Field Guide To Illinois Mammal Tracks Kendall Annetti

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1Field Guide to Illinois Mammal TracksKendall Annetti

2Order: DidelphimorphiaFamily: DidelphidaeDidelphis virginiana- Virginia opossum(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia opossum)Range: StatewideHabitat: Generalist, especially wooded areas along or near streams and lakeshores. Seeks shelterin old, uninhabited dens of other speciesTrack: On their front and back feet there are five elongated toes. In some cases, their tracks lookstar shaped, due to a splayed foot posture. The back foot has an opposable thumb which lacks anail.http://www.beartracker.com/opossum.html

3Order: CingulataFamily: -banded Armadillo.jpg)Dasypus novemcinctus- nine-banded armadilloRange: Scattered records, mostly in the southern part of IllinoisHabitat: woodland, scrub, brushy areas, fields,Track: Track is often referred to as “hoof-like,” it digs for insects so disrupted mounds may be asign of a nine-banded armadilloMurie O. J. and M.Elbroch

4Order: LagomorphaFamily: LeporidaeSylvilagus floridanus- eastern cottontail.htmRange: statewideHabitat: mixed cover, forest edges, grassy areas, farmland, pastures, hedgerows- avoid areaswithout nearby coverTrack: In snow, there are rarely toe or pad marks due to the cottontail not having large toe padsand their foot being entirely covered by hair. The track is recognizable by showing the two hindfeet next to each other in front of the two front feet which are one after the other.Front tracks: 1-1 7/8” long by ¾-1 3/8” wideHind tracks: 1 1/4- 3 1/4” long by 7/8- 1 13/17” us .com/mammals/easterncottontailrabbit/index.html

5Order: LagomorphaFamily: LeporidaeSylvilagus aquaticus- swamp rabbitRange: southern third of the stateHabitat: cane thickets, brush and wooded areas around marshes and swamps, typically foundclose to waterTrack: Similar to the cottontail with the track showing the two hind feet next to each other infront of the two front feet which are one after the other. Swamp rabbits also often leave scatpiles on the tops of logs or other debris.Front tracks: smaller than 4-4 ½” long, roundedHind tracks: 4-4 1/2 " longhttp://www.huntered.com/wildlife/small mammals.htm

6Order: RodentiaFamily: GeomyidaeGeomys bursarius- plains pocket gopherRange: band across central Illinois, south and east of the Illinois and Kankakee riversHabitat: well-drained soil where burrowing is possible, mostly in open habitatsTrack: 5 toes on front and back feet, claw marks common, burrows distinguishable by the earthcap they create to plug the entrance of their burrowsFront: 1 ½- 1 5/8” long and 7/8- 1” wideHind: 1 1/8- 1 ¼” long and 1 1/8- 1 ¼” wideAlthough none of the tracks to theleft are from Geomys bursarius, theyare from closely related species andtheir tracks should be similarhttp://www.ksr.ku.edu/libres/mammals of kansas/geomys-burs.htmlMurie O. J. and M. Elbroch

7Order: RodentiaFamily: CastoridaeCastor canadensis- American beaverRange: statewideHabitat: aquatic habitatTrack: Beavers build easily identifiable dams and lodges. High quality beaver tracks aredifficult to find since the tail often obscures them; regardless, the large, webbed hind feet arevery distinctive.http://www.beartracker.com/beaver.html

8Order: RodentiaFamily: SciuridaeTamias striatus- eastern chipmunkRange: statewideHabitat: wooded habitatTrack: Four front and five back toes, claws not always seen, generally run on their toes so footpads not always seen, hind feet show in front of front counts/pictures/Tamias Chipmunk18.pdf

9Order: RodentiaFamily: SciuridaeMarmota monax- woodchuck (ground hog)Range: statewideHabitat: variety of habitats, especially forest edgeTrack: Four-toed front foot, five hind toes, full hind foot doesn’t always leave a print. Sincethey hibernate tracks are not expected during the ory show.cfm?species woodchuck

10Order: RodentiaFamily: Sciuridae(Ground Squirrels)Spermophilus tridecemlineatus- thirteen-lined ground squirrelThirteen-lined ground squirrel onleft, Franklin’s ground squirrel onrightPoliocitellus franklinii – Franklin’s ground squirrelRange: both found in the northern 2/3 of the stateHabitat: short grasslands, including mowed lawns, roadsides, etc. (Thirteen-lined groundsquirrel) or grassy habitats of intermediate height, avoid short, mowed areas (Franklin’s groundsquirrel)Track: ground squirrels hibernate so tracks will not be seen in snow; general habitat differentthan that of tree squirrels (ground squirrels less likely to be found in forests); ground squirrelclaws are longer and straighter than those of tree owildernessmag.org

11Order: RodentiaFamily: Sciuridae(Tree squirrels)Fox squirrel on left, gray squirrel on rightSciurus niger- fox squirrelSciurus carolinensis- eastern gray squirrelRange: statewide (fox squirrel), or formerly widespread in Illinois but now mostly whereextensive forest or riparian forests remain, plus often in cities and towns (eastern gray squirrel)Habitat: forest edges, woodlands, open forests, better than gray squirrels at living in regionswith lot of open habitat (fox squirrel); or woodlands, esp. riparian forests with dense understory,urban/suburban areas (eastern gray squirrel)Track: The two are similar enough to be discussed as a group, very similar to the red squirrelbut larger, none of the tree squirrels have a prescribed track pattern, as their gait variesimmensely depending on occasionwww.bear-tracker.comwww.ohiodnr.com

12Order: RodentiaFamily: SciuridaeTamiasciurus hudsonicus- red squirrelRange: small area near Kankakee River in northeastern IllinoisHabitat: mostly coniferous forest, but also live in hardwood forests in other statesTrack: Four toes on front feet, five on hind, tends to keeps the forefeet parallel when running(not always true), heel pad of hind feet doesn’t always ase.com

13Order: RodentiaFamily: CricetidaeOndatra zibethicus- muskratRange: statewideHabitat: wetlands, including marshes, ponds, drainage ditches, creeks, streams, etc. Buildhouses in marshes, but live in burrows in banks in many habitats and also live in beaver damsduring winterTrack: found mostly near water, both feet have five toes although one toe on the front is smalland rarely ml

14Order: CarnivoraFamily: CanidaeCanis latrans- coyoteRange: statewideHabitat: generalistTrack: The front foot is larger than the hind foot and the track pattern is extremely variabledepending on the gait of the animal (walk, trot, lope, etc.), nail marks usually seenFront: 2 ¼- 2 ¾” long and 1 ¾ - 2 3/8” wideHind: 2- 2 3/8” long and 1 ½ - 1 7/8” wideFront footHind foothttp://www.beartracker.com/coyote.html

15Order: CarnivoraFamily: CanidaeVulpes vulpes- red ammals/red-fox/Range: statewideHabitat: prefer open country, grasslands, brush-land near wooded areas, forest edges; usuallynot in dense woods or forestTrack: Heel pad appears to lie far behind the toes, if high quality track- heel pad has atransverse, arched, raised bar protruding from the hair if the footRed fox front foothttp://www.beartracker.com/redfox.html

16Order: CarnivoraFamily: CanidaeUrocyon cinereoargenteus- gray foxRange: statewideHabitat: mostly forests, sometimes found in brushy habitats and pastures near woods; good treeclimbersTrack: similar in appearance to coyote tracks but much smaller, tracks make a relatively straightline which distinguishes them from domestic dog tracksFront tracks: 1 ¼ - 1 7/8” long, 1 3/8 – 1 ½” wideHind tracks: 1 1/8 – 1 3/4" long, 1 1/8 – 1 ½” widehttp://www.beartracker.com/grayfox.html

17Order: CarnivoraFamily: ProcyonidaeProcyon lotor- raccoonRange: statewideTaken by Kendall AnnettiHabitat: Varieties of habitats as long as water and a good den site are nearby (don’t dig theirown dens, use hollow trees etc.)Track: Five toes on front and hind feet, plantigrade animal leaving a miniature bear-like print,similar walking pattern to opossum making identification difficult on bad printshttp://www.bear-tracker.com/coon.html

18Order: CarnivoraFamily: MustelidaeLeast weasel on left, long-tailed weasel on right(Weasels)Mustela nivalis- least weaselMustela frenata- long-tailed weaselRange: northern ½ of Illinois (Least weasel) or statewide (long-tailed weasel)Habitat: mostly in grassy habitats, can be found in a variety of habitat types but generally avoidswoodlands (least weasel); or variety of habitats, both grassy and forested (long-tailed weasel)Track: Five toes on both front and hind feet, although both don’t always show, tracks usuallyappear as a line of twin prints, the least and long-tailed weasels have similar prints with size andrange being the determining factor between the two (least weasels are considerably smaller thanlong-tailed)www.nhptv.orgwww.ohiodnr.org

19Order: CarnivoraFamily: MustelidaeNeovison vison- American minkRange: statewideHabitat: mostly associated with water, including streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, drainage ditches,etc.Track: characteristic “double print” pattern, makes air holes in ice to forage under water duringthe winter, tracks of males are larger than those of females and may be discernible with skillhttp://www.beartracker.com/mink.html

20Order: CarnivoraFamily: MustelidaeTaxidea taxis- American badgerRange: Statewide except for a few southern countiesHabitat: open countryTrack: Powerful front claws used for digging apparent in good prints, their burrows are ellipticalshaped and often have claw marks on the walls, “pigeon toed” ttp://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/species a to z/SpeciesGuideIndex/badger/tabid/6807/Default.aspx

21Order: CarnivoraFamily: MustelidaeLontra canadensis- North American river otterRange: approximately statewideHabitat: rivers, streams, lakes or other aquatic habitatsTrack: similar to mink but larger, webbing on back feet doesn’t always showSigns: slides during the winter on ice and snow and latrine sites commonhttp://www.bear-tracker.com/otter.html

22Order: CarnivoraFamily: MephitidaeMephitis mephitis- striped skunkRange: statewideHabitat: variety of habitats, more abundant in open country but also in wooded habitatsTrack: Five toes and pad present on front and hind feet, large claw marks easily identifiable onmost printshttp://www.bear-tracker.com/stskunk.html

23Order: CarnivoraFamily: FelidaeLynx rufus- bobcatRange: most common in southern Illinois, but probably statewide distributionHabitat: wooded habitats, especially with bluffsTrack: more rounded than coyote or dog, no claw marks seen (retractable claws), pad shapedistinct with two lobes nearest to toe pads and three lobes on the side furthest from the toeshttp://www.beartracker.com/bobcat.html

24Order: ArtiodactylaFamily: CervidaeOdocoileus virginianus- white-tailed deerhttp://www.aboutwhitetaildeer.com/Range: statewideHabitat: variety of habitats, but mostly wooded areasTrack: “Heart shaped” hoof print, only wild ungulate in the rtrack.htm

25Non-wildlife PrintsDomestic dog:Domestic cat:

6 Order: Rodentia Family: Geomyidae Geomys bursarius- plains pocket gopher Range: band across central Illinois, south and east of the Illinois and Kankakee rivers Habitat: well-drained soil where burrowing is possible, mostly in open habitats Track: 5 toes on front and back feet, claw marks common, burrows distinguishable by the earth cap they create to plug the entrance of their burrows

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