Introduction To The CHORDATES

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Honors Biology Chapter 25 & 26& Biology Chapter 25 & 26Introduction to the CHORDATESKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata

4 Basic Characteristics of Chordates (Some of these characteristics may notbe present entire life cycle of animal!)1. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord centralcommunication cableEx. Spinal cord2. Notochord long support rod below nervecord (in embryos)Ex. May change to vertebrae

4 Basic Characteristics ofChordates (cont.)3. Pharyngeal Pouches paired sacs inthroat regionEx. Become gill slits in some animals4. Tail section of body that extendsbeyond anus

What Is a Chordate? Characteristics of ChordatesMuscle segmentsTailAnusNotochordHollow nerve cordMouthPharyngeal pouches

Chordate hes/Slits

Vertebrates

Subphyla of Chordates Most chordates are VERTEBRATES!!! ( 99 %) There are 3 Subphyla of Chordates:– 1. Subphylum Urochordata– 2. Subphylum Cephalochordata– 3. Subphylum Vertebrata

3 Vertebrate Changes:(as the embryo develops, somechordate characteristics arealtered)1. Notochord becomesvertebral column.(backbone)2. Dorsal nerve cordbecomes spinal cord.3. Endoskeleton of livingcells that can grow.

Chordate chordatesInvertebrate ancestorReptiles

NonvertebratechordatesJawless fishesCartilaginous fishesMammalsAmniotic eggFour y fishesReptilesLizards, snakesCrocodiliansTurtles, tortoisesCaeciliansFrogs and toadsSalamandersLungfishesCoelacanthRay-finned fishesLampreySharks andtheir relativesHagfishesTunicates andlanceletsThe ChordateFamily TreeJaws and pairedappendagesVertebraeInvertebrate ancestor

Evolutionary Trends inVertebrates– What is a main trend in the evolution ofchordates?

Evolutionary Trends inVertebrates– Adaptive Radiations» Over the course of evolution, the appearance ofnew adaptations—such as jaws and pairedappendages—has launched adaptive radiations inchordate groups.» Adaptive radiation is the rapid diversification ofspecies as they adapt to new conditions.

Evolutionary Trends inVertebrates– Convergent Evolution Adaptive radiations can produce species that aresimilar in appearance and behavior, but not closelyrelated. This is called convergent evolution. Convergent evolution has produced flyingvertebrates as different as birds and bats.

Chordate Diversity Chordate Diversity Living chordates are diverse:– nonvertebrate chordates, which include tunicates andlancelets– vertebrates, which include fishes, amphibians, reptiles,birds, and mammals

Chordate DiversityNonvertebrate chordates (4%)Mammals (8%)Fishes (49%)Birds (17%)Reptiles (13%)Amphibians (9%)

Chordate DiversityTunicates and lancelets (2022)Mammals (4500)Birds (9100)Hagfishes and lampreys (80)Sharks and theirrelatives (900)Ray-finnedfishes (25,000)Crocodilians(22)Lizards, snakes,tuatara (6800)Turtles andtortoises (260)Coelacanth and lungfishes (8)Caecilians (165)Frogs and toads (4300)Salamanders (415)

Nonvertebrate Chordates General Characteristics– 1. Soft bodied– 2. All marine organisms– 3. Shared common ancestor 550 mya 2 Groups:– 1. Tunicates– 2. Lancelets

Subphylum Urochordata Tunicates Larva – have all 4 chordate characteristics Adults –have only the pharyngealpouches; other 3 char. disappear!! Pharyngeal pouches become gill slits,used for filter feeding. (NOTRESPIRATION!) Nickname: “Sea Squirts” Why?

Diagrams of TunicatesAdult TunicateAdult TunicateLarval Tunicate

Pictures of Tunicates 1. Oral siphon; 2. Branchial sac; 3. Cloacal siphon; 4. Stomach; 5.Gonad

Subphylum Cephalochordata Lancelets Distinct head with mouth “Cephalo” Filter feeders with mucous in gill slits Gas exchange through all of thin body (don’t usegill slits for this!) Live in sandy ocean bottoms, buried with headsticking out. Closed circulatory system- vessels “pump” bloodby contracting.

Diagrams and Pictures of Lancelets

Diagrams and Pictures of Lancelets

Subphylum Vertebrata

Characteristics of All Fish (* some exceptions)1. Ectothermic4. Aquatic2. Gills for oxygen exchange*5. Paired Fins*3. Scales – protection*6. 2 Chambered Heartsingle loop circulationatriumventricle

C. Jawless Fish: Class Agnatha1. Sucker like mouth2. No fins3. Cartilage skeletonEx: lamprey & hagfish

D. Cartilage Fish: Class Chondrichthyes1. Cartilage skeleton2. Lateral line system for sensing movement- line of fluid filled canals running down the sides ofthe fish, detects movement & vibrations in the water3. Placoid scales (small)Ex: sharks, skates, rays4. Sharks are ovoviviparous

E. Bony fish: Class Osteichthyes1. Bony skeleton2. Lateral line system3. Swim bladder to help control depth4. Lay eggs(Oviparous)5. Have operculum over gills (to protect gills)Ex: perch, bass, flounder

Groups of Bony Fish Lung fish (only live in FW)– Can supplement gill breathing with air bladder “lungs”– Can lie dormant in mud for up to 10 years, breathingair Ray-finned fish:– Have thin, bony spines or “Rays” in their fins– Most FW and SW fish: tuna, salmon, bass, perch,walleye, pike, swordfish, etc. Lobe –finned fish (once thought extinct!) Ex. coelocanth – discovered off coast– of Africa in 1938 , uses fleshy limbs– to “walk” along ocean floor

Anatomy of a usSwimbladderBrainSpinal oductiveorganPancreasIntestineGallbladderLiver

Characteristics of All Amphibians:“Amphi bio” “double life”1. Larva: a.) Aquatic, b.) 2 chambered heart,c.) gill breather2. Adult: a.) Most live on land, b.) 3 chamberedheart, 2 loop circulation c.) skin & lung breather3. Need water to breed and for egg development4. Ectothermic5. Metamorphosis6. Smooth, moist skin with mucous glands7. No scales or claws

Life Cycle of a Frog(Amphibians are Oviparous)AdultFrogYoungFrogAdults are typically ready tobreed in about one to two years.Frog eggs are laid in water andundergo external fertilization.Fertilized EggsThe eggshatch intotadpoles afew days toseveralweeks later.TadpolesTadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, andbecome meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.

Groups of Amphibians Order Anura “Without Tail”– Frogs & Toads Order Urodela– Salamanders & Newts Order Apoda “Without Feet”– Caecilian

Characteristics of All Reptiles:1. Ectothermic (found everywhere except very cold!)2. Dry, scaly skin – scales of keratin preventwater loss, but must molt to grow3. Claws on toes (if they have toes!)4. Breathe with lungs5. Lay amniotic eggs, with tough shell (Oviparous)6. Jacobson’s organ to test for chemicals in the air7. 3 Chambered Heart (most), 2 loop circulationEx: snake,turtle,crocodile

Structure of a Reptile’s HeartHeartLungRightatriumLeftatriumVentricle

Groups of Reptiles 16 total groups (But 12 of them are Extinct!) Order Squamata– Snakes and LizardsOrder Crocodilia- Crocodiles, Alligators, Caimans & GavialsOrder Testudines- Turtles and TortoisesOrder Rhyncocephalia- Tuatara(only living species)- Only in New Zealand- “Parietal Eye” on topof head

Characteristics of All Birds1. Endothermic2. Feathers – modified scales of protein for:a.) insulation – down feathers; b.) flight; c.) contour3. Oil/Powder – waterproofs feathers when “preening”4. 2 legs with scales5. Beak with No teeth6. Molt feathers7. 4 chambered heart 2 loopcirculation8. Amniotic Egg(Oviparous)

Structure of a Bird’s entricle

Groups of Birds 30 different orders! Main groups:– Pelicans Relatives (Aquatic Birds)– Birds of Prey (Raptors)– Parrots (African grey, Amazon parrots,cockatoos, macaws)– Perching Birds (cardinal, sparrow, crow,– Cavity nesting Birds (Woodpeckers, toucans)– Herons relatives (Wading birds)– Ostriches relatives (Flightless)

I. Characteristics Reptiles & Birds share1. Amniotic egg2. Internal fertilization3. Molt periodically4. Scales on feetmolting

Characteristics of All Mammals:1. Have fur/hair2. Mammary glands3. 4 chambered heart 2 loop circulation4. Lungs5. Endothermic

Heart of a icle

Placental Mammals:*Develop inside uterus*Ex: people, cats, dogs*ViviparousMarsupials:*Develop inside pouch*Ex: kangaroos, opossumsMonotremes:*Lay eggs(Oviparous)Ex: platypus

3 GROUPS OF MAMMALS 1. MONOTREMES– LAY SOFT SHELLEDEGGS (OVIPAROUS)– HAVE CLOACA– MOMS NOURISHYOUNG AFTERHATCH– EX)DUCKBILLPLAYTPUS, SPINYANTEATER

MARSUPIALS BEAR LIVE YOUNGWHICH COMPLETELYDEVELOP IN APOUCHEX) KANGAROOS,KOALAS, WOMBATS

PLACENTAL MAMMALS PLACENTA FORMSWHENIMPLANTATIONOCCURS INSIDEMOM PLACENTA ISWHEREEXCHANGE OFNUTRIENTS ANDWASTESBETWEENEMBRYO ANDMOM TAKESPLACE

32-3 PRIMATES & HUMANORIGINS

CHARACTERISTICS– BINOCULAR VISION(MERGES VISUALIMAGES FROM BOTHEYES—3D VISION)– WELL DEVELOPEDCEREBRUM– SOCIAL BEHAVIOR,COGNITIVE (THINK)AND LEARNINGABILITIES– FINGERS/TOES ANDOPPOSABLE THUMBS(GRASP OBJECTS)– SHOULDER JOINTROTATION

2 GROUPS1. PROSIMIANS—Small nocturnalprimates with largeeyes.EX) Lemurs, tarsiers,bush babies

2 GROUPS (CONT) 2. ANTHROPOIDSHumans, apes, monkeys Includes old and newworld monkeys New—have prehensiletails. Ex) squirrel/spidermonkeys live in trees inC. and S. A. Old—No prehensile tails.Ex) baboons, gibbons,orangutans, chimps

HUMAN CLASSIFICATIONKINGDOM: ANIMALIAPHYLUM: CHORDATACLASS: MAMMALIAORDER:PRIMATAFAMILY: HOMINIDAE (walk upright,bipedal motion, opposable thumbs, lg.brain)GENUS:HomoSPECIES: sapien

Feeding– How do the digestive systems of the differentgroups of vertebrates compare?

Feeding– The digestive systems of vertebrates have organsthat are well adapted for different feeding habits.– Carnivores have short digestive tracts withfast-acting, meat-digesting enzymes.– Herbivores have long intestines. Some havebacteria that help digest the tough cellulosefibers in plant tissues.

Feeding Vertebrate Digestive SystemsSharkSalamanderLizard

Feeding Vertebrate Digestive SystemsPigeonCow

Respiration– How do the respiratory systems of thedifferent groups of chordates compare?

Respiration Respiration– Aquatic chordates—such as tunicates,fishes, and amphibian larvae—use gills forrespiration.– Land vertebrates, including adultamphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals,use lungs.

Respiration Some chordates have respiratorystructures in addition to gills and lungs. Bony fishes have accessory organs suchas simple air sacs. Lancelets respire by diffusion of oxygenacross their body. Many adult amphibians use moist skin andthe lining of their mouths and pharynxes torespire by diffusion.

Respiration– Gills As water passes over the gill filaments, oxygenmolecules diffuse into blood in tiny blood vesselscalled capillaries. At the same time, carbon dioxide diffuses fromblood into the water.

Respiration Water flows inthrough the fish’smouth. Musclespump the wateracross the gillsMouth

Respiration– Lungs Although the structure of the lungs varies, thebasic process of breathing is the same among landvertebrates.

Respiration Inhaling brings oxygen-rich air fromoutside the body through the trachea andinto the lungs. Oxygen diffuses into theblood inside the lung capillaries. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of thecapillaries into the air within the lungs.Oxygen-poor air is then exhaled.

Respiration– Vertebrate RespirationSalamanderLizard

Respiration– Vertebrate RespirationPrimateBird

Respiration The surface area of lungs increases asyou move from the amphibians tomammals. The amphibian lung is little more than asac with ridges. Reptilian lungs are divided into a series oflarge and small chambers that increasethe surface area for gas exchange.

Respiration In mammals, the lungs branch, and theirentire volume is filled with bubblelikestructures called alveoli. Alveoli provide an enormous surface areafor gas exchange. This enables mammals to take in the largeamounts of oxygen required by theirendothermic metabolism.

Respiration In birds, air flows in only one direction. Asystem of tubes, plus air sacs, enablesone-way air flow. Gas exchange surfaces are constantly incontact with fresh air that contains a lot ofoxygen. This enables birds to fly at high altitudes,where there is less oxygen in theatmosphere than at lower altitudes.

Circulation– How do the circulatory systems of the differentgroups of chordates compare?

Circulation Circulation Circulatory systems maintain homeostasis bytransporting materials throughout animals’ bodies.

CirculationSingle-loopcirculatory systemFishesDouble-loop circulatory systemMost reptilesCrocodilians, birds,and mammals

Circulation– Single- and Double-Loop Circulation Chordates that use gills for respiration have asingle-loop circulatory system. In this system, blood travels from the heart to thegills, then to the rest of the body, and back to theheart in one circuit.

CirculatioGill capillaries1 VentricleHeart1 Atrium1 AtriumBody capillariesFISHES

Circulation Vertebrates withlungs have adouble-loopcirculatory system.Lung capillaries2 AtriaVentricle1 Ventricle withpartial divisionBody capillariesMost reptilesHeart

Circulation The first loopcarries bloodbetween the heartand lungs. Oxygen-poor bloodfrom the heart ispumped to thelungs. Oxygen-rich bloodfrom the lungsreturns to the heart.Lung capillaries2 Atria1 Ventricle withpartial divisionBody capillariesMost reptilesHeart

Circulation The second loopcarries bloodbetween the heartand the body. Oxygen-rich bloodfrom the heart ispumped to thebody. Oxygen-poor bloodfrom the bodyreturns to the heart.Lung capillaries2 Atria1 Ventricle withpartial divisionBody capillariesMost reptilesHeart

Circulation– Heart Chambers» During the course of chordate evolution, theheart developed chambers and partitions thathelp separate oxygen-rich and oxygen-poorblood traveling in the circulatory system.

Circulation In vertebrates with gills,such as fishes, the heartconsists of two chambers: an atrium that receives bloodfrom the body a ventricle that pumps bloodto the gills and then on to therest of the body 1 Ventricle1 Atrium

Circulation Most amphibians have threechambered hearts. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich bloodfrom the lungs. The right atrium receives oxygen-poorblood from the body. Both atria empty into the ventricle, whichdirects blood flow.

Circulation Most reptiles have athree-chamberedheart. Unlike amphibians,most reptiles have apartial partition intheir ventricle thatreduces the mixing ofoxygen-rich andoxygen-poor blood.2 Atria1 Ventricle withpartial division

Circulation Birds, mammals, andcrocodilians have fourchambered heartssometimes called adouble pump. One pump movesblood through the lungloop and the othermoves blood throughthe body loop.2 Atria2 Ventriclescompletely divided

Circulation The two loops areseparated.Therefore, oxygenrich and oxygen-poorblood do not mix.2 Atria2 Ventriclescompletely divided

Excretion Excretion Excretory systems eliminate nitrogenous wastes. In nonvertebrate chordates and fishes, gills and gillslits play an important role in excretion. Most vertebrates rely on kidneys—excretoryorgans composed of small filtering tubes thatremove wastes from the blood.

Excretion Nitrogenous wastes are first produced inthe form of ammonia. Ammonia is highly toxic. Therefore, it mustquickly be eliminated from the body orchanged into a less poisonous form.

Excretion In tunicates, ammonia leaves the bodythrough the outflow siphons. Other waste byproducts are stored withinthe tunicate’s body and released onlywhen the animal dies.

Excretion In vertebrates, excretion is carried outmostly by the kidneys. Aquatic amphibians and most fishes alsoexcrete ammonia from gills into the waterthrough diffusion. Mammals, land amphibians, andcartilaginous fishes change ammonia intourea before it is excreted. In reptiles and birds, ammonia is changedinto uric acid.

Excretion In addition to eliminating nitrogenouswastes, kidneys help maintainhomeostasis by regulating the amountsof water, salt, and other substancesdissolved in body fluids.

Response– How do the nervous systems of the differentgroups of chordates compare?

Response Response– Nonvertebrate chordates have a relativelysimple nervous system with a mass ofnerve cells that form a brain.– Vertebrates have a more complex brainwith distinct regions, each with a differentfunction.

Response Nonvertebrate chordates do not havespecialized sensory organs. Vertebrates display a high degree ofcephalization, or concentration of senseorgans and nerve cells at the front of thebody. The head contains a well-developed brain,which is situated on the anterior end of thespinal cord.

Response The vertebrate brain isdivided into severalparts: cerebrum, or “thinkingand learning” region cerebellum, whichcoordinatesmovement andbalance

Response medulla oblongata,which controls manyinternal organs optic lobes, which areinvolved in vision olfactory bulbs, whichare involved in smell

Response The size and complexity of the cerebrumand cerebellum increase from fishes tomammals.

Response Vertebrate BrainsBony FishAmphibianOlfactory bulbCerebellumCerebrumMedulla oblongataOptic lobeSpinal cord

Response Vertebrate BrainsReptileBirdMammalOlfactory bulbCerebellumCerebrumMedulla oblongataOptic lobeSpinal cord

Movement– How do the skeletal and muscular systems ofthe different groups of chordates compare?

Movement Movement Unlike most chordates, nonvertebrate chordateslack bones. Nonvertebrate chordates, however, do havemuscles. Lancelets and larval tunicates swim with a fishlikemovement of their muscular tails.

Movement– The skeletal and muscular systems supporta vertebrate's body and make it possible tocontrol movement.

Movement Most vertebrates have an internal skeleton ofbone or cartilage. The skeleton includes a backbone ofindividual bones called vertebrae. Ligaments connect vertebrae and allow thebackbone to bend. Most vertebrates have fin or limb girdles thatsupport fins or limbs.

Movement In many fishes and snakes, the main bodymuscles are arranged in blocks on eitherside of the backbone. These musclesgenerate forward thrust. In many amphibians and reptiles, limbsstick out sideways from the body in aposition resembling a push-up. Most mammals stand with their legsstraight under them, a position thatsupports body weight efficiently.

Reproduction Reproduction Almost all chordates reproduce sexually. Vertebrate evolution shows a general trend fromexternal to internal fertilization. Eggs of nonvertebrate chordates—and manyfishes and amphibians—are fertilized externally. Eggs of reptiles, birds, and mammals are fertilizedinternally.

Reproduction After fertilization, the development ofchordates can be: Oviparous—eggs develop outside the mother’s body. Ovoviviparous—eggs develop within the mother’sbody, but are born alive. Viviparous—developing embryos obtain nutrientsdirectly from the mother’s body and are born alive.

Reproduction Some vertebrates, such as mostamphibians, produce many offspring but givethem little care. This reproductive strategyfavors populations that disperse and growrapidly. Mammals and birds produce few young butcare for them. This reproductive strategyaids survival in crowded, competitiveenvironments.

Ecology of Vertebrates Bony fish & Jawless Fish:– Anadromous fish: Live in SW, migrate to FWto breed. Adv? Ex. Salmon, sturgeon, lamprey– Catadromous fish: Live in FW, migrate to SWto breed. Adv? Ex. European Eels

Ecology of Vertebrates Amphibians:– Protection from predators by: camoflauge,poisons, bright colors, mimicry– Declining in numbers due to: Change in climate Envir. Changes: man destroys habitat, waterpollution, acid rain, etc.

Ecology of Vertebrates Reptiles:– Endangered due to: Habitat destruction Human hunting for: food (eggs), pets, skinsSome laws to protect, but need more!Ex. Sea Turtle recovery program

Ecology of Vertebrates Birds:– Useful as: pollinators, seed dispersal– Environmental health indicators: Ex. Pesticides can accumulate in birds that eatinsects, causing weak shelled eggs.– Rachel Carson – Book Silent Spring – songbird eggsweak as a result of DDT pesticide

Groups of Bony Fish Lung fish (only live in FW) –Can supplement gill breathing with air bladder “lungs” –Can lie dormant in mud for up to 10 years, breathing air Ray-finned fish: –Have thin, bony spines or “Rays” in their fi

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What characteristics do chordates share? What characteristic do all vertebrates have? . Characteristics of Chordates vertebrates are a subgroup in the phylum Chordata members of this phylum are called chordates (examples: fishes, frogs, snakes, birds, mammals) most chordates are vertebrates, but a few are invertebrates

What characteristics do chordates share? What characteristic do all vertebrates have? . Characteristics of Chordates vertebrates are a subgroup in the phylum Chordata members of this phylum are called chordates (examples: fishes, frogs, snakes, birds, mammals) most chorda

Nonvertebrate Chordates The two groups of nonvertebrate chordates are tunicates and lancelets. Nonvertebrate Chordates Similarities in anatomy and embryological development indicate that vertebrates and nonvertebrate chordates evolved from a common ancestor. Both tunicates and lancelets are soft-bod