Air Pollution And The Human Body Group Activity

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Air Pollution and the Human BodyGroup ActivityOnce presenter has reviewed all power-point slides from “Air Pollution Basics,” theparticipants should be introduced to this group activity.1. We will be dividing ourselves into 6 groups (count off by 6).2. Each group will be assigned one of the 6 Criteria Pollutants3. Each group will receive a factsheet of their pollutant, and a human body sheet,and a marker/crayon to match their pollutant color.4. Each group will read through their factsheet together, then, mark the parts ofthe body that are impacted by the pollutant.5. Once the group has marked their body, they will select 1 or 2 group members toreport back to the larger group.6. Each group should report back:a. what is their pollutantb. the local sources of the pollutantc. the impact of the pollutant on the body7. As the group resents, they will mark (with stickers or with markers) the areasimpacted by their pollutant on a large poster-size image of a human body8. Once the last group has ended, presenter should highlight the cumulativeimpacts of all the different pollutants on our body.TIME:Introduce activity & divide groups - 5 MINGroup reads & marks their body sheet – 10 MINGroups report back & mark large poster – 14 MINPresenter wrap up of activity – 1 MINTotal: 30MIN

Coalition for Clean AirSpring 2015CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)Basic air pollutant fact sheetThe Wilmingtonneighborhood is nextto the two largest portsin the United States.Drayage trucks pickingup containers from theports travel throughWilmington’s streets.http://house.yorkbbs.ca/article/estate dynamic//1297050.htmlIntroductionCarbon monoxide (CO) is a gas emitted fromthe combustion process. The burning of fuels,such as gasoline or diesel, natural gas, oil, coalor wood creates emissions. CO is a colorlessand odorless gas whose exposure can lead todrastic health impacts, even death.Vehicles are the single largest source of COemissions. Breathing in concentrated CO levelscan lead to reduced oxygen transport, causeheadaches, increase risk of chest pain, andimpair reaction time.technology improvements, such the catalyticconverter.Carbon Monoxide EmissionsMobile sources’ combustion process isresponsible for the largest portion of COemissions. The heavy traffic in Los Angelesresults in high levels of CO emissions.However, vehicles, such as trucks, trains, andships are not the only sources of CO; industrialprocesses can also produce CO emissions.The US has made very significant stridestoward reducing CO emissions from cars withpolicies and emission reductionSource: EPA Six Criteria Pollutants1

Coalition for Clean AirSpring 2015Health Impacts of PMExposureExposure to CO is harmful to your health. COreduces the body’s ability to carry oxygen.People who have cardiovascular diseases,such as heard disease, are more vulnerableto developing chest pains and othersymptoms.Exposure to high levels of CO can result in: slower reflexes, confusion, and drowsiness death in confined spaces (such as a room orgarage)Children, seniors, people with chronic illnessesand workers are especially vulnerable to CO.Local Sources of COThe neighborhood of Wilmington is home tosources of pollution. The CO2 graphicdemonstrates some of the sources of COemissions.Due to the large level of activities, the twinPorts, the Port of Los Angeles and the Port ofLong Beach are the largest single source of COemissions. The container ships, cranes, tugboats, locomotives, and trucks that operateinside and around the Ports in combination withthe emissions from the refineries, manufacturingfacilities, and other industries create a toxicsoup of CO emissions in Wilmington.This graphic demonstrates a variety of COemissions, from mobile to stationary.Aside from mobile sources, communities arealso plagued by restaurant kitchens, lawnmowers, and barbecues.CO is one of the six criteria pollutants regulatedby the EPA through the Clean Air Act.Source: EPA Six Criteria Pollutants2

Coalition for Clean AirSpring 2015LEAD - (PB)Basic air pollutant fact sheetWhile lead emissionshave dramaticallydecreased since1995 when lead waseliminated in theU.S., there are stillindustrial facilitiesthat emit s/2008/01/smokestacks.jpgIntroductionLead (Pb) is a metal that is both formednaturally as well as through industrialprocesses. Historically, lead emissions havebeen a result of leaded gasoline combustion.Lead regulations focused on removing leadfrom fuels, which resulted in dramatic leademission reductions in the early 1990s.lead-based paint. Fortunately, leaded gasolineand lead-based paint have also been phasedout, and are no longer available in the market.However, lead-based paint remains in housesand is especially prevalent in substandardhousing.Lead emissions continue to be an importantissue today, but most of the major sources arelead smelters.Lead EmissionsLead is everywhere. It can be found in the air,soil, water, and even inside homes. Themajority of lead exposure happens due tohuman activities, ranging from industrialprocesses, automotive combustion, and isfound in commercial products, such asSource: EPA Six Criteria th-risks/1

Coalition for Clean AirSpring 2015Health Impacts of LeadLead exposure is very dangerous to yourhealth. It is especially harmful to childrenbecause their bodies are growing and theyabsorb more lead than adults. Their brains andnervous systems are more sensitive to thedamage of lead. Additionally, toddlers andinfants are more likely to be exposed to leadbecause they often put their hands and otherobjects (window sills, pealed paint, etc.) intotheir mouths.Adults and children are both susceptible tolead exposure by eating food or drinking wateror using glasses/plates that contains lead.Living or working in areas with elevated leadlevels in dust can also be a dangeroussource of lead exposure. Pregnant women andtheir developing fetuses are also veryvulnerable to lead.Lead exposure can impact almost any organand system in your body. However, children sixyears and younger are the most vulnerablepopulation to lead. Children with even lowlevels of lead in the blood can experience: Behavior and learning problemsLower IQ and hyperactivitySlowed growthHearing problemsAnemiaPregnant women exposed to lead can reducethe growth of the fetus and premature birth.Local Sources of LeadLead exposure in Wilmington happens bothinside and outside of people’s homes. In aspecial California Air Resources Board airmonitoring study, the Wilmington school’smonitor revealed several metals, including leadat much higher levels than their other studySource: EPA Six Criteria PollutantsLead poisoning is very dangerous in both highlevels and low levels.sites in downtown Los Angeles and LongBeach. Sources of these metals for Wilmingtoninclude industrial and commercial operationsas well as motor vehicles.The metal scrapping facilities that surround thePort Complex of LA and Long Beach are asignificant source of metal ambient emissions,including lead. Wilmington’s older housingstock as compared to the city of Los Angeles isalso a concern in regard to lead in paint.People living in homes built before 1978 shouldwipe down flat surfaces, such as windows sills,mop smooth floors regularly, and vacuumcarpets and upholstery to remove dust.Washing children’s hands and toys can alsohelp to reduce exposure.2

Coalition for Clean AirSpring 2015NITROGEN DIOXIDEBasic air pollutant fact sheetMotor vehicles arehuge sources ofNitrogen -deaths-yearly-in-u-s/IntroductionNitrogen dioxide (NO2) is one of a group oftoxic gases known as the “oxides of nitrogen.”We normally see this group of gases as NOx.For regulatory purposes, the EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA) uses NO2 as theindicator for the larger group of oxides ofnitrogen.NOx forms quickly in the atmosphere and islinked to a number of drastic impacts on therespiratory system.NOx Emissionsemissions in urbanized areas, like Los Angeles.Although according to EPA, all areas in thecountry meet the current (1971) NO2 NationalClean Air Act Quality Standard levels, NOxpollution in Wilmington is of concern to local airquality agencies.Health Impacts of NOxNOx exposure can be dangerous to yourhealth. It is especially harmful to children,seniors, the chronically ill, and people who areactive outdoors or who work near NOxsources, such as truck drivers or port workers.NOx emissions contaminate the air. Themajority of NOx exposure is due to humanactivities, some industrial processes, butmostly motor combustion. Cars, trucks, buses,airplanes, ships, trains, and any other motorvehicle are responsible for the majority of NOxSource: EPA Six Criteria Pollutants1

Coalition for Clean AirSpring 2015Short term exposure to NOx (30 minutes to 24hours) can result in adverse health effects,including airway inflammation in healthy peopleand dire respiratory symptoms for people withasthma and other respiratory problems.NOx exposure has also been linked toincreased visits to the emergency room andincreased asthma attacks in children.Because NOx is a key ingredient in ozoneformation, it also contributes to smog and thehealth impacts of ozone exposure.Exposure to NOx can cause: Burning eyes, throat, and irritated mucusmembranes Shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing Asthma and other respiratory problems Chest pains and other cardiovascular problems Increased risk of heart attacksPregnant women exposed to NOx often arefound to give birth to premature and low-birthweight babies.NOx impacts both the respiratory and cardiovascularhealth of humans.Below is a graph developed by the NaturalResources Defense Council to explain theaverage NOx sources from Port-relatedactivities in a container port. Heavy-duty dieseltrucks are the largest single NOx contributor.Local Sources of NOxWilmington’s vicinity to the Port Complex anda number of major highways and local roadswith tremendous truck traffic put theresidents at a high risk of NOx exposure.Individuals who work or live near majorroadways are more heavily exposed to NOx.According to the EPA, approximately 16% ofU.S. housing units are located within 300 feetof a major highway, railroad, or airport.The motor vehicles inside and outside of thePorts generate an alarming amount of NOxpollution for the local community as well as forthe region.Source: EPA Six Criteria Pollutants1%4%32%23%40%VehiclesTrainsCargo Handling EquipmentHeavy-duty TrucksMarine Vessels2

Coalition for Clean AirSpring 2015OZONE - O3Basic air pollutant fact sheetThe Los Angelesbasin is home to athick layer of groundlevel ozone.Thousands offactories, metalsmelters, motorvehicles, and otherindustrial activities inthe region incombination with thesun produce ozone, orwhat we call t-smog-citiesIntroductionOzone (O3) exists in two regions of Earth’satmosphere. Ozone beyond the stratosphereprotects the arty from the sun’s harmful UVrays. Ground level ozone is what we know asharmful smog.Ground level ozone is formed by emissions(like NOx) reacting in the presence of sunlight.The combination of oxides of nitrogen (NOx)and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)exposed to sunlight creates ozone. Ozoneexposure has drastic health impacts.The Creation of OzoneIndustrial activities, such as manufacturing,electric utilities, vehicle exhaust, gasolinevapors, and chemical solvents emit both VOCsand NOx1. The ambient emissions of VOCs andNOx in combination with sunlight create aphotochemical reaction that produces groundlevel ozone. emissions1" sunlightozone layerOzone Basic Information, EPA. (Accessed July 20, 2014) .html1

Coalition for Clean AirSpring 2015Health Impacts of OzoneExposureExposure to ozone can be harmful to ourhealth. Children are especially at risk fromexposure to ozone. However, people with lungdisease, seniors, and people who are activeoutdoors (athletes) are sensitive to ozone.Ozone can also be harmful to sensitivevegetation and ecosystems, such as parks,forests, and other wilderness areas.Breathing ozone can result in short-termimpacts such as chest pain, coughing, throatirritation, and congestion.2 Exposure canreduce lung function and inflame the linings ofthe lungs. Long term exposure can permanentlyscar lung tissue and damage airways.Additionally, in may increase the frequency ofasthma attacks and make lungs moresusceptible to infection.Local Sources of OzoneLocating exact sources of Ozone is difficultbecause it is actually created in theatmosphere by reactions of other pollutants.NOx and VOCs are directly related to the levelof ozone in the air.In Wilmington, air pollution from the Ports ofLos Angeles and Long Beach, the threerefineries (Tesoro, Valero, and BP), and manyother smaller industries are responsible forozone pollution.2Source: h.htmlOzone can irritate the air ways causing coughing, aburning sensation, wheezing and shortness of breath. Itcan also aggravate asthma and other lung diseases.The high concentration of petroleum refineriesin Wilmington make the local residentsespecially susceptible to ozone exposure.Refineries in and around Wilmington areresponsible for nearly half of all VOC emissionsin the Los Angeles area.3Health Effects of Ozone, EPA (Accessed July 20, 2014) h.html3Dunn, Sylvia. “Can Residents of Wilmington Breathe their Air?” (January 16, 2011) lmington-and-carson-breathe-their-air2

Coalition for Clean AirSpring 2015PARTICULATE MATTER- PMBasic air pollutant fact sheetThe Wilmingtonneighborhoodneighbors the twolargest ports in theUnited States. Portand port-relatedactivities in andaround the Portscause dramatic PMpollution for the localneighborhood andthe southernCalifornia oving forward a modern freigh.htmlIntroductionParticulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture ofmicroscopic particles and liquid droplets that iscreated in the atmosphere. PM is composed ofmany parts, such as chemicals, metals, soil,and dust particles. The size of PM is indicativeof its potential for causing harmful healtheffects. The Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) is primarily concerned with particles 10micrometers in diameter or smaller becausethey are small enough to pass through thethroat and nose on their way the lungs.PM includes “inhalable coarse particles,” whichare visible to the human eye. The dust thatSource: EPA Six Criteria Pollutantslines window panes and the top of vehicles isvisible particulate matter. Due to it’s toxiccomponents, PM has adverse health impacts.Particulate Matter EmissionsThere is information about three different sizedistributions; PM 10 (particles that are between10 and 2.5 micrometers in diameter), PM 2.5(particles that are as big as PM 2.5), and ultrafine particles (microscopic particles that are toosmall to have mass). All three PM sizecategories are still very hard to see with thehuman eye.1

Coalition for Clean AirSpring 2015Primary particles can come directly fromcombustion or smokestacks, while secondaryparticles form in the atmosphere from thecombination of NOx, dioxins and otherchemicals emitted from power plants, industrialfacilities, and motor vehicles (trucks, ships, andbuses).Health Impacts of PMExposureExposure to PM is harmful to your health. Thesmaller the particle size, the greater itspotential to negatively impact your health.Ultrafine particles are especially dangerousbecause their microscopic size enables themto reach deep inside the lung tissue and travelthrough the bloodstream.Breathing PM 10 can result in short-termimpacts such as eye, throat, and nose irritation.However, long term exposure to PM 2.5 andultrafine particles can lead to lead to a varietyof health problems, such as:1 PM enters respiratory system through nose andthroat.2 3 PM 10 is eliminated through body’sdefense (coughing, sneezing andswallowing)4 PM 2.5 can penetrate deep into the lungs.Ultrafine particles can travel to the alveoli, causinglung and heart problems. This can lead to thedevelopment of cancer. decreased lung function aggravated asthmairregular heartbeatnonfatal heart attackspremature deathincreased respiratory problemsChildren, seniors, people with chronic illnessesand workers are especially vulnerable to PMpollution.Local Sources of PMThe neighborhood of Wilmington is home tosources of primary particles and its localatmosphere enables the creation of secondaryparticles through the toxic mixture of differentchemicals and air contaminants.Source: EPA Six Criteria PollutantsThe largest sources primary particles inWilmington are the twin Ports, the Port of LosAngeles and the Port of Long Beach. Theinternational container ships, cranes, tug boats,locomotives, and trucks that operate insideand around the Ports are all fueled by dieseland all emit diesel particulate matter (dieselexhaust).PM is one of the six criteria pollutantsregulated by the EPA through the Clean Air Act.2

Coalition for Clean AirSpring 2015SULFUR DIOXIDEBasic air pollutant fact sheetSulfur dioxide inWilmington comesprimarily from thetoxic emissions ofthe nearby petroleumrefineries.IntroductionSulfur dioxide (SO2) is one of a group of highlyreactive and toxic gases known as “oxides ofsulfur.” Sulfur dioxide is one of the six criteriapollutants that the Environmental ProtectionAgency regulates through the Clean Air Act.It is a colorless gas at room temperature with adistinctive odor. It can also exist as a liquid.Trucks, ships, trucks, and cranes also emit SO2through the burning of high sulfur fossil fuels.Petroleum refineries are also a significantsource of SO2. In fact, the image belowdepicts a mountain of sulfur (a byproduct of therefining process) outside the Valero refinery inWilmington.The largest sources of SO2 emission are powerplants and other industrial facilities.Sulfur Dioxide EmissionsIn the U.S., power plants are the largestcontributors to SO2 emissions. Power plantsand other utility production companies produceabout 73%, while other industrial activitiesproduce about 20% of all SO2 emissions.Source: EPA Six Criteria local/la-me-air-1

Coalition for Clean AirHealth Impacts of SulfurDioxideSO2 has both short-term and long-term healthimpacts, depending on the level of exposure.Scientific evidence reveals that exposure toSO2 can result in respiratory problems,including bronchi-constriction, and increasedasthma symptoms. People with asthma areparticularly susceptible to SO2.Fall 2014Local Sources of SulfurDioxideSulfur dioxide exposure in Wilmington is ofconcern because of the high number ofpotential sources. Wilmington is home to theregion’s highest amount of petroleumrefineries, and it neighbors the Port Complex.Exposure to SO2 has also been demonstratedto lead to hospital admissions for respiratoryillnesses, especially for people with asthma.SO2 can easily react with other compounds inthe atmosphere and form small particles.These small particles can penetrate into lungtissues, which can lead to the development limate-weather/SO2 is very harmful to the environment and humanhealth, as it contributes to both acid rain and globalwarming, and it impacts the respiratory andcardiovascular system.Source: EPA Six Criteria PollutantsThe combination of SO2 and NOx sources inWilmington create a significant potential foracid rain. Acid rain refers to the mixture of wetand dry deposited material from theatmosphere that contains high levels of nitricand sulfuric acids. Acid rain occurs when thegases react in the atmosphere with water,oxygen and other chemicals, as the imageabove demonstrates.2

Air Pollution and the Human Body Group Activity Once presenter has reviewed all power-point slides from “Air Pollution Basics,” the participants should be introduced to this group activity. 1. We will be dividing ourse

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