CK 12 Earth Science For High School Workbook With Answers

1.1. The Nature of Sciencewww.ck12.org1.1 The Nature of ScienceLesson 1.1: True or FalseName Class DateWrite true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.1. Science is both a way of gaining knowledge and a body of knowledge.2. There is no place for imagination and creativity in science.3. All science is based on evidence and logical thinking.4. Any idea can be investigated through scientific inquiry.5. Scientific investigations always follow the same sequence of steps.6. A good experiment must have one factor that can be manipulated.7. Data in the form of numbers is called qualitative data.8. Taking many measurements and averaging the results may correct random errors in data.9. If data from an experiment do not support a hypothesis, then the experiment is a failure.10. A scientific theory is just an educated guess about why something occurs.Lesson 1.1: Critical ReadingName Class DateRead this passage based on the text and answer the questions that follow.The Importance of Community in ScienceAlthough each scientist may perform experiments in her lab alone or with a few helpers, she will write up her resultsand present her work to the community of scientists in her field. Initially, she may present her data and conclusionsat a scientific conference, where she can talk with other scientists and get feedback on her work. Using what shelearns, she may go on to write a professional paper about her research and submit it to a scientific journal. Beforethe paper is accepted for publication, several scientists who are experts in the same field will review it. This is calledpeer review. These other scientists may suggest changes to the paper, and they will recommend whether or not thepaper should be published. Once a paper is published, other scientists can learn about the work and may incorporatethe results into their own research. Some scientists may try to replicate the experiment to see whether they get thesame results. In this way, the knowledge base of science builds toward a greater understanding of nature.The scientific community influences the quality and type of research that is done by scientists. For example, otherscientists help determine which research projects receive funding. Most scientific research is expensive, so a scientistmust write a research proposal to a funding agency, such as the National Science Foundation, requesting money topay for equipment, supplies, and salaries. Scientific proposals are reviewed by other scientists in the field. In manyfields, the funding rate is low and the money goes only to the most worthy research projects.2

www.ck12.orgChapter 1. HS What is Earth Science? WorksheetsThe scientific community monitors scientific integrity. During their scientific training, students learn how to conductgood scientific experiments. They learn not to fake, hide, or selectively report data. They also learn how to fairlyevaluate data and the work of other scientists. Considering how much scientific research is done, there are very fewincidents of scientific dishonesty. However, when such an incident occurs, it generally receives a lot of mediaattention. This may cause the public to mistrust scientists and scientific research in ways that are unfounded.Scientists who do not have scientific integrity are strongly condemned by the scientific community.Questions1. What is peer review, and why is it important?2. How does the scientific community influence the quality and type of scientific research that is done?3. How does the scientific community promote scientific integrity?Lesson 1.1: Multiple ChoiceName Class DateCircle the letter of the correct choice.1. Which of the following is a valid science lab safety guideline?a.b.c.d.Do not eat or drink anything while in the lab.Wear a drawstring hoodie to protect yourself from chemicals.Wait to clean up any spills until you complete the lab procedure.Change the lab procedure if necessary to improve the experiment.2. Which of the following is relevant to scientific inquiry?a.b.c.d.moral judgmentspersonal opinionsassumptions about naturenone of the above3. Which of the following ideas are basic to science?a.b.c.d.Rules of nature may be different elsewhere in the universe.Once accepted, scientific ideas are not subject to change.Natural events and processes have natural causes.all of the above4. To be useful, a scientific hypothesis musta.b.c.d.be true.be testable.be very specific.apply in all situations.5. Scientists may collect data bya.b.c.d.doing experiments.making observations.taking measurements.all of the above6. In a good scientific experiment, the dependent variable depends on thea. experimental controls.b. independent variable.3

1.1. The Nature of Sciencewww.ck12.orgc. experimental error.d. none of the above7. Assume that a scientist is measuring mass in an experiment. The balance she is using is not set at zero, so italways measures mass a little too high. What type of error does this cause in her data?a.b.c.d.random errorobserver errorsystematic errortwo of the aboveLesson 1.1: MatchingName Class DateMatch each definition with the correct term.Definitions1. testable, plausible explanation for a scientific question2. series of steps scientists use to investigate questions3. factor that must remain the same in an experiment so it does not affect the outcome4. factor in an experiment that the researcher changes5. scientific explanation that is supported by many observations6. factor measured as the outcome of an experiment7. useful representation of a real system that is simpler than realityTermsa. hypothesisb. theoryc. controld. dependent variablee. independent variablef. modelg. scientific methodLesson 1.1: Fill in the BlankName Class DateFill in the blank with the appropriate term.1.2.3.4.4The scientific method typically begins with a(n) .Before developing a hypothesis, a scientist typically undertakes .A physical representation of a real object, such as a globe of the world, is a(n) model.If a hypothesis is tested and supported repeatedly, it may become a(n) .

www.ck12.orgChapter 1. HS What is Earth Science? Worksheets5. A general idea about how something works is a(n) model.6. The scientific method typically ends with a(n) .7. A set of equations that represents a real-world process is a(n) model.Lesson 1.1: Critical WritingName Class DateThoroughly answer the question below. Use appropriate academic vocabulary and clear and complete sentences.Explain why models are used in science, and compare and contrast three different types of scientific models.5

1.2. Earth Science and Its Brancheswww.ck12.org1.2 Earth Science and Its BranchesLesson 1.2: True or FalseName Class DateWrite true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.1. Earth science deals with Earth’s lands, oceans, and atmosphere.2. Most Earth scientists specialize in studying one aspect of the planet.3. Seismologists forecast major storms to save lives and property.4. Oceanography can be accurately defined as the hydrology of the oceans.5. Meteorologists collect data using technologies such as radar and satellites.6. All the branches of Earth science are connected.7. A lunar geologist might study minerals and rocks under the oceans.8. Climatologists are interested in long-term changes in the atmosphere.9. Environmental science is the study of how the environment affects people.10. Astronomy is defined as the study of the geology of other planets.Lesson 1.2: Critical ReadingName Class DateRead this passage based on the text and answer the questions that follow.Introduction to Earth ScienceEarth science consists of many branches of knowledge concerning planet Earth. It deals with any and all aspects ofEarth: its lands, interior, atmosphere, and oceans. Earth is a very large and complex set of systems. Therefore, mostEarth scientists focus on just one aspect of the planet.The main branches of Earth science are geology, meteorology, climatology, oceanography, and environmentalscience. Each branch has a different focus. For example, geology focuses on Earth’s solid materials and structuresand the processes that create them. Geology, in turn, is divided into several branches, including mineralogy, planetarygeology, marine geology, and seismology. Mineralogy, for example, is the study of the composition and structure ofminerals. Seismology is the study of earthquakes and their causes. Because all of Earth’s systems are interconnected,researchers in different branches of Earth science generally must work together to answer complex questions.Questions1. What is Earth science? Why does Earth science have many branches?2. Identify the main branches of Earth science.3. What is the focus of the branch of Earth science known as geology? How is geology divided into branches?6

www.ck12.orgChapter 1. HS What is Earth Science? Worksheets4. Why must scientists in different branches of Earth science generally work together to answer complex questions?Lesson 1.2: Multiple ChoiceName Class DateCircle the letter of the correct choice.1. The main branches of Earth science includea.b.c.d.geology.climatology.meteorology.all of the above2. Which of the following questions would most likely be addressed by a geologist?a.b.c.d.How do hurricanes form?What causes ocean currents?What is the composition of rocks?How do human actions affect the climate?3. A planetary geologist might study thea.b.c.d.minerals found inside Earth.composition of Earth’s surface.minerals and rocks on Mars.all of the above4. A marine geologist might studya.b.c.d.organisms that live in the ocean.movements of ocean water.rocks on the ocean floor.none of the above5. If a student wants to learn more about tornadoes, she should take a class onmental science.6. If an oil company wanted to hire a scientist to locate oil reserves in rocks under Earth’s surface, the companywould most likely hire cologist.7. Mineralogy is a branch y.7

1.2. Earth Science and Its Brancheswww.ck12.orgLesson 1.2: MatchingName Class DateMatch each definition with the correct term.Definitions1. study of fossils2. study of Earth’s solid materials and structures and the processes that create them3. study of Earth’s atmosphere4. study of earthquakes and their causes5. study of weather and weather patterns6. broad science that deals with all aspects of planet Earth7. study of the effects of people on the environmentTermsa. geologyb. meteorologyc. climatologyd. paleontologye. environmental sciencef. Earth scienceg. seismologyLesson 1.2: Fill in the BlankName Class DateFill in the blank with the appropriate term.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.Scientists who study the composition and structure of minerals are called .are scientists you study the geology of other planets.The study of water and its movements, distribution, and quality is .The study of everything in the ocean environment is .A(n) studies ocean currents, waves, and tides.A(n) studies rocks and geologic processes of ocean basins.A(n) studies life in the oceans.Lesson 1.2: Critical WritingName Class DateThoroughly answer the question below. Use appropriate academic vocabulary and clear and complete sentences.8

www.ck12.orgChapter 1. HS What is Earth Science? WorksheetsWhat is a question that might be investigated by an environmental scientist? Identify another branch of Earth sciencethat might be called upon to help answer the question. Explain your choice.9

www.ck12.orgC HAPTER2HS Studying Earth’sSurface WorksheetsChapter Outline 102.1E ARTH ’ S S URFACE2.2W HERE IN THE W ORLD A RE YOU ?2.3M ODELING E ARTH ’ S S URFACE2.4TOPOGRAPHIC M APS2.5U SING S ATELLITES AND C OMPUTERSLesson 2.1:Lesson 2.2:Lesson 2.3:Lesson 2.4:Lesson 2.5:Earth’s SurfaceWhere in the World are You?Modeling Earth’s SurfaceTopographic MapsUsing Satellites and Computers

www.ck12.orgChapter 2. HS Studying Earth’s Surface Worksheets2.1 Earth’s SurfaceLesson 2.1: True or FalseName Class DateWrite true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.1. Constructive forces can change a high mountain to a flat plateau.2. A volcanic eruption can be a constructive or destructive force.3. The ocean floor is a flat, featureless surface.4. Mountains rise when continents collide.5. A stream flowing down a mountainside is a constructive force.6. Continental margins consist of oceanic crust.7. Many ocean trenches are located around the edge of the Pacific Ocean.8. Changes in Earth’s surface always occur very slowly.9. Old seafloor is destroyed at oceanic trenches.10. The continental crust has been subject to destructive forces longer than the oceanic crust has.Lesson 2.1: Critical ReadingName Class DateRead this passage based on the text and answer the questions that follow.Building up and Wearing Down Earth’s Continental LandformsEarth’s continents are large land areas extending from high mountaintops to sea level. The oldest continental rocksare billions of years old, so the continents have had a lot of time for constructive and destructive forces to changethem. Constructive forces cause physical features on Earth’s surface, known as landforms, to build up. Destructiveforces cause physical features to wear down.Landforms often build up when Earth’s crust deforms. This occurs when slabs of crust compress, pull apart, orslide past other slabs of crust. Crust deformation can result in the formation of hills, valleys, and other landforms.Mountains rise when continents collide and push up the crust. Volcanic mountains form when a slab of oceaniccrust plunges beneath another slab of crust. This allows melted rock called magma to flow onto the surface, where ithardens to form solid rock. Over time, the hardened rock builds up to form a mountain. Landforms are also createdwhen sediments are deposited. For example, a triangular deposit called a delta forms where a river or stream depositssediments as it flows into a body of still water.Volcanic eruptions are constructive forces when they cause mountains to form. However, explosive volcanic eruptions can be destructive forces if they blow apart mountains, leaving craters. Landforms are also worn down by thedestructive forces of weathering and erosion. Water, wind, ice, and gravity are important agents of erosion. For11

2.1. Earth’s Surfacewww.ck12.orgexample, water in streams and rivers flowing down mountainsides wears away rocks and creates valleys. Landslidesare also destructive forces that wear away steep slopes.Questions1. What are continents and landforms?2. Compare and contrast constructive and destructive forces.3. How can volcanoes and rivers be both constructive and destructive forces?Lesson 2.1: Multiple ChoiceName Class DateCircle the letter of the correct choice.1. How old are the oldest continental rocks?a.b.c.d.about half a million years olda few million years old100 million years oldbillions of years old2. Crustal deformation occurs when Earth’s crusta.b.c.d.pulls apart.pushes together.slides past other crust.all of the above3. Crustal deformation may result in the formation ofa.b.c.d.hills.valleys.mountains.all of the above4. Deltas form whena.b.c.d.oceanic crust plunges beneath continental crust.sediments are deposited.continents collide.volcanoes erupt.5. The East African rift valley is forming where crust isa.b.c.d.compressed.pulled apart.pushed together.deposited by water.6. The ocean basins are all younger thana.b.c.d.180 million years old.100 million years old.80 million years old.18 million years old.7. New seafloor forms when12

www.ck12.orga.b.c.d.Chapter 2. HS Studying Earth’s Surface Worksheetssediments are deposited.volcanic activity occurs.crust is uplifted.none of the aboveLesson 2.1: MatchingName Class DateMatch each definition with the correct term.Definitions1. mountain range that runs through much of the ocean basin2. any force that wears down landforms3. deep valley on the ocean floor4. any force that causes landforms to grow5. continenta

www.ck12.orgChapter 1. HS What is Earth Science? Worksheets CHAPTER 1 HS What is Earth Science? Worksheets Chapter Outline 1.1 THE NATURE OF SCIENCE 1.2 EARTH SCIENCE AND ITS BRANCHES Lesson 1.1: The Nature of Science Less