Solution-focused Brief Therapy

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Solution-focused brief therapyAdvances in PsychiatricTreatmentAPT (2002),vol. 8, p.(2002),149 vol. 8, pp. 149–157Solution-focused brief therapyChris IvesonSolution-focused brief therapy is an approach topsychotherapy based on solution-building ratherthan problem-solving. It explores current resourcesand future hopes rather than present problems andpast causes and typically involves only three to fivesessions. It has great value as a preliminary andoften sufficient intervention and can be used safelyas an adjunct to other treatments. Developed at theBrief Family Therapy Center, Milwaukee (de Shazeret al, 1986), it originated in an interest in theinconsistencies to be found in problem behaviour.From this came the central notion of ‘exceptions’:however serious, fixed or chronic the problem thereare always exceptions and these exceptions containthe seeds of the client’s own solution. The foundersof the Milwaukee team, de Shazer (1988, 1994) andBerg (Berg, 1991; Berg & Miller, 1992), were alsointerested in determining the goals of therapy sothat they and their clients would know when it wastime to end! They found that the clearer a client wasabout his or her goals the more likely it was thatthey were achieved. Finding ways to elicit anddescribe future goals has since become a pillar ofsolution-focused brief therapy.Since its origins in the mid-1980s, solution-focusedbrief therapy has proved to be an effective intervention across the whole range of problem presentations.Early studies (de Shazer, 1988; Miller et al, 1996)show similar outcomes irrespective of the presentingproblem. In the UK alone, Lethem (1994) has writtenon her work with women and children, Hawkes etal (1998) and MacDonald (1994, 1997) on adult mentalhealth, Rhodes & Ajmal (1995) on work in schools,Jacob (2001) on eating disorders, O’Connell (1998)on counselling and Sharry (2001) on group work.My colleagues and I at the Brief Therapy Practicein London work routinely with all age groupsand problems, including behavioural problemsat school, child abuse and family breakdown,homelessness, drug use, relationship problems andthe more intractable psychiatric problems. With thelatter there is no claim being made that the cure forschizophrenia or any other psychiatric conditionhas been found, but if a woman with schizophreniahas the wish to get back to work or one withdepression wants to enjoy caring for her childrenthen there is a good chance that these goals will berealised and, in many cases, maintained. In brief, itis a simple all-purpose approach with a growingevidence base to its claim to efficacy.The therapeutic processAs the practice of solution-focused brief therapy hasdeveloped, the ‘problem’ has come to play a lesserand lesser part in the interviewing process (Georgeet al, 1999), to the extent that it might not even beknown. Instead, all attention is given to developinga picture of the ‘solution’ and discovering theresources to achieve it. A typical first sessioninvolves four areas of exploration (Box 1).The earlier emphasis on exploring exceptions tothe problem has been replaced by an interest in whatthe client is already doing that might help achievethe solution. This has led to a new assumption thatall clients are motivated. Initially, the issue ofmotivation was dealt with by a classification system(customer, complainant and visitor) similar to thatused in motivational interviewing (Miller &Rollnick, 1991), depending on the client’s attitudeto the problem. The emphasis on the preferred futurehas made the client’s view of the problem redundantto the therapy. All that clients need is to wantsomething different – even if at the starting pointthey do not think that something different is possible.Chris Iveson is a founder member of the Brief Therapy Practice (7–8 Newbury Street, London EC1A 7HU, UK), Europe’slargest solution-focused brief therapy training organisation and one of the few private clinics to offer a pro bono therapy serviceto public sector referrals. Originally trained as a social worker, he is a Member of the Institute of Family Therapy. His work hasincluded generic statutory social work and various specialist positions in both child and adult services within the NHS.

APT (2002), vol. 8, p. 150Iveson/GöpfertBox 1 Four key tasks for a typical first sessionTask of therapistFind out what the person is hoping to achievefrom the meeting or the work togetherFind out what the small, mundane andeveryday details of the person’s life wouldbe like if these hopes were realisedFind out what the person is already doingor has done in the past that might contributeto these hopes being realisedFind out what might be different if theperson made one very small step towardsrealising these hopesExamples of opening questionsWhat are your best hopes of our work together?How will you know if this is useful?If tonight while you were asleep a miracle happenedand it resolved all the problems that bring you herewhat would you be noticing different tomorrow?Tell me about the times the problem does not happenWhen are the times that bits of the miraclealready occur?What would your partner/doctor/colleague noticeif you moved another 5% towards the life you wouldlike to be leading?Scalesseveral scales are used, areas of overlap soon becomeapparent, which helps the client realise that movement in one area can lead to improvements in others.One of the most useful frameworks for a solutionfocused interview is the 0 to 10 scale, where 10 equalsthe achievement of all goals and zero is the worstpossible scenario. The client is asked to identify hisor her current position and the point of sufficientsatisfaction. Within this framework it is possible todefine ultimate objectives, what the client is alreadydoing to achieve them and what the next step mightbe (Fig. 1).The scale framework can be used to differentiatedifferent aspects of the problem and its solution. Forexample, a person with depression might feel devalued by colleagues. Each of these aspects might beexplored through separate scales. Similarly, when theclient is experiencing multiple problems, eachproblem can be addressed with its own scale. WhereCoping and complimentsLooking for the client’s strengths and resources andcommenting on them is an important part of asolution-focused therapy session.Sometimes clients’ lives are so difficult that theycannot imagine things being different and cannotsee anything of value in their present circumstances.One way forward is to be curious about how theycope– how they manage to hang on despite adversity.In one case, a therapist was asked to see Gary, along-term in-patient at high risk of suicide. Garycould see no future, nothing of value in his present,was not going to cope any longer and was going toPoints to markWhat to explore10The perfect solutionThe miracle question as a means to encourage creative thinking7A good butrealistic outcomeA realistic description of the client getting on with his/her life without theproblem interfering too much. The more concrete and realistic the better, since itis the small, mundane aspects of living that go together to make a goodenough life3Where the client is nowEverything the client is doing that has helped him or her reach this point onthe scale and/or everything he/she is doing to prevent matters getting worse0The worst scenarioBest not to go into detailFig. 1 The scale framework

Solution-focused brief therapyend it all. The therapist wondered at the courageand perseverance that had led Gary to endure 2years of ‘hell’ and asked about his previous life. Itwas full of ordinary achievements and successfullymet responsibilities, which the therapist suggestedmight have given him the strength to handle hiscurrent crisis. He agreed but thought he was runningout of resources. When the therapist asked him todescribe how he would know that he had justsufficient resources left to see him ‘round the corner’Gary said he would try electroconvulsive therapy(ECT) again. Recognising the extent of the client’sproblem and complimenting him on his courage andperseverance were the key interventions in this case.Hospital staff recognised this and when Gary agreedto a further course of ECT they supplemented thetreatment by seeking opportunities to complimenthim. He was discharged 3 months later.Subsequent sessionsOn average, solution-focused brief therapy takesabout five sessions, each of which need be no morethan 45 minutes long. It rarely extends beyond eightsessions and often only one session is sufficient. Ifthere is no improvement at all after three sessions, itis unlikely to work (although the three sessions arelikely to provide most of the information requiredfor a more traditional assessment). If possible, thetime between sessions is lengthened as progressoccurs, so a four-session therapy might extend acrossseveral months.As it is the therapist’s task to help the patientachieve a more satisfying life, follow-up sessionswill usually begin by asking, ‘What is better?’ If therehave been improvements, even for only a short time,they will be thoroughly explored: what was different, who noticed, how it happened, what strengthsand resources the patient drew on in order to effectthe change and what would be the next small signof the change continuing. Scaling questions providethe simplest framework for these explorations.If the situation has deteriorated, the therapist willbe interested in how the patient coped and hung onthrough the difficulties and what he or she did tostop the situation deteriorating further. It often turnsout that there have been considerable improvementsthat the patient had not noticed, having been toopreoccupied with the problem to notice the inroadsbeing made. In one case, a woman reported that hersituation had worsened: not only did she still haveher eating disorder but she was now having difficulties with her husband. In the process of looking athow she coped despite these increased difficultiesit turned out that she had reduced her vomiting fromAPT (2002), vol. 8, p. 151several times a day to several times a week and thather arguments with her husband were a product ofher more assertive position in the family. She wenton to overcome the eating problem and establish arelationship with her husband that suited them both.SummaryThe difficult part of solution-focused brief therapyis developing the same fluency in asking about hopesand achievements as most of us have when askingabout problems and causes. But the guiding framework is extremely simple, as Fig. 2 shows. Most firstsessions will start at the top left of this flowchartand then move down through the right-hand column.However the session goes, it will end with compliments. Subsequent sessions are likely to concentrateon the second and third boxes in each column: moreto the left if progress is slight and more to the right ifthings are progressing well. In all sessions attention ispaid to the overall goal and each session ends withcompliments relevant to the achievement of that goal.Case example 1: Exceptions to the problemof agoraphobiaMrs Brown was agoraphobic and was seen at home.It is unusual for agoraphobic patients not to go out atall (children have to be taken to school, dogs walked,shopping done) but it seemed that Mrs Brown’s casewas so severe she had not stepped out of her frontdoor for several months. Indeed, as the therapist’sfruitless search for exceptions progressed, the problem description became ever more concerning. Itturned out that Mrs Brown could not even bring hermilk in off the step because being near the front doorcould set off a panic attack. The therapist had noticedthat the stairs came down right beside the front doorand after listening very seriously to Mrs Brown’sworries, asked about the courage that it must takeher to come down stairs each day. When she realisedthis was an absolutely serious question the tenor ofthe interview began to change. She said it was truethat coming downstairs was difficult for her, becauseshe had to pass the front door, but it ‘just had to bedone’. As the conversation progressed it turned outthat Mrs Brown sometimes sat quivering at the topof the stairs but so far had forced herself to comedown because she could not bear the consequencesof giving in to this aspect of her fear.The more her daily courage was explored andacknowledged the stronger became her voice. Shethen began to remember other acts of courage, likesaying to herself the day before ‘Don’t be silly’ andbringing in the milk or some months earlier whenshe had made herself attend her aunt’s funeralbecause her aunt had loved her. As she became awareof this hidden but persistent courage, Mrs Brownbegan to put it to greater use and over the following

APT (2002), vol. 8, p. 152Iveson/GöpfertSTARTYesHopesVExploration of preferred future:e.g. miracle questionZNoXExceptions: times when the problem isless acute or aspects of life not so badYesXTimes when a preferred futurealready happens (e.g. scales)VZNoXCoping strategies: perseverance, notgiving up hope, etc.YesXNext small step towards goal(e.g. scales again)VZNoXHistory of past successes,achievements, etc.NoXComplimentsVFig. 2 The ‘flow’ of a sessionweeks, with two more clinic sessions to support her,she made her way back into the outside world.Case example 2: A future without eating problemsMrs Black had suffered from an eating disorder for 12years. She alternated between self-starvation andbinge eating, although since her late teens had keptreasonably good control of the extremes. But she wasbecoming tired, despondent and depressed. Most ofthe first interview she spent answering questions abouthow her ordinary everyday life as a young mother,wife and woman might be different if the eating problem were resolved. She described the difference itwould make to her thoughts, feelings and actions fromthe moment of waking. She described not only what sheherself would notice different but also what familyand friends would notice. By the fourth and final sessionshe had been eating normally for several weeks.In a subsequent interview with another professionalabout the process of therapy she said that she hadknow by the end of the first session that she wouldresolve her problem. Until then she had not seen away forward so had assumed that there was none.The painstaking process of her answers and thedescription they had given of an alternative way ofliving had charted out a path which she knew shecould take. Two years later the referring professionalreported that Mrs Black was still eating normally.Case example 3: A reluctant clientWhat follows are sections of transcript from a singlesession therapy with John, a 35-year-old ‘streetdrinker’ with a prison record and currently subjectto a probation order requiring him to attend an alcoholrehabilitation centre. The therapist is visiting thecentre and will only see John once. The transcript isintended to show the ‘small print’ of a session – howthe way the questions are asked and their closenessto the client’s answers leads to the uncovering of anunderlying but so far hidden motivation.FINISHTherapist So John, what are your hopes for herapistJohnTherapistJohnTherapistJohnsession?I don’t know.What do you think?I suppose it will be useful.In what way do you hope it will be useful?I don’t know.What do you think?Stop me drinking.So if this meeting helps you stop drinkingit will have been worth your while?Yes.So can I ask you some unusual questions?Sure - I’ve seen so many doctors andpeople, I’m used to it!Okay, here’s an unusual one – let’s imaginethat tonight while you’re asleep a miraclehappens and your drink problem isresolved. But because you’re asleep youdon’t know. What will you notice differentin the morning that begins to tell you thatdrink is no longer an issue for you?I don’t know, I can’t imagine that.Have a go!I don’t believe in miracles.No, neither do I but it’s very helpful forme to have an idea about how you wantyour life to be so we can move in the rightdirection. So what time would you bewaking up?About nine.And what’s the first thing you’ll noticeyourself doing differently that begins totell you a miracle has happened?Nothing will be different – I’ll get up, takesome stuff to clear my head, have a coffeeand go out.Stuff?I’ll take anything, anything I can get holdof, pills, the lot. It helps clear the head.

Solution-focused brief therapyTherapist So let’s say the miracle stops you needingstuff as well as drink. What will be differentwhen you go out?JohnLook, what you have to realise is that 90%of my friends drink, so what do you expectme to do?Therapist No, it’s certainly not easy – so what mightyou do if drink and drugs are no longer aproblem?JohnI don’t know, there’s all sorts of things.Therapist So what might one of them be?John[with a resigned sigh] Okay, the library,maybe I’d go to the library and look at thepapers.Solution-focused brief therapy, like all other talkingtherapies, relies on the creative power of the spokenword. John is beginning to describe what he thinks isan unlikely future, yet it is one that fits at least oneaspect of his hopes and so far it contains nothingunrealistic. The more clearly it is described the morepossible it will become. The idea of a ‘miracle’ toachieve the goal of the therapy proves a useful wayto bypass some of the psychological blocks tothinking about a different future.The session continues by drawing out, question byquestion, what would be different about his day if hewent to the library. As his description progresses Johnbecomes patently more interested in his account. Eachtime a possible block arises the therapist invokes the‘miracle’, not to remove the block but to ask howJohn would deal with it if drink and drugs were nolonger a problem:JohnThe thing is, it’s impossible to concentrateon anything because I’m always worryingabout money.Therapist So what would you notice about the wayyou worried about money if drink anddrugs were no longer a problem?JohnWell, then I’d have to do something aboutit, wouldn’t I?Therapist So what might you be thinking of doing?JohnWell, I can get work if I need it – I do gardens.The therapist makes no attempt to advise or encourage John to ‘perform’ any of his described activities and simply ends the session by complimentingJohn on his honesty, his continuing interest in fightinghis problem, his loyalty to his drinking friends andhis courage in continuing to live such a hard life.The Centre staff who had known John for a numberof years reported a major shift in John’s attitude afterthis session. He began to cooperate with the treatmentprogramme and, although it took another year, hewas eventually discharged. At follow-up a furtheryear later he was working, still finding life hard butno longer using drugs or drink as a way of dealingwith his difficulties.Case example 4: Using scales to score a ‘historicgoal’Adam was one of many young people in difficulty atschool seen by my colleagues and I. He had beenAPT (2002), vol. 8, p. 153excluded temporarily on several occasions, movedto a ‘cooling off’ unit, and been given one last chance.Adam said he did not want to be excluded, mainlybecause it would upset his mother, but he hated schooland described all the teachers as picking on him. Inthe second session he could only report one changefor the better: in football.The therapist decided to try following this track(Selekman, 1993) and asked Adam to rate his footballabilities on a 0–10 scale compared with all his friends.He put himself at 9. The next 30 minutes were spentexploring in great detail what it took to become thatskilled at football. At first Adam said ‘because I likeit’, but as the conversation progressed many moresignificant factors began to show: practice, perseverance, teamwork, humour, quick thinking, decisionmaking, fitness, reliability, loyalty, accepting disciplineand self-discipline all turned out to be importantcomponents, even though Adam had been largelyunaware of them until this interview. Another scalewas then drawn in relation to school, with 10 beingno problems and 0 being permanent exclusion. Heput himself at 2. The therapist asked Adam which ofhis football skills had been most helpful to him inavoiding permanent exclusion so far. He said healways turned up for school (as he did for footballpractice), he sometimes did as the teachers told him(accepting discipline) and occasionally he worked(because he ‘decided’ to). Finally, the therapist askedhim which other football skills he would find himselfusing if he moved from 2 to 3 on his scale. He thoughtand picked self-discipline, the quality he had beenmost proud to discover in his football scale.By the fifth and final meeting with Adam he wasdoing well across all his classes, including history,which he thought he would never work in because itwas so boring. When asked how he did it, Adam saidit was self-discipline and the realisation that it wasless boring to work than to mess about.Single-session therapiesAll therapists from Freud to the present have ‘singlesession successes’, but by and large these are seenas flukes. O’Hanlon (O’Hanlon & Wilk, 1986)learned much about brief therapy by interviewingtherapists about such successes and identifyingcommon factors, one of which was a focus on thefuture. Talmon (1993) and Hoyt (1984) identify anddescribe many of the characteristics of the singlesession case. In solution-focused brief therapy,single-session transformations are common enoughnot to be a surprise. There are three possibleexplanations for this.First, some clients are stuck in the problem mainlybecause they do not know the way out. The detaileddescription of a preferred future that normallycharacterises the first session becomes a sufficiently

APT (2002), vol. 8, p. 154clear pathway for them to move off down it. Althoughthere were three follow-up sessions in the case ofMrs Black (example 2 above), she had overcome theeating side of her difficulties by the second: the restwere focused on her dealing with the repercussionof the change on her everyday relationships (for asingle-session eating disorder case description seeGeorge et al, 1999: Ch. 5).Second, some clients have already solved theirproblem but have not yet realised this. When theydescribe their preferred future they see that enoughof it is already happening for them to continuewithout further therapy.Third, in the process of reviewing their circumstances, measuring their hopes against their knowledge of reality and taking stock of what they alreadyhave, some clients come to a realisation that theirlives, although not perfect, are perfectly manageable.The following case examples describe twosuccessful single-session interventions.Case example 5: Being quietOssie was 5 years old and on the verge of permanentexclusion from school because of ‘out-of-control’ andaggressive behaviour. He came from a large familyand his mother was seriously disabled by multiplesclerosis, which was in a state of rapid advancement.Grandparents were helping out but there was majorfriction between family members and between thefamily and the multi-professional network. A ‘fullassessment’ of Ossie had concluded that he wasdevelopmentally at a pre-nursery stage and so wasunable to comprehend what was required of him atschool, let alone do any of it. The brief therapy meeting was a last-ditch attempt to retrieve the situation andalthough it was attended by Ossie’s mother, his teacher,the special needs teacher and his grandfather it wasclear that no one had much hope of a good outcome.In a session with more than one person the task ofthe therapist is to offer each participant a chance todescribe his or her version of a preferred future andto explore what might be potential contributors toits realisation. In essence, the meeting is like a seriesof short, interwoven individual sessions.Ossie was engaged in a few minutes of ‘problemfree talk’, then each person was invited to declare hisor her hopes (all related to Ossie’s behaviour at school)and then scales were used to mark Ossie’s (verylimited) progress towards the goal of good behaviour.For Ossie it was important to find a ‘language’ thathe could use. Contrary to the assessment results, Ossiehad both a complete grasp of school routines andregulations and a wish to work hard and stay out oftrouble. He was invited to describe a good day atschool by demonstrating sitting quietly, lining upquietly and walking in a line quietly. Everyone wasasked to join in this demonstration, in which Ossieshowed not only how he wanted to be but also hisability to be it.As the meeting developed, teachers and familybegan to report many hitherto unnoticed signs ofIveson/Göpfertprogress and by the end hope for Ossie’s future hadbeen rekindled. The fact that Ossie knew much morethan had been apparent before the meeting goes along way to explain his rapid advancement from an‘impossible’ to a ‘good’ pupil.Case example 6: Remembering tomorrowDon had been advised to seek residential care forBrenda, his wife who had Alzheimer’s disease. Thereferral for therapy was because he would not takethis advice. Both he and Brenda said that their liveswould be much more manageable if Brenda couldremember more. The ‘miracle’ they were invited toexplore was not the full return of Brenda’s memorybut her ability to make the fullest use of the memorypower she still possessed. Step by step, Brenda managed to remember and describe everything that shehad planned for the next day: this included doing herChristmas shopping with her daughter, the time herdaughter would call and the effect on her daughterwhen she found that her mother not only remembered she was coming but also remembered whoshe was buying presents for and which shops shewanted to visit. In similar detail Don described whathe would see different about his wife and the effectthis would have on him and on their lives together.Don and Brenda both became interested in the ideaof remembering recent occasions when Brenda’smemory seemed to work. They said that it was veryrefreshing to discover that all was not lost.Two weeks later the couple returned, not for moretherapy but just to let the therapist know that theydid not think they needed any more sessions. Theywere in very high spirits and laughing when theysaid that they had thought long and hard but stillcould not work out if Brenda’s memory had improvedor it was simply not a bother to them any more.Whatever the reason, it was no longer a problem.Some years later their daughter contacted thetherapist to say that her father had died but howgrateful she and her parents had been for the sessionthat ‘had given them back their marriage’.In both of these single-session examples, as in manyothers, the improvements lasted over at least 2 yearsof follow-up. They were also situations in which itwould have been impossible to predict that onesession would be sufficient. There is no evidencethat solution-focused brief therapists are unique inproducing such outcomes but they are probablymore open to them since their expectations are notrestricted by diagnostic formulations.A complementary treatmentAlthough solution-focused brief therapy is atreatment in its own right it can also be used tocomplement other treatments. In the cases of Garyand John above, both were seen as part of a much

Solution-focused brief therapywider complex of treatments. The best that can besaid is that the solution-focused brief therapysessions helped each client to orient himself moreeffectively to the treatments that eventually worked.One area of work in the clinic in which I practiceis dealing with family breakdown. A family mightbe attending an intensive residential treatment centreand use occasional solution-focused brief therapysessions to assist the working of the treatment plan.A first meeting might explore the question, ‘If thisstay in the centre was to be 100% successful whatwould be different on the day after your discharge?’or, ‘If this placement turns out to be just what youneed, how will the staff know that it is working?’Questions such as these help construct the signpostsof success while allowing the main treatment to dothe work. In a similar way general practitioners canuse questions such as the following to orient theirpatients towards the signs of improvement and curerather than just focusing on symptoms, which canhave the effect of amplifying them: If these antidepressants work, how will youknow? What will be the first sign that yourmood is lifting? It sounds as though you have had a terribletime – what do you think has enabled you tocope with such courage? If we were to begin reducing your medicationwhat do you think will tell us we are going atthe right pace?These are all questions that invite the patient tocontribute his or her own expertise to the overalltreatment programme in a way that is most likely tocomplement the primary treatment. The same is truein physical medicine, for instance, oncology, wherethe patient’s attitude is likely to have an effect ontreatment efficacy and outcome.ConclusionThe complementary nature of solution-focused brieftherapy is in part a product of its location outsideconventional ‘scientific’ knowledge. In science,words are used to describe and delineate ‘reality’and for something to be regarded as ‘real’ it must bepossible to replicate it. The theoretical underpinnings of solution-focused brief therapy are to befound more within the realms of philosophy. It isbased on an understanding of language anddialogue as creative processes. Because the centralfocus is on the future and because there is noframework for ‘understanding’ problems, there islittle for patient and therapist (or therapist andtherapist!) to disagree over.APT (2002), vol. 8, p. 155However, the lack of a diagnostic structure insolution-focused brief therapy creates problems forthe measurement of it

Solution-focused brief therapy Advances in Psychiatric Treatment (2002), vol. 8, pAPT (2002), vol. 8, p. 149 p. 149 157 Solution-focused brief therapy is an approach to psychotherapy based on solution-building rather

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