Series Circuits - Oakton

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Chapter4Series CircuitsTopics Covered in Chapter 44-1: Why I Is the Same in All Parts of a Series Circuit4-2: Total R Equals the Sum of All Series Resistances4-3: Series IR Voltage Drops4-4: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)4-5: Polarity of IR Voltage Drops 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Topics Covered in Chapter 44-6: Total Power in a Series Circuit4-7: Series-Aiding and Series-Opposing Voltages4-8: Analyzing Series Circuits with Random Unknowns4-9: Ground Connections in Electrical and ElectronicSystems 4-10: Troubleshooting: Opens and Shorts in SeriesCircuits McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

4-1: Why I Is the Same in All Parts ofa Series Circuit Characteristics of a Series Circuit The current is the same everywhere in a series circuit. The total resistance is equal to the sum of the individualresistance values. The total voltage is equal to the sum of the IR voltagedrops across the individual resistances. The total power is equal to the sum of the powerdissipated by each resistance.

4-1: Why I Is the Same in All Parts ofa Series Circuit Current is the movement of electric charge between twopoints, produced by the applied voltage. The free electrons moving away from one point arecontinuously replaced by free electrons flowing from anadjacent point in the series circuit. All electrons have the same speed as those leaving thevoltage source. Therefore, I is the same in all parts of a series circuit.

4-1: Why I Is the Same in All Parts ofa Series CircuitFig. 4-2: There is only one current through R1, R2, and R3 in series. (a) Electron drift is thesame in all parts of a series circuit. (b) Current I is the same at all points in a series circuit.Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4-1: Why I Is the Same in All Parts ofa Series Circuit Series Current Formulas Total current is the same as the individual currents inthe series string:IT I1 I2 I3 . etc. Total current is equal to total voltage divided by totalresistance:VTIT RT

4-2: Total R Equals the Sum of AllSeries Resistances When a series circuit is connected across a voltagesource, the free electrons must drift through all theseries resistances. There is only one path for free electrons to follow. If there are two or more resistances in the same currentpath, the total resistance across the voltage source isthe sum of all the resistances.

4-2: Total R Equals the Sum of AllSeries ResistancesFig. 4-4: Series resistances are added for the total RT. (a) R1 alone is 3 Ω. (b) R1 and R2 inseries together total 5 Ω. (c) The RT of 5 Ω is the same as one resistance of 5 Ω betweenpoints A and B.Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4-2: Total R Equals the Sum of AllSeries Resistances Series Resistance Formulas The total resistance is the sum of the individualresistances.R1R2R3R5R4RT R1 R2 R3 R4 R5

4-2: Total R Equals the Sum of AllSeries Resistances Series Resistance Formulas Total resistance is equal to total voltage divided by thecircuit current:VTRT IT

4-2: Total R Equals the Sum of AllSeries Resistances Determining the Total ResistanceR1 10 ΩR2 15 ΩR3 20 ΩR5 25 ΩR4 30 ΩRT R1 R2 R3 R4 R5RT 10 Ω 15 Ω 20 Ω 30 Ω 25 Ω 100 Ω

4-3: Series IR Voltage Drops By Ohm’s Law, the voltage across a resistance equalsI R. In a series circuit, the IR voltage across each resistanceis called an IR drop or voltage drop, because itreduces the potential difference available for theremaining resistances in the circuit.

4-3: Series IR Voltage DropsFig. 4-5: An example of IR voltage drops V1 and V2 in a series circuit.Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4-4: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)The total voltage is equalt this is to reduce the possibility ofelectric shock.

4-9: Ground Connections inElectrical and Electronic Systems Figure 4-16 shows several schematic ground symbols: Ground is assumed to have a potential of 0 Vregardless of the schematic symbol shown. These symbols are sometimes used inconsistently withtheir definitions. However, these symbols alwaysrepresent a common return path for current in a givencircuit.Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4-9: Ground Connections inElectrical and Electronic Systems Voltages Measured with Respect to Ground When a circuit has a ground as a common return,measure the voltages with respect to this ground.

4-9: Ground Connections inElectrical and Electronic SystemsFig. 4-18: An example of how to calculate dc voltages measured with respect to ground. (b)Negative side of VT grounded to make all voltages positive with respect to ground. (d) Positiveside of VT grounded, all voltages are negative to ground.Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4-10: Troubleshooting: Opens andShorts in Series Circuits The Effect of an Open in a Series Circuit An open circuit is a circuit with a break in the currentpath. When a series circuit is open, the current is zeroin all parts of the circuit. The total resistance of an open circuit is infinite ohms. When a series circuit is open, the applied voltageappears across the open points.

4-10: Troubleshooting: Opens andShorts in Series Circuits The Effect of an Open in a Series CircuitFig. 4-19: Effect of an open in a series circuit. (b) Open path between points P1 and P2 resultsin zero current in all parts of the circuit.Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4-10: Troubleshooting: Opens andShorts in Series Circuits Applied voltage VT is still present, even with zerocurrent. The voltage source still has its same potential differenceacross its positive and negative terminals. Example: The 120-V potential difference is alwaysavailable from the terminals of a wall outlet. If an appliance is connected, current will flow. If you touch the metal terminals when nothing else isconnected, you will receive a shock.

4-10: Troubleshooting: Opens andShorts in Series Circuits The Effect of a Short in a Series Circuit When part of a series circuit is shorted, the current flowincreases. When part of a series circuit is shorted, the voltagedrops across the non-shorted elements increase. The voltage drop across the shorted component dropsto 0 V.

4-10: Troubleshooting: Opens andShorts in Series Circuits The Effect of a Short in a Series CircuitFig. 4-21: Series circuit of Fig. 4-18 with R2 shorted.Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4-10: Troubleshooting: Opens andShorts in Series Circuits When troubleshooting a series circuit containing threeor more resistors, remember: The component whose voltage changes in theopposite direction of the other components is thedefective component.

The Effect of an Open in a Series Circuit An open circuit is a circuit with a break in the current path. When a series circuit is open, the current is zero in all parts of the circuit. The total resistance of an open circuit is infinite ohms. When a series circuit is open,

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