EM4900E 4-H Cat Project
EM4900E4-H Cat ProjectUnit 2WA S H I N G T O N S TAT E U N I V E R S I T Y E X T E N S I O N
AUTHORSAlice Stewart, Yakima CountyNancy Stewart, King CountyJean Swift, Skagit CountyRevised 2008 by Michael A. Foss, DVM, Skamania County,Nancy Stewart and Jean Swift.Reviewed by Karen Comer, DVM, Pierce County.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSReviewed by State Project Development Committee:Laurie Hampton—Jefferson CountyCathy Russell, Betty Stewart, Nancy Stewart—King CountyKathy Fortner, Cindy Iverson, Vickie White—Kitsap CountySandy Anderson, Dianne Carlson, Jan Larsen—Pierce CountyJean Swift, Kate Yarbrough—Skagit CountyAlice Stewart—Yakima CountyWord Processing by Kate Yarbrough, Skagit CountyWSU Extension Curriculum ReviewJerry Newman, Extension 4-H/Youth Development Specialist,Human Development Department
4-H CAT PROJECTUNIT 2Dear Leaders and Parents:A 4-H member will progress to this manual upon successful completion of Unit One. There is noage requirement for any of the Cat Project manuals. The 4-H member is expected to do someresearch beyond this manual. Please check the back pages of this manual for suggested referencesincluding books and web sites. It is also suggested that members visit a breed association catshow where they may see many different breeds of cats and talk with their owners.CONTENTSChapter12Cat’s Origins. 3Cat Breeds. 4Breed Types. 4Body Types. 5Coat Types. 5Breed Identification Worksheets. 83 Cat Characteristics. 13The Cat’s Body. 13The Five Senses. 13Other Characteristics. 154 Selecting a Kitten or Cat. 155 Feeding and Nutrition. 18Nutrition Word Search. 21–226 Health Care. 23Diseases. 24Parasites. 27Other Common Disorders. 31Spaying and Neutering. 33Declawing. 337 Emergencies and First Aid. 348 Traveling With Your Cat. 379 Vocabulary. 38Resources and References. 40Worksheets. 41Word Search and Crossword Puzzles. 50Answers Keys. 59
CHAPTER ONECAT’S ORIGlNSWe must go back 65 million years in the evolution of animals to identify the cat’s ancestors.The earliest ancestors were called Miacids(pronounced my-a-kids). The Miacids werecreatures about the size of a lynx, with longslender bodies, long tails, and short legs withretractable claws that extended from the pawsduring such activities as climbing trees orfighting. Over the next 10 million years, theDinictis evolved bringing higher intelligenceand greater agility to an animal more like thecat of today.The first sign of domestication of cats appearsto be around 4500 B.C. The earliest remainswere found in Africa. Overwhelmingevidence points to Ancient Egypt and theAfrican Wildcats (Felis Sylvestris libyca) as theoldest truly domestic cats. They were probablyused in farming villages to hunt the river ratsthat invaded the granaries. Feline remains werefound on Cyprus dating back to 5000 B.C., butwild cats did not occur naturally on Cyprus, sothey had to have been brought there.In Egypt, cats were so special that they came tobe considered sacred. The earliest mention ofthe cat as sacred is in the Book of The Dead dating back to 3500 B.C. The cat was the symbolfor the sun god Osiris or Re. About this time,it is said that Bast (the wife, sister, or daughterof Re) fled from Re and assumed the shape ofa cat, thus becoming the goddess that protects cats. She is known as the goddess of thenight and the moon. She protected crops andensured a rich harvest. Her temples becamesanctuaries for cats. When cats died, they wereusually embalmed, given ceremonial rites, andburied in special cemeteries. The killing of catswas a crime punishable by death. Egypt prohibited the export of cats.It is believed that Phoenicians and Greeks mayhave been the first to bring cats to Europe, starting around 2000 B.C. They likely used them forrat control on their ships, then sold or tradedthe cats at ports in Europe. Once on land, theGreeks, Romans, and others used the cats forrodent control. The cats did well in Europe,enjoying the protection of the Church until the10th century. During the Middle Ages, cats lostfavor with the Church and were blamed foranything evil. They were often burned. Theirfur was used for clothing and their flesh waseaten during the famines. Cats were connectedto witchcraft clear into the 1700’s.Cats were treated much better in the Orient.In China, the cat became a symbol for goodfortune, peace, and beauty. Buddhists admiredthe cat’s meditative powers. The domestic catarrived in Japan about 600 A.D., which wasabout the same time Buddhism was introduced to Japan. The Maneki Neko (beckoningcat) is one of the most common lucky charmsseen in Japan. This figure of a sitting cat withthe left front paw raised is frequently seen inshop windows where it is inviting customersto enter. The same figure with the right pawraised attracts money and good fortune. Withthe Japanese appreciation of simple artisticform, cats are seen as a being of rare beauty.During the 17th Century, attitudes toward thecat began to change for the better. Cats found aspecial spot in the family household and eventually became the beloved pets they are today.The cat’s progress was significantly improvedin the 19th Century, the Victorian Era, whichsaw an improvement in the treatment of alldomestic animals.The Victorian Era also saw an increasingenthusiasm for exhibiting and breeding cats.The first cat show was held in London, England, on July 13, 1871, at The Crystal Palace.There were 160 cats for display and competi-—3—
tion. During the late 1800’s interest in breeding and showing began to spread abroad. Thefirst American cat show was held in MadisonSquare Garden, New York City in 1895. In1904, the Cat Fancier’s Association (CFA) began a registry of pedigreed cats in America.household pets to be shown. Unlike purebreds, they are not judged according to awritten standard, but on the basis of physicalcondition, cleanliness, presentation, temperament, and attractive or unusual appearance.Throughout the world, cats of unknownlineage comprise the vast majority of pets,and most of them are mixed breeds. They are,without a doubt, the most popular cats of all.The cats of today are approximately the samesize and shape as the ancient cats. They haveretained their keen hunting instincts and selfreliance, make the same purring sounds, anddisplay the same aloofness and affection.Breed TypesCat breeds are divided into three types: Natural, man-made (hybrid), and spontaneousmutation.CHAPTER TWO Natural: A natural breed was created by nature, but refined and stabilized through selective breeding. Some natural breeds suchas the Abyssinian have been in existence forhundreds of years.CAT BREEDSToday there are many breeds of cats. The CatFancier’s Association (CFA) recognizes 41different breeds. Other North American associations recognize many additional breeds,including the exotic crosses between wildand domestic cats. There are more breedsrecognized overseas and some that are still indevelopment.Cats may be divided into two categories: thepopular house cat of unknown ancestry, orthe purebred, (a pedigreed cat), intentionallybred for certain desirable qualities and usuallyeligible for exhibition in the show ring. Thevarious cat associations have prepared writtenstandards so that judges might compare thequalities of competing cats with the appropriatebreed specification. A large number of purebreds do not meet the standards and, therefore,may be obtained at lower prices. However, theymay still be registered and make excellent pets.The majority of pet cats are mixed breeds.They almost never resemble the standard ofany cat breed. However, 4-H has acknowledged the desirability of all cats by allowing Man-made: Man-made breeds, or hybrids,are created by the purposeful crossing oftwo or more breeds to establish a thirdbreed. The new breed’s results range fromhaving its own distinct appearance such asthe Ocicat, to being almost identical to oneof the foundation breeds, such as the Oriental Shorthair. An example of a hybrid showing equal characteristics of both foundationparents is the Tonkinese. It is interesting tonote that Siamese have been a foundationfor more new breeds than any other cat. Mutation: A mutation is a spontaneouschange in the gene structure resulting in anunusual feature. This feature may attractthe attention of breeders who then developthat feature, creating a new breed withuniform standards. Some of these breedsare relatively new, such as the Rexes andthe Scottish Fold, while others have beenaround for so long they are now considerednatural breeds, such as the Manx or Japanese Bobtail.—4—
Body TypesColorCats are divided into three basic body types—cobby, moderate, and foreign—with someoverlapping.The basic colors are black, chocolate, red, andwhite, with dilute (lighter) variations withinthose colors. Some breed descriptions use different names for the colors, such as the Burmese, which lists sable instead of chocolate.Two breeds with ticked tabby patterns havespecial names for their color, ruddy for theAbyssinian and sepia for the Singapura. Cobby: Cobby refers to a heavy, shortlegged, compact, broad-chested body.Examples are the Persian and Manx. Semi-Cobby: Semi-cobby bodies are a littlelonger and not quite as broad-chested. Examples are the Chartreux and British Shorthair. Moderate: Moderate refers to a well-balancedbody of medium length, well-muscled, withno extremes. This includes the majority ofthe breeds. Semi-Foreign: Semi-foreign bodies are beginning to stretch out, but not too extreme. Examples are the Abyssinian, Japanese Bobtail,and Russian Blue. Foreign: Foreign bodies (sometimes referred to as oriental or exotic) are long andtubular to the extreme. They are firm andmuscular. Examples are the Siamese andCornish Rex. Black—Sometimes called ebony– Blue is a dilute (lighter color) of black,also called gray, ash, and slate– A dilute of blue is called lavender, lilac,or platinum– Fawn is a beige-toned lilac Chocolate—Sometimes called brown, sable,seal, mahogany, chestnut, or tawny– A dilute of chocolate may be called natural, caramel, or champagne Red—Sometimes called orange or tangerine– A dilute of red is cream, sometimes calledyellow, beige, or tan WhiteSilver and Golden are the background colorsof tabbies with variations sometimes calledbronze or pewter.Coat TypesProbably the first thing a person noticesabout a cat is its beautiful coat. The color,pattern, texture, and length of the coat havea great deal of influence in selection of a cat.Patterns and colors are not breeds. They arethe decoration a cat wears. The original coatwas a shorthaired brown classic tabby. All theother colors, patterns, textures, and lengthsevolved over many centuries, creating variations in the tabby markings. Eventually asolid coat color with no markings occurred.Other mutations created the dilute colorblue and other lighter colors while the whitemutation created the bicolor patterns such ascalico, as well as solid white.PatternAll cats are genetically tabbies, with other patterns evolving later. The different patterns aresolid (self), tabby, tipped, parti-color, bi-color,and pointed. Solid—A solid (self) colored cat is entirelyone color. There are no tabby markings, nowhite, and no changes of color on each hair. Tabby—There are four basic tabby patterns:Classic, Mackerel, Spotted, and Ticked. Thehairs are each banded with light and darkstripes called agouti bands or ticking. It is—5—
the arrangement of the bands that create thepatterns.– Mackerel: The “wild type” pattern withspine lines and narrow vertical stripes onthe sides.– Classic: Irregular spirals and whirls,broad and clearly defined that createa bulls-eye effect on the sides, with solidlines on the spine, and a butterfly markon the shoulders.– Spotted: Broken stripes appear as spots,sometimes seeming to run together into amackerel pattern.– Ticked: Body hairs are “ticked” withvarious shades of the main markingcolor and the ground color. The body isfree from noticeable spots or stripes.An interesting variation of tabby is thepatched tabby, which has patches of red orcream mixed with the ground colors on thebody and extremities. It can occur with anyof the tabby patterns. Tipped—In the tipped patterns, each guardhair has color only on the tips of the hairand white underneath. A cat with red tipping is called a cameo.– Chinchilla (or shell) is the lightest tippingwith color only on the very tip of eachhair.– Shaded is the intermediate tipping withcolor on the last quarter of hair.– Smoke is the heaviest tipping with coloron the last half of the hair. The smokepattern is especially striking becausewhen the cat is still, it appears to be asolid color, but the white shows up whenthe cat moves. Parti-color—A black female cat with randompatches of red is called a tortoiseshell. Thered patches often have tabby markings. Ablue/cream (dilute tortoiseshell) is a bluefemale with patches of solid cream. Bi-Color—Bi-colors are cats with white.White spotting or piebalding can occur withany solid color or pattern, including the col-or points. There can be as little as only onesmall spot of white or the cat can be nearlyall white. A female cat with a tortoiseshellpattern and white is called a calico. A vanpattern is a white cat with patches of coloron the head and tail. It may also have a fewspots on the rest of its body. Pointed—The pattern of a pointed cat hasthe facial mask, ears, legs, feet, and tail of acontrasting darker color while the body is apale cream, fawn, or white.TextureA cat’s coat is made up of longer guard hairs,more bristly awn hairs, and an underlying layer of soft down hairs. These three types of hairsvary from one breed to the next. For example,a Persian’s down hairs are nearly as long asits guard hairs, while the Turkish Angora haslesser developed down hairs resulting in a lessdense coat. The American Wirehair has awnhairs the same length as the guard hairs. Bothtypes of hairs are curled and crinkled, resultingin a wiry feel to the coat. The Rex breeds haveno guard hairs and wavy coats.LengthThe length of a cat’s coat is naturally short.The long hair mutation occurred over manycenturies. Specifying the length of a coat canbe confusing. Show standards refer to short,short to medium, medium, semi-long, medium-long to long, and long and thick. Manybreeds began as short hairs, but eventuallywere bred for long hair as well. Some registrieslist long hairs as separate breeds while otherslist them as a division within a breed.One interesting coat length note: The Sphynxis not totally bald. It has thin, short hairs onits ears, muzzle and tail, but no whiskers. Therest of the body may be completely hairless, orit may have thin, short hairs up to 1/8 inch inlength over other parts of its body.—6—
HAIR COLORINGTIPPEDSOLID, SELFOnly the tip is colored. The base is white.The hair is totally one color.SMOKESHADEDMost of the hair is colored with a white base.Half the hair is colored, blending to a white base.TABBY, TICKED, OR AGOUTILONGSHORTThe color is broken into bands,the outer tips usually being the darkestand the base the lightest.A short hair can have as few as 3 bands of color.A long hair can have 5 to 8 bands of color.— 7—
COAT PATTERNSCLASSIC TABBYMACKERAL TABBYSPOTTED TABBYTICKED TABBYTORTIOSESHELLCALICOVANPOINTEDBI-COLORBREED IDENTIFICATION WORKSHEETSThe following pages are designed to help you learn about many breeds of cats. In the back of thismanual is a list of reference books and web sites. There are many other books and web sites availableas well. Fill in all the spaces for each breed. The first two pages are the breeds recognized by The CatFancier’s Association (CFA), the largest breed association in North America. The next two pages listdifferent breeds recognized by one or more breed associations in North America.—8—
—9—AbyssinianAmerican BobtailAmerican CurlAmerican ShorthairAmerican WirehairBalineseBirmanBombayBritish ShorthairBurmeseChartreuxColorpoint ShorthairCornish RexDevon RexEgyptian MauEuropean BurmeseExoticHavana BrownJapanese 021BREED TypeBODYEYES Shape Color(Continued)EARS Size Special Feature?HEAD ShapeCOAT Length Pattern Texture ColorTAIL Length Special Feature?The Cat Fancier’s Association (CFA) Breed Identification WorksheetTYPE mutation hybrid natural
— 10 —Maine CoonManxNorwegian Forest CatOcicatOrientalPersianRagaMuffinRagdollRussian BlueScottish FoldSelkirk rkish AngoraTurkish m22BREED TypeBODYEYES Shape ColorEARS Size Special Feature?HEAD ShapeCOAT Length Pattern Texture ColorTAIL Length Special Feature?The Cat Fancier’s Association (CFA) Breed Identification Worksheet (Continued)TYPE mutation hybrid natural
— 11 —Highland FoldHimalayanLonghair ExoticMunchkinNebelungNon-Pointed HimalayanOjos oreign BurmeseCymric610Chausie5FoldexChantilly (Tiffany)49California Spangled3Don SphynxBurmilla28Bengal1BREEDBODY TypeEYES Shape Color(Continued)EARS Size Special Feature?HEAD ShapeCOAT Length Pattern Texture ColorBreed Identification Worksheet for Different BreedsTAIL Length Special Feature?TYPE mutation hybrid natural
— 12 —SerengetiSnowshoeSokokeThaiToygerYork Chocolate21222324252630292827Savannah20BREED TypeBODYEYES Shape ColorEARS Size Special Feature?HEAD ShapeCOAT Length Pattern Texture ColorTAIL Length Special Feature?Breed Identification Worksheet for Different Breeds (Continued)TYPE mutation hybrid natural
CHAPTER 3climb, fight, and grip. However, all the clawspoint forward so a cat can only back down atree after climbing it. A cat expresses pleasureor contentment by extending and retracting the claws in a pumping motion we call“kneading. “CAT CHARACTERISTICSYour cat is one of the most intelligent andbeautiful of all animals. Understanding itsanatomy, temperament, and physical characteristics will help you enjoy the unique personality of your cat even more.Scientists classify the cat as a carnivorous(meat-eating) animal because of its teeth. Theteeth have three functions: stabbing (killingprey), anchoring or holding prey, and cuttingor tearing flesh. Cats do not have flat-crownedmolars so are not able to crush or grind food.The Cat’s BodyThe cat’s body has 230 bones while man hasonly 206. Many of the cat’s “extra” bones arein its tail. A cat’s tail can indicate its moods.Carried high, the tail shows the cat’s pride andcontentment; extended straight, it tells you thecat is stalking; curled against its body says thecat is scared or worried; and thrusting fromside to side warns that the cat is angry. A cat’shind legs are longer and stronger than those infront, enabling it to leap with great skill. Whilemost animals move their front and oppositehind legs at the same time, a cat moves itsfront and hind legs on one side, then the other.Notice how silently a cat moves. This is because of its thickly cushioned paws. The catis digitigrade, which means it walks or runson its toes. A cat usually has five toes in frontand four in back, but some cats are polydactyl,having more than the usual number of toes.Each toe has a firmly attached hook-shapedclaw which is the cat’s main method of defense. The retractable claws allow the cat toA cat’s beautiful coat is one of its most strikingfeatures. The hairs of the cat’s coat grow fromtiny pits in the skin called follicles. The coarsetop coat is formed from primary or guardhairs which grow from individual follicles.The secondary hairs which form the undercoat(underfur) grow in groups from each follicle.There are two types of secondary hairs, theawn hairs which have bristly tips and the downhairs which are fine and crinkly. A special typeof follicle produces the sensitive hairs calledsinus hairs. These are located on the muzzle(as whiskers, also known as vibrissae), abovethe eyes, and on the back of the lower forelegs(carpal hairs). The carpal hairs are particularlysensitive to touch such as when using theirforelegs for grasping wriggling prey.The Five SensesSightA cat’s eyes are probably its most distinctive feature, and sight is a highly developedsense. Cats can see in nearly total darkness,yet their sight is keen in bright daylight.Although they do have some special features,cats’ eyes are basically similar to the eyes ofother mammals, including humans. Due tothe size and shape of the lens, a cat cannot focus very well on close-by objects, but can seebest at distances of seven to twenty feet. Cats’eyes are designed to collect the maximumamount of light, which allows a cat to see in— 13 —
light six times dimmer than that in whichhumans are able to see. Although it mayseem very dark to us, there must be a faintglimmer of light in order for the cat to see.Cats eyes shine in the dark when caught in aray of light. This occurs because a mirror-likestructure called the tapetum lucidum linesmost of the back of the eye. For a long timeit was believed that cats only saw in shadesof gray, but research has proven that cats dohave the ability to see at least some colors. Anewborn kittens eyes are closed and remainthat way for seven to ten days. After opening, their vision is still very poor, and kittensdo not see as well as adult cats until they areabout three months old. From then on, visionbecomes their most important sense.HearingIn addition to keen eyesight, a cat also hassuper-sensitive hearing, a real bonus for ahunter. Not only is a cat able to hear noisestoo faint for human ears, but they also hearultrasonic sounds much higher than we candetect. Cats can locate the sources of sounds,being able to accurately locate the squeaks andnoises of small rodents which are completelyhidden from view. Cats are constantly alert tostrange noises which may signal danger; evenwhen catnapping they immediately respondwhether the sound indicates danger or is afamiliar sound such as a footstep, car, whistle,or their name being called. The source of thesound is easily located, and a cat can discriminate between two sounds as close together asthree inches or from three feet away. Althoughdirecting earflaps toward a sound enables acat to better hear faint sounds, it will not helpin direction-finding. A cat’s hearing is not accurate enough for it to be able to hunt in totaldarkness. Some white cats, particularly blueeyed ones, become deaf at a very young age.Cats also tend to become deaf in old age. Catscompensate for deafness by an increased acuityin eyesight and smell. They also become quitesensitive to vibrations, appearing to “hear”with their feet.SmellA highly-developed sense of smell plays animportant role in the appetite, behavior, protection, and reproduction of cats. The sense ofsmell is the cat’s method of recognition andany new object, person, or cat will be thoroughly sniffed before being accepted. Food isfirst identified by smell, then tasted, and eatenif the smell is acceptable. The smell of catnipoften brings intense interest. Most cats respond to catnip by sniffing, chewing, rubbing,rolling, and meowing. The cat will appear tobe in a psychedelic state for a period of five tofifteen minutes. Fortunately, the effect does notlast long, nor is catnip addictive.TasteClosely aligned to the sense of smell is the senseof taste. Taste buds are located on the front andside edges of a cat’s tongue and at the back ofthe tongue. Cats are very sensitive to taste andhave very definite food likes and dislikes. Thesense of taste develops very early in a kitten;kittens only one day old can determine thedifference between salted and unsalted liquids.Although most mammals can detect sweet, bitter, salt, and acid, cats are different because theymay not respond to the taste of sweet things.In fact, their digestive system is very sensitiveto sugar, and eating sugar may make them ill.That is why many cats develop diarrhea whengiven cow’s milk. They are not able to toleratethe lactose (milk-sugar) in the milk.TouchTouch is the least important sense in a cat.Touch includes the sensations of gentle touch,heavy pressure, warmth, cold, and pain. Thehairless parts of a cat, the nose and paw pads,are especially sensitive to touch, warmth, and— 14 —
cold. A cat uses its paw pads to investigate thetexture, size, and shape of anything with whichit is not familiar. The pads also are used to helpa cat maintain its posture and can detect vibrations, helping a cat “hear” with its feet. Hairfollicles also are quite sensitive, especially thosecontaining guard hairs or whiskers. The whiskers are especially important for investigatingnearby objects and may also be sensitive to aircurrents. The cat’s skin picks up the feeling ofwarmth or cold as well as pain.Other CharacteristicsCats are noted for their great ability to sleep;nearly two-thirds of their life is spent sleeping.Cats sleep in a series of “catnaps” rather thanone long period. When a cat is in a deep sleepperiod, it may appear to be dreaming. We willnever know for sure, but it is assumed thatcats probably do dream.came from vibrations of the false vocal cords inthe throat, it is now believed that it comes froma vibration motion that arises in the wall of oneof the major blood vessels in the chest area.These vibrations are readily transmitted to thecat’s upper air passages which result in a purring sound. While purring is usually an indication of contentment, it can indicate a cat in pain.Playing is a special characteristic of cats. Kittens begin playing when they are about threeweeks old. Although cats will begin to playless often after about five months of age, a catwill continue to play occasionally even intoold age. Play is important to the health and fitness of a cat. Two cats of similar age will playtogether, but if there is only one cat, the ownermust encourage play.CHAPTER FOURSelf-grooming is not just a cat’s way of keepingitself clean. Licking stimulates the skin glandswhich produce a waterproofing agent for thecoat. In addition, grooming is also a methodof temperature regulation. Cats are unable tosweat because of the fur, so saliva becomes asubstitute for the cooling effect of sweat. Thatis why cats groom themselves more often inwarm weather.SELECTING A KITTEN OR CATA well-known cat characteristic is its ability toland on its feet. When falling, a cat will turnits head to an upright, horizontal position, andthe rest of the body will follow. The tail mayhelp in avoiding overbalancing. A cat may stillbe injured in a fall, because falling from a greatdistance can still result in broken bones. Likewise, a fall from a short distance could alsoresult in injury because the cat may not havetime to right itself.All cats are enjoyable, but you will need to decide whether you want a purebred cat that maybe registered with a cat association, or if youwant a mixed breed cat. If a random-bred cat isdesired, the local humane society shelter will beable to provide se
domestic animals. The Victorian Era also saw an increasing enthusiasm for exhibiting and breeding cats. ThefirstcatshowwasheldinLondon,Eng-land, on July 13, 1871, at The Crystal Palace. There were 160 cats for display and competi-
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Flowchart of Animated Story *Initial state* Background: Railroad Cat: What should we do? Cat: Left side Dog: Right side *Introductions* *Color* Cat says: Lets do Tricks! Cat: I can change colors! Cat changes to 5 colors Cat changes back *Whirl* Cat says I can whirl Cat whirls 5 times Cat changes back Flowchart of Animated Story *Initial state*
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