF, while the other side changes from 11pF 70pF.Physically, it has a depth of 11mm, and 20mm width and height. (Not including the adjustmentrod.)The pictured device also has a small trimmer built in to each capacitor to allow for preciseadjustment up to 15pF.CAPACITOR CODINGS:The value of a capacitor (the capacitance), is designated in units called the Farad (F). Thecapacitance of a capacitor is generally very small, so units such as the microfarad (10-6F), nanofarad(10-9F), and picofarad (10-12F) are used. The method used differs depending on the capacitorsupplier. Also for different types of capacitors the coding is different. For example, on electrolyticcapacitors the value is directly printed on the capacitor. For ceramic capacitor there are four typesof codings.(i) Using numbers, (ii) Using letters and numbers both, (iii) directly printed for µF.1. Coding using numbers:A three-digit code is used to indicate the value of a capacitor. In the case that the value isdisplayed with the three-digit code, the 1st and 2nd digits from the left show the 1st figure and the2nd figure, and the 3rd digit is a multiplier which determines how many zeros
1/8 2 3 1/4 2 6 1 3.5 12 2 5 15 From the top of the photograph 1/8W(tolerance 1%) 1/4W(tolerance 1%) 1W (tolerance 5%) 2W (tolerance 5%) Variable Resistors: There are two general ways in which variable resistors are used. One is the variable resistor which value is easily changed, like the volume adjustment of Radio.
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