Chapter 1 The Indigenous Caribbean People
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-43544-4 - Liberties Lost: Caribbean Indigenous Societies and Slave SystemsHilary McD. Beckles and Verene A. ShepherdExcerptMore informationChapter 1The indigenousCaribbean peopleFighting on arrival, fighting for survival .Bob MarleyThree thousand years before the Christian era a distinct Caribbean civilisationwas established. These civilisations had a strong influence on the peoples of theancient world. They, together with other communities, helped shape the waysociety was organised, how work, money and the economy were planned, andhow human culture was created and developed. Together with their continentalcousins in Mexico, Guatemala, Peru and elsewhere, the ancient Caribbeancommunities engaged with and used their environment in dynamic andcreative ways. The Caribbean, then, was home to an old and ancient culturalcivilisation that continues to shape and inform our present-day understandingand identity.In this chapter we will learn about:1. The culture of indigenous Caribbean people2. The Ciboney3. The Taino4. The Kalinago5. Continental cousins: Maya, Aztec, and Inca1 in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-43544-4 - Liberties Lost: Caribbean Indigenous Societies and Slave SystemsHilary McD. Beckles and Verene A. ShepherdExcerptMore information1 The culture of indigenousCaribbean peopleIt has taken over 7,000 years for a Caribbean civilisationand culture to evolve. Throughout its history differentgroups of people like the Taino, Kalinago and Mayabrought a range of beliefs, practices and traditions tocreate the foundations of the rich Caribbean culture thatstill exists today.Researchers generally agree that before 1492 thepopulations of the Caribbean region were very large. Theysay that the islands were home to between 5 and 13million people with a range of cultures. When theEuropeans arrived in the Caribbean, they caused thedevastation and decline of these cultures.Once the Spanish-funded explorer, ChristopherColumbus from Genoa in Italy, crossed the Atlantic Oceanin 1492, he linked the Caribbean and the Americas, Europeand Africa. He triggered what is now known as the widerAtlantic civilisation. The East and West Atlantic cametogether as one bigger and broader community. In the EastAtlantic were the so-called 'Old Worlds' of Europe, Africaand the islands off its coast. In the West Atlantic was theso-called 'New World'.The Columbus journey ensured that indigenousCaribbean cultures were systematically linked withAfrican and European cultures. Over the next 200 years,from 1492 to 1692, one effect of this was that theindigenous Caribbean people were almost wiped out.Hundreds of thousands of people died because of war,disease, social problems and poverty. Within 20 years ofthe Spanish arrival, for example, the Taino population ofthe island of Hispaniola was reduced from about 3-4million people to about 60,000.The arrival of the earliest inhabitantsWho were the ancient ancestors of Caribbean civilisation?This question is the subject of lively archaeologicalresearch in the Caribbean. Since the 16th centuryhistorians have assumed that the indigenous people ofwhat is now called the American continent, entered thishuge land from elsewhere. Two arguments are given forwhy people migrated or moved to the American continent.Both arguments are based on the belief that a mass ofAsian people crossed either alandbridge or an icebridge.a. The first argument is that 25,000years ago, what we now call theBering Straits was above sea leveland formed the Beringialandbridge. Then 25,000 years ago,during the Ice Age people fromthe area now known as Mongoliain northeastern Asia, crossed theBeringia landbridge from Siberiainto the American landmass atAlaska. It is believed that theywere either fleeing the icyconditions or they were chasingthe migratory herds of deer onwhich they survived.b. The second argument is that therewas no landbridge 25,000 yearsago but that there was anicebridge between Siberia andAlaska. This argument says thatthe Asians crossed this bridge andthen followed the corridorbetween the Alaskan andCanadian mountains into theCanadian plains, pushing south tothe very end of the continent.Now however, biological scientists saythat most of the major groups whoFig 1.1 The ‘Old World’ of Europe and Africa and the ‘New World’ in the West2 in this web service Cambridge University Presschapter 1 The indigenous Caribbean peoplewww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-43544-4 - Liberties Lost: Caribbean Indigenous Societies and Slave SystemsHilary McD. Beckles and Verene A. ShepherdExcerptMore informationFig.1. 2 The movement of people from Asia across the Bering Strait to the American landmasscame to occupy the American continent are geneticallyrelated and are indeed very similar. However they classifythe Eskimos in the north as a separate group related moreto the Mongoloid people of western China.So, the Beringia landbridge/icebridge argumentssuggest that there was an Asian migration 25,000 yearsago. This rules out the possibility of prehistoric humansettlement on the continent before this time. This is now avery debatable argument and has recently been shaken byarchaeological excavation in South America that suggeststhat prehistoric human development did exist on theAmerican continent long before this migration.This recent research shows that people settled in theAmerican continent possibly millions of years ago, ratherthan simply 25,000 years ago. Scientists are, however, stillnot sure whether one million years ago the continents ofSouth America and Africa were joined – allowing forprehistoric humans to migrate across continents.Prehistoric human development in theCaribbeanSignificant research has been done, and much is ongoing,that seeks to identify the origins of Caribbean habitation.An archaeological excavation in southwest Trinidad hassuggested that people settled in the areas as far back aschapter 1 The indigenous Caribbean people in this web service Cambridge University Press5000-3000 BC to 7,000 years ago. Archaeological evidenceshows that these first inhabitants ate shellfish and madebone and stone tools.Archaeologists in Cuba have found similar types ofevidence that show human settlement in about 2050 BC.There is evidence too from sites in Santo Domingo thatsuggests community development as far back as 5000 BC.It is likely that these people entered the islands fromCentral America, as the evidence is very similar to thatfound in Nicaragua.In about 1000 BC the earliest inhabitants of theCaribbean were joined by another major group ofmigrants who travelled north from the Venezuelanmainland in South America, and entered the CaribbeanSea at Trinidad. Researchers describe this group of peopleas meso-Indians. They had a more advanced socialstructure than previous groups and they used advancedagricultural technologies.They travelled through the islands and reached thenorthern Caribbean where they established largesettlements. There is no doubt that they were skillednavigators, great explorers of new lands and open seas,and builders of large communities.The archaeological evidence at the sites of these earlyCaribbean communities shows that they did not use3www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-43544-4 - Liberties Lost: Caribbean Indigenous Societies and Slave SystemsHilary McD. Beckles and Verene A. ShepherdExcerptMore informationFig 1.3 Migration from the Venezuelan mainland into the Caribbeanagriculture or farming to survive. Rather, they relied uponhunting animals like the manatee; fishing for turtles,crustaceans and a range of reef fish; and gathering wildvegetables. Their tools were made of bone, wood, shells,and stone. They knew the art and science of potterymaking and their ceramic work that was found in theDominican Republic resembles work found at a site inColombia.Historians have named these people the Ciboney. Thename was used in the mid-16th century by the Spanishpriest Las Casas, who came across them in Cuba andHispaniola. The Ciboney, the Guanahacabibe, lived asnomadic hunter-gatherers, dwelled in caves and gulliesand used the sea for food more than they used the land.However despite the research of archaeologists, we stilldo not have a clear picture of the cultural identities, socialrelations and belief systems of these first inhabitants. Weknow that they built walls, assembled large stones forcultural purposes, and developed irrigation systems, butwe still do not fully understand exactly for which purposethese structures were used. Nonetheless, there is enough4 in this web service Cambridge University Pressevidence to show that they made up the foundationsocieties of the Caribbean world and that the Caribbeanhad an ancient culture long before the Christian era.So we have seen that the cultural pillars of Caribbeancivilisation date back to the times of other known ancientcultures such as those of Pharaonic Egypt and that of theclassical Greek world of Europe. In 1492 Columbus andsubsequent colonisers, established the contact betweenEuropeans and the indigenous Caribbean settlers.The European explorers met the Ciboney orGuanahacabibe, whom they said were wild and 'as fleet asdeer'. They also met the three major Caribbean groupswhom they labelled Arawaks, Caribs and Maya, althoughthese groups had their own names to define and identifythemselves. Historians now believe, for example, that thepeople called Arawaks and Caribs were the Taino andKalinago respectively. In recent times, the term 'Taino' wasused to define the Arawakan speaking group, and nowappears widespread in the literature.chapter 1 The indigenous Caribbean peoplewww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-43544-4 - Liberties Lost: Caribbean Indigenous Societies and Slave SystemsHilary McD. Beckles and Verene A. ShepherdExcerptMore informationFig 1.4 Pre-Columbian cave art found in Mountain River Cave, St Catherine, Jamaica2 The CiboneyThe earliest and smallest known group of Caribbeaninhabitants was the Ciboney, who were nomad huntergatherers. They used the Caribbean space in creative ways,taking from it only what they required to survive, andmaking only minimum changes to it. They did not store,distribute or trade any extra or surplus food.OriginsInitially, archaeologists suggested that the Ciboney inCuba and the Bahamas migrated from the south via theLesser Antilles. However no matching sites were found inthese places. Later on archaeologists suggested that theCiboney entered the Caribbean through the Floridapeninsula. However, insufficient evidence remained tosupport this theory. The most popular view now is that theCiboney were from pre-farming cultures that entered theAntilles from South America, not as one ethnic group, butas waves of different migrants over a very long period oftime.TechnologyTheir technological development was not advanced. Theydid not make textiles for clothing, or ceramics fordomestic or ritualistic religious purposes. The Ciboneywent naked and did not use any complex domesticutensils. They did not make weapons and had no militaryorganisation or army. Their simple political organisationchapter 1 The indigenous Caribbean people in this web service Cambridge University Presswas expressed in nomadic bands, and there is no evidenceof any enforced social hierarchy. In other words, people didnot have different status in the group.As hunter-gatherers, the Ciboney did not live in avillage and use agriculture and industrial technologies.They did not even cultivate cassava, which all the ethnicgroups in the Caribbean, Central and South America reliedheavily upon for survival. When they first came across theTaino and Kalinago groups they recognised them asnewcomers to their world. However they could not defendthemselves against these groups.European sources from the time of Columbussuggested that the numerous and technologicallydeveloped Taino dominated the Ciboney. In battle, theCiboney threw stones and used wooden clubs. This showsthat their society was not organised for modern militaryactivity. In all the islands they occupied they wereoutnumbered and marginalised by the Taino – in Jamaica,Hispaniola, Bahamas, and Puerto Rico.3 The TainoThe material culture of the Taino and Kalinago wasbroadly similar. However, they came from two languagegroups: those who spoke Arawakan and those who spokeCariban. At the time of the Columbus voyages bothlanguage groups were widespread throughout theCaribbean and in the northern South America. They werea highly developed agricultural people. Their industrial5www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-43544-4 - Liberties Lost: Caribbean Indigenous Societies and Slave SystemsHilary McD. Beckles and Verene A. ShepherdExcerptMore informationFig 1.5 Collection from the Kitchen Middens of Jamaica:Upper shelf – stone pendants, stone idols, spindle shape celts, stone axesMiddle shelf – celts (axes), shells and bones of fish and coneyLower shelf – fragments of pottery. At rear are baking slabs used for baking cassava breadtechnology in textiles and ceramics was of the samestandard as that of the rural communities of Asia andEurope.Culture and identityArchaeologists have identified two separate Taino groupsby analysing their ceramic techniques and styles. Theyhave classified the first Taino to arrive in the CaribbeanOriginsArchaeologists have traced the cultural origins of theTaino back to the lower Orinoco. They arrived in theCaribbean through the Venezuela-Trinidad gateway inabout 300 BC. After that several waves of the Taino groupsentered the Caribbean. They were expert seafarers, andquickly navigated their way up the island chain until theyreached the Greater Antilles where they formed thelargest communities in about 250 AD.Between 250 AD and about 1000 AD many differentTaino groups entered the Greater Antilles and establishedthemselves as large communities. They soon took overfrom the Ciboney as the main cultural force within theevolving Caribbean civilisation. In time the Ciboney werecompletely displaced, marginalised and weakened inCuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and, to a lesser extent, theBahamas.Fig 1.6 Examples of Saladoid and Barrancoid ceramics6 in this web service Cambridge University Presschapter 1 The indigenous Caribbean peoplewww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-43544-4 - Liberties Lost: Caribbean Indigenous Societies and Slave SystemsHilary McD. Beckles and Verene A. ShepherdExcerptMore informationFig 1.7 Areas of Taino settlementaround 300 BC as the Saladoid culture group. They wereknown for their common use of white-on-red artisticpottery decorations. Archaeologists have classified thesecond Taino to arrive as the Barrancoid culture group.Their pottery styles were more varied and less distinctive,and they were more widespread throughout the Lesserand Greater Antilles than Saladoid pottery.Since the 1980s more and more has been written aboutTaino society and economy. The archaeological work ofIrving Rouse, and the ecological and geographical work ofDavid Watts, added considerably to our knowledge. Wenow know that the Taino constructed their settlementsthroughout the Caribbean in a range of differentenvironments: rainforests, mountain valleys, dry, openplateaux and to a lesser extent, on the savannagrasslands.Taino culture was similar across the region. Whethercommunities lived in the Lesser Antilles or the GreaterAntilles, they shared a common language, had similarsocial and hierarchical systems in their groups, and usedchapter 1 The indigenous Caribbean people in this web service Cambridge University PressFig 1.8 Taino loading a canoe7www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-43544-4 - Liberties Lost: Caribbean Indigenous Societies and Slave SystemsHilary McD. Beckles and Verene A. ShepherdExcerptMore informationthe same technologies in agriculture, canoe building,ceramics, house construction, and in the fine arts,especially to produce gold ornaments. The Europeans ofColumbus' times were genuinely impressed andfascinated by their sophisticated industrial technology intextiles, ceramics and, of course, the gold craft.Taino economic planning and productionsweeter but both could be harvested between 5-8 monthsafter planting.Taino women knew how to process the tubers of the'bitter' cassava and to remove the acid and much of thebitterness. They grated the tubers, then repeatedly washedand packed them together until the poison acids werestrained out. They then dried the grated substance andground it into flour.David Watts has shown that the Taino economy consistedof three main ways of producing enough food for theirsurvival: conuco cultivation, house gardens and fishing,hunting and gathering.Conuco cultivationConuco cultivation was an organised system of large-scaleagriculture that produced starch-based foods and foodsrich in sugar. This cultivation was based on the planting ofroots, seeds and vegetables. The Taino rotated their cropsto make sure that staple foods were available through allthe seasons.Watts explains that under this system it was normalfor each family to have a conuco, or small farm plot,which was close to the village, usually a few miles away.Family members cleared the land by felling trees andburning bushes and prepared for the tilling and plantingprocess.A family would cultivate a conuco intensively for 2-3years. When the soil was no longer fertile and productionlevels fell, the family would move on to a new, fresh plot.The old conuco would be left uncultivated for about thesame length of time (2-3 years) before it was brought backinto production. It was only later that the Taino developedthe technology of fertilising soils with animal andvegetable manure. Shortly before the European arrival,fertilisers were widely used. Before this, traditionally theTaino believed that heavily used soils became infertile andunproductive because of some magic or religious forces atwork.The main crop that Taino farmers produced on theirconucos was manioc, or cassava as it was known.Throughout the Caribbean this crop dominatedagricultural activity. It grew well on most Caribbean soils,whether acidic or alkaline, and yields were high in bothdry and wet conditions. Each year the farmers harvestedtwo cassava crops.There were two main varieties of the cassava plant; onewas called the sweet cassava, and the other the 'poison' or'bitter' cassava. It was called this because it was bitter intaste and contained cyanic acid, which was highlypoisonous. The sweet cassava plant was not as high inyield as the 'bitter' plant. Its tubers were much softer and8 in this web service Cambridge University PressFig 1.9 Mealing stones used by Taino to grind maize andcassavaThe Taino women also made various types of bread withcassava flour, some unleavened, some sweetened. Cassavabreads and cakes were the staples of Taino people. Theygenerally did not use the sweet cassava to make flour.Rather, because of its sweetness and softness they boiledand ate it with fish. Sometimes they roasted it on an openfire and ate it with various types of meat.The Taino adopted the cassava plant as a staple foodbecause it was high in nutritional content, it was suitableto different soils and climate, and it sprung from minorroots when the major tubers were harvested. In favourableconditions, the calorie yield of the cassava flour is threetimes that of maize flour. No other Caribbean crop wasmore productive in starch content, and it could be storedfor a much longer time in humid conditions.Taino farmers set aside some conuco space for thecultivation of the sweet potato, a secondary staple withintheir food system. The yield of sweet potato was not ashigh as the bitter cassava. However, it had a shorterplanting-harvesting cycle of 2-4 months and it was ideallysuited to the moisture and conditions in conucos in rainforest and mountain valleys. The high sugar content of thesweet potato allowed the Taino to use it to make cakeschapter 1 The indigenous Caribbean peoplewww.cambridge.org
2 chapter 1 The indigenous Caribbean people 1 The culture of indigenous Caribbean people It has taken over 7,000 years for a Caribbean civilisati
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
Part One: Heir of Ash Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 .
RM0008 Contents Doc ID 13902 Rev 9 3/995 4.3.1 Slowing down system clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
