Decolonization Of Africa - Saylor Academy

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Decolonization of Africa1Decolonization of AfricaThe decolonization of Africa followed World War II as colonized peoples agitated for independence and colonialpowers withdrew their administrators from Africa.[1]BackgroundDuring the Scramble for Africa in the late nineteenthcentury, European powers divided Africa and itsresources into political partitions at the BerlinConference of 1884-85. By 1905, African soil wasalmost completely controlled by Europeangovernments, with the only exceptions being Liberia(which had been settled by African-American formerslaves) and Ethiopia (which had successfully resistedcolonization by Italy). Britain and France had thelargest holdings, but Germany, Spain, Italy, Belgium,and Portugal also had colonies. As a result ofcolonialism and imperialism, Africa suffered longterm effects, such as the loss of important naturalresources like gold and rubber, economicdevastation, cultural confusion, geopolitical division,and political subjugation. Europeans often justifiedthis using the concept of the White Man's Burden, anobligation to "civilize" the peoples of Africa.CausesCecil Rhodes: Cape-Cairo railway project. Founder of the De BeersWorld War II saw the colonies help their colonialMining Company, one of the first diamond companies, Rhodes was alsomasters fight against an unknown enemy, but with nothe owner of the British South Africa Company, which carved outRhodesiafor itself. He wanted to "paint the map [British] red," and oncemention of independence for African nations. Futurefamously declared: "all of these stars. these vast worlds that remain outPrime Ministers Henrik Verwoerd and B.J. Vorster[2]of reach. If I could, I would annex other planets."of South Africa supported Adolf Hitler while mostFrench colonial governors loyally supported theVichy government until 1943. German wartime propaganda had a part in this defiance of British rule. ImperialJapan's conquests in the Far East caused a shortage of raw materials such as rubber and various minerals. Africa wastherefore forced to compensate for this shortage and greatly benefited from this change. Another key problem theEuropeans faced were the U-boats patrolling the Atlantic Ocean. This reduced the amount of raw materials beingtransported to Europe and prompted the creation of local industries in Africa. Local industries in turn caused thecreation of new towns, and existing towns doubled in size. As urban community and industry grew so did tradeunions. In addition to trade unions, urbanization brought about increased literacy, which allowed forpro-independence newspapers.On February 12th 1941, United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchillmet to discuss the postwar world. The result was the Atlantic Charter. One of the provisions in this document thatwas introduced by Roosevelt was the autonomy of imperial colonies. Therefore after World War II, there waspressure on Britain to abide by the terms of the Atlantic Charter. When Winston Churchill introduced the Charter to

Decolonization of Africa2Parliament, he purposely mistranslated the colonies to be recently captured countries by Germany in order to get itpassed. After the war, African colonies were still considered "children" and "immature" therefore democraticgovernment was only introduced at the local levels.By the 1930s, the colonial powers had carefully cultivated a small elite of leaders educated in Western universitiesand familiar with ideas such as self-determination. These leaders, including some major nationalists such as Kenyatta(Kenya), Nkrumah (Gold Coast, Ghana), Senghor (Senegal), and Houphouët-Boigny (Côte d'Ivoire) came to lead thestruggle for independence.During the years of 1926 to 1938, the cholesterol level of Kenyans had increased ten-fold, resulting in medical needfrom the Eastern European countries. The British Parliament acted upon their demands, and agreed to donatemedicinal care in order to gain 40% of the land.TimelineThe "colonial power" and "colonial name" columns are merged whenrequired to denote territories, where current countries are established,that have not been decolonized, but achieved independence in differentway.Dates of independence of African countriesAfrican countries in order of independence

Decolonization of Africa[3]Country3Colonial nameEthiopiaColonial power[4]establishment as the Kingdom of AksumIndependence[5]dateFirst head of stateWar for independence4th century BCMenelik I-LiberiaAmerican ColonizationCommonwealth of Liberia SocietyJuly 26, 1847Joseph JenkinsRoberts-LibyaLibyaItaly; Britain/FranceDecember 24, 1951Idris-EgyptEgyptBritain1922/1936/1953n/aUrabi Revolt, Suez CrisisSudanSudanBritainJanuary 1, 1956Ismail al-Azhari-TunisiaTunisiaFranceMarch 20, 1956Muhammad VIIIal-Amin-MoroccoProtectorate of MoroccoFrance/SpainApril 7, 1956Mohammed VRif War, Ifni WarGhanaGold CoastBritain/Germany;BritainMarch 6, 1957Kwame Nkrumah-GuineaFrench West AfricaFranceOctober 2, 1958Sékou ry 1, 1960Ahmadou AhidjoUPC rebellionSenegalFrench West AfricaFranceApril 4, 1960Léopold Senghor-TogoFrench TogolandGermany; FranceApril 27, 1960Sylvanus Olympio-MaliFrench West AfricaFranceJune 20, 1960Modibo Keita-MadagascarMalagasy ProtectorateFranceJune 26, 1960Philibert TsirananaMalagasy UprisingDR CongoBelgian CongoBelgiumJune 30, 1960Joseph Kasa-VubuCongo CrisisMuhammad HajiIbrahim EgalAden Abdullah Osman Daar-[6][7][8]SomaliaBritish SomalilandItalian SomalilandBritainItalyJune 26, 1960July 1, 1960BeninFrench West AfricaFranceAugust 1, 1960Hubert Maga-NigerFrench West AfricaFranceAugust 3, 1960Hamani Diori-Burkina FasoUpper VoltaFranceAugust 5, 1960Maurice Yaméogo-Côte d'IvoireCôte d'IvoireFranceAugust 7, 1960FélixHouphouët-Boigny-ChadFrench Equatorial AfricaFranceAugust 11, 1960François Tombalbaye-Central AfricanRepublicFrench Equatorial AfricaFranceAugust 13, 1960David Dacko-CongoFrench Equatorial AfricaFranceAugust 15, 1960Fulbert Youlou-GabonFrench Equatorial AfricaFranceAugust 17, 1960Léon M'ba-NigeriaNigeriaBritainNnamdi Azikiwe-MauritaniaFrench West AfricaFranceNovember 28, 1960Moktar Ould Daddah-Sierra LeoneSierra LeoneBritainApril 27, 1961Milton Margai-South AfricaSouth ikaZanzibarGermany; BritainBritainDecember 9, 1961December 10, 1963Julius NyerereJamshid ibn Abdullah-[9][10]October 1, 1960[11][12]

Decolonization of Africa4RwandaRuanda-UrundiGermany; BelgiumJuly 1, 1962Grégoire Kayibanda-BurundiRuanda-UrundiGermany; BelgiumJuly 1, 1962Mwambutsa IV-AlgeriaAlgeriaFranceJuly 3, 1962Ahmed Ben BellaAlgerian War ofIndependenceUgandaBritish East AfricaBritainOctober 9, 1962Milton Obote-KenyaBritish East AfricaBritainDecember 12, 1963Jomo KenyattaMau Mau UprisingMalawiNyasalandBritainJuly 6, 1964Hastings KamuzuBanda-ZambiaNorthern RhodesiaBritainOctober 24, 1964Kenneth Kaunda-The GambiaGambiaBritainFebruary 18, 1965Dawda Kairaba Jawara -BotswanaBechuanalandBritainSeptember 30, 1966Seretse Khama-LesothoBasutolandBritainOctober 4, 1966Leabua Jonathan-BritainMarch 12, 1968Mauritius-SwazilandSwazilandBritainSeptember 6, 1968Sobhuza II-EquatorialGuineaSpanish GuineaSpainOctober 12, 1968Francisco MacíasNguema-Guinea-BissauPortuguese GuineaPortugalSeptember 24, 1973Luis CabralGuinea-Bissau War ofIndependenceMozambiqueMozambique also knownas Portuguese East AfricaPortugalJune 25, 1975Samora MachelMozambican War ofIndependenceCape VerdePortugalJuly 5, 1975influenced byGuinea-Bissau War ofIndependenceComorosFranceJuly 6, 1975-São Tomé andPríncipePortugalJuly 12, 1975-PortugalNovember 11, 1975Agostinho NetoAngolan War ofIndependenceBritainJune 29, 1976James Richard MarieMancham-AngolaAngola (also known asPortuguese West Africa)SeychellesDjiboutiFrench SomalilandFranceJune 27, 1977Hassan GouledAptidon-ZimbabweSouthern RhodesiaBritainApril 18, 1980Canaan BananaRhodesian Bush WarNamibiaSouth West AfricaGermany; South Africa March 21, 1990Sam NujomaNamibian War ofIndependenceEritreaEritreaItaly; Britain; EthiopiaIsaias AfewerkiEritrean War ofIndependence1[14]May 24, 1993The Spanish colonial rule de facto terminated over the Western Sahara (then Rio de Oro), when the territory waspassed on to and partitioned between Mauritania and Morocco (which annexed the entire territory in 1979),rendering the declared independence of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic ineffective to the present day (itcontrols only a small portion east of the Moroccan Wall). Since Spain did not have the right to give away WesternSahara, under international law de jure the territory is still under Spanish administration. However, the de factoadministrator is Morocco (see United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories).

Decolonization of AfricaNotes[1] Birmingham, David (1995). The Decolonization of Africa. Routledge. ISBN 1857285409.[2] S. Gertrude Millin, Rhodes, London, 1933, p.138[3] Timeline list arranged according to current countries. Explanatory notes are added in cases where decolonization was achieved jointly orwhere the current state is formed by merger of previously decolonized states.[4] Some territories changed hands multiple times, so in the list is mentioned the last colonial power. In addition to it the mandatory or trusteepowers are mentioned for territories that were League of Nations mandates and UN Trust Territories.[5] Date of decolonization for territories annexed by or integrated into previously decolonized independent countries are given in separate notes.[6] Cape Juby was ceded by Spain to Morocco on 2 April 1958. Ifni was returned from Spain to Morocco on 4 January 1969.[7] The British Togoland mandate and trust territory was integrated into Gold Coast colony on 13 December 1956.[8] After the French Cameroun mandate and trust territory gained independence it was joined by part of the British Cameroons mandate and trustterritory on October 1, 1961. The other part of British Cameroons joined Nigeria.[9] British Somaliland shortly after gaining independence merged with Italian Somaliland when it got independence as Somalia.[10] Independent Benin unilaterally annexed Portuguese São João Batista de Ajuda in 1961.[11] Part of the British Cameroons mandate and trust territory on October 1, 1961 joined Nigeria. The other part of British Cameroons joined thepreviously decolonized French Cameroun mandate and territory.[12] South Africa was under apartheid regime until elections resulting from the negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa on 27 April 1994when Nelson Mandela became president.[13] After both gained independence Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged on 26 April 1964[14] Sovereignty over Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands was formally transferred to Namibia on 28 February 1994References Michael Crowder, The Story of Nigeria, Faber and Faber, London, 1978 (1962)Understanding Contemporary Africa, April A. Gordon and Donald L. Gordon, Lynne Riener, London, 1996Vincent B. Khapoya, The African Experience, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1998 (1994)Ali A. Mazrui ed. General History of Africa, vol. VIII, UNESCO, 1993Kevin Shillington, History of Africa, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1995 (1989)External links Africa: 50 years of independence 50-years-independence)Radio France Internationale in English "Winds of Change or Hot Air? Decolonization and the Salt Water Test" est/) Legal Frontiers International Law Blog5

Article Sources and ContributorsArticle Sources and ContributorsDecolonization of Africa Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid 423137516 Contributors: Abhim89, Alinor, Amalas, Angr, Assuredly, Bassettsb1, Belovedfreak, Biglovinb,Bigtimepeace, Black Falcon, Boing! said Zebedee, CALR, CalendarWatcher, Captaincoops, Carn, ChikeJ, Cocytus, DUBJAY04, Darwinek, Deguef, DiiCinta, EamonnPKeane, Etphonehome,Ferrariguy90, Fritz Joubert, From Selma to Stonewall, Gallador, Galoubet, Haganrich, Hfarmer, Hide&Reason, Hmains, Hoygan!!, Ideogram, JFreeman, JasonAQuest, Just H, JustAGal, KJS77,Kintetsubuffalo, Koavf, Kozuch, Lahiru k, Lankiveil, Lapaz, Lincoln187, Maedin, Maugieman, Melchoir, Mesfin, Middayexpress, Minkythecat, NJW494, Namtug, NekoDaemon, NielsenGW,Nightstallion, Nkayesmith, Nuno Tavares, Pearle, Persian Poet Gal, Perspicacite, PhilKnight, Pinethicket, Plasticup, Plastique, Pmanderson, Poppy, Rich Farmbrough, Roke, Samuel Webster,Sebasbronzini, Sesel, Severo, Sheldon.uvic, Shell Kinney, Shirt58, Siroxo, Spellchecker, Steven J. Anderson, Storm Rider, Sundostund, Svick, Swedish fusilier, T L Miles, The Thing ThatShould Not Be, Tyronen, UBeR, Upgrade1, Valentinian, Vincent Gray, WJBscribe, Warofdreams, Whamilton42, William Avery, Xcentaur, Xed, Yosy, Yves6, Zerida, 143 anonymous editsImage Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title File:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png License: Public Domain Contributors: w:Edward LinleySambourneEdward Linley Sambourne (1844–1910)File:Africa independence dates.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title File:Africa independence dates.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors:Mehmetaergun, NobeliumImage:Africa.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title File:Africa.gif License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: RokeLicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unportedhttp:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/6

Decolonization of Africa 1 Decolonization of Africa The decolonization of Africa followed World War II as colonized peoples agitated for independence and colonial powers withdrew their administrators from Africa

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