CLEARING AND EARTHWORK - USDA

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CLEARI NG AND EARTHWORK(02/2009) - 33

Clearing and EarthworkSECTI ON 201 - CLEARI NG AND GRUBBING (Labor 20-55 percent)& SECTI ON 202 – ADDI TI ONAL CLEARI NG AND GRUBBI NGGeneralThere are too many variables reflected in the bids to use them solely as a basis for costs. Therefore Figure201-1 is given as a starting point for an "average" new construction project. The designer w ill need toconsider the uniqueness of the project and estimate accordingly. A lso consider the amount of vacant (noclearing) area in relation to the acreage being cleared. The factors used are based on the use of thehydraulic excavator for clearing/ pioneering. Cl eari ng may need to be adj usted to meet total mechani calcl eari ng.Cl eari ng Cl assi f i cati onCl assi f i cati on by vol ume per acre of ti mber w i thi n cl eari ng l i mi tsThe classification of clearing by volume per acre is show n on Figure 201-1, this section. It isessential that timber volumes be estimated w ithin accuracy standards. Estimators should requestgross volume figures for estimating use.Clearing cost estimates should compensate for dow n material as w ell as that w hich is standing. Insome cases the dow n volume is insignificant w hile in others it may be more difficult to handle thanstanding volume. Therefore, an adjustment factor for dow n material of 0 to 1.2 is appropriate.Example:Gross volume from timber cruise: . 12 M bf/ A creGross dow n volume: . 6 M bf/ A creFactor for dow n material: . 0.5Volume for classification: 12 (6 x 0.5) 15 M bf/ A creCl assi f i cati on by Stand D escri pti onClearing classification by stand description is based on a uniform mixture of large and small trees.The classification can be based on the stem spacing and average diameter as show n on Figure 2012, this section, or by the guidelines below . A dditional items to be considered are the amount andsize of dow n material and the size of stumps and limbs. EXTRA LI GHT: Few tops and limbs. Few , if any, cull logs. Low scattered brush. Little or nofalling or yarding of unmerchantable timber required. LI GHT: Light to moderate amount of tops and limbs. Few cull logs. Light brush. Little tomoderate falling or skidding of unmerchantable required. M EDI UM : Light to moderate amount of cull logs. M any tops and limbs. Tall brush or denseunmerchantable trees requiring falling. Some unmerchantable material requiring skidding. HEAVY: M any tops and limbs from dense stand of unmerchantable timber. Tall, heavy brushor dense unmerchantable pole stand requiring falling and bucking numerous cull logs.Yarding of unmerchantable necessary. EXTRA HEAVY: M uch cull material requiring falling. M any large, dow ned cull trees. A reamay be sw ampy or w et. Closely spaced extra large stumps. Thick duff and other organicmaterial.(02/2009) - 34

Clearing and EarthworkFi gure 201-1 Cl eari ng and Grubbi ng(Costs Based on Windrow ing)T imber to Government, Purchaser, or Cooperator60005000Dollars per Acre40003000200010000051015 202530 3540 4550Right of Way Volume (MBF/Acre )T imber to Government, Purchaser, or CooperatorTimber to Government, Purchaser, or CooperatorRight of Way Volume (MBF/Acre)Dollars per A 03520374039604180(02/2009) - 35

Clearing and EarthworkFI GURE 201-2Equi val ent V ol ume usi ng A verage D i ameters and StemSpaci ng140EXTRA LIGHT(0-5 MBF/Acre)120100LIGHT(5-15 MBF/Acre)80MEDIUM60(15-30 MBF/Acre)40HEAVY(30-50 MBF-Acre)20EXTRA HEAVY(50 MBF/Acre)00102030AVERAGE DIAMETER(INCHES)(02/2009) - 364050

Clearing and EarthworkTopographi c FactorThe cost-per-acre figures should be adjusted by the follow ing topographic factors:Ground Sl opeFactorGentle (under 20 percent)1.1M oderate (20 to 45 percent)1.0Steep (over 45 percent)1.1-1.3A reas that require more than one pioneer or a1.4-2.0long boom machine due to high cut/ fillSl ash/Cl eanup FactorClearing estimates must be based on the low est cost treatment option allow able to the contractor. Thecost-per-acre figures must also be adjusted by the slash cleanup factor if the required treatment method isother than w indrow ing. Care must be exercised in applying this factor, how ever. For example,"scattering" in steep terrain or in areas of dense undergrow th can result in significantly higher costs thanw indrow ing. The adjustment factor 1.15 for scattering w ould apply for average side slopes and openunderstory. If stumps are to be split or partially buried, the factor used for them may need to beadjusted.Treatment M ethodWindrowWindrow and CoverScatteringBuryingChippingPile and BurnDeck Unmerchantable M aterialDisposal in Cutting UnitsRemovalPilingPlacing slash on embankment slopesFactor1.0 - 1.11.251.15 - 1.351.6 – 2.01.751.6 - 2.01.11.22.01.31.4Different treatment methods may be specified for Tops and Limbs, Logs, and Stumps. When this occurs,the follow ing table should be used to prorate costs based on the treatment method specified for each typeof slash. A djustments can be made to meet local project conditions.COST PERCEN TA GE FOR SLA SH TREA TM EN TTops & Li mbsLogsStumpsIf method (7) isdesignated for Stumps:403525302050Example:Treatment M ethods:Tops and Limbs - Pile and BurnLogs - WindrowStumps - ScatterA djusted Slash Treatment Factor Tops & LimbsLogs(0.40)(1.6) (0.35)(1.00)(02/2009) - 37 Stumps(0.25)(1.15) 1.28

Clearing and EarthworkOt her Fact orsA dditional areas and/ or strips may need to be cleared, but not grubbed, for burning bays, decking areas,and for w indrow ing right-of-w ay slash in dense lodgepole pine stands. The cost allow ances for thesesituations should consider the treatment of tops and limbs, and logs, but not stumps. The factors for eachof these is show n above. Clearing costs associated w ith campgrounds w ill normally be higher.Cost allow ance for painting and branding of logs, w here required, is considered incidental to the clearingcost estimate, no separate allow ance is generally required.I NDI VI DUAL REM OVAL OF TREES (Labor 80 percent)This includes falling and treating hazard trees that lie outside of the clearing limits. A verage cost: 30 per tree.BRUSHI NG (Labor 50-90)General : The designer w ill need to consider the uniqueness of the project and estimate accordingly. Consider thearea being cleared and the type of equipment that can operate safely. Consider the spacing as w ell as thediameter of the trees and brush to be cleared w hen classifying the material. The topographic factors and theground cover should be considered w hen selecting the type of equipment and slash treatment method to be used.If equipment can not operate safely use the hand labor factor.Cl eari ng Cl assi f i cati on By Stand D escri pti on: Clearing classification by stand description is based on an averagemixture of size, spacing, and density of the trees and brush.Li ght ( 400- 750/mi l e)Few trees and low brush scattered along the shoulders of the roadw ay. Production rate approximately1000 ft per hour.M edi um ( 750- 1500/mi l e)Trees and brush along the entire length of the shoulders of the roadw ay. Production rate approximately750 ft per hour.H eavy ( 1500- 3000/mi l e)Trees and brush scattered throughout the entire roadw ay. This cost range considers the grubbing of theroadbed. Production rate approximately 400 ft per hour.Extra H eavy ( 3000- 4000/mi l e)Trees and brush densely spaced along the entire roadw ay. This cost range considers the grubbing of theroadbed. Production rate approximately 200 ft per hour.Topographi c Factor: assume w ork is being accomplished along and existing roadbed w ith cuts and fills needingspecial attention.The unit cost should be adjusted by the follow ing factorsGround SlopeGentle (under 20 percent)M oderate (20 to 40 percent)Steep (over 45 percent)Factor1.01.11.3(02/2009) - 38

Clearing and EarthworkLabor Factor: Labor factor of 1.25 should be applied to projects that do not use a machine to do at least part of thebrushing operation.Sl ash Cl eanup Factor: The unit cost should be adjusted by the follow ing factorsTreatment M ethod(4)Scattering(5)Burying(7)Piling and Burning(11)Piling(12)Placing slash on embankment slopesFactor1.351.501.501.301.35SECTI ON 203 - REM OVAL OF STRUCTURES & OBSTRUCTI ONS (Labor 30-50 percent )Removal of Exi sti ng Bri dges: This item should be estimated on an individual basis. Cost of equipment, labor,disposal, move-in and move-out of any special equipment, etc., needs to be considered. Use the equipment andlabor costs in computing the cost (see Equipment Rates and Labor Rates).Removal and Stock pi l i ng/D i sposi ng of Cattl eguards: This item must be estimated on an individual basis. Costof equipment, labor, disposal, move-in and move-out of any special equipment, etc., needs to be considered. Usethe equipment and labor costs in computing the cost (see Equipment Rates and Labor Rates).Removal and D i sposal of Pi pe Cul verts: This should be estimated using time and equipment. Considerationshould be given to the salvage value and disposal method of the culvert. A lso consider if the culvert is beingreplaced at the same location.Note: In addition to the above costs for removal of bridges, pipes, etc.; additional allowances may be necessary for removal ofapproach fills, reclamation and rehabilitation work, and for disposal of hazardous and toxic materials such as creosotedbeams.SECTI ON 204 - EXCAVATI ON AND EM BANKM ENT (Labor 20-45 percent)Localized conditions (slope, classification, etc.) have more impact on costs for small jobs because a full range ofconditions may not exist as in a larger job.Excavation for constructing catch basins on reconstruction projects w hich add drainage should have the sameunit cost as the culvert excavation. Both jobs w ill be done using the same equipment; therefore, costs should besimilar. Separate pay items should be used, one for construction of catch basins and one for culvert installation.The average BA SE COST of common excavation in ID or M T is 1.80/ cy.(02/2009) - 39

Clearing and EarthworkM ateri al adj ustment f actors are as follow s:TypeCommonLoose rockTalus rockSmall glacial BouldersRippable rockLarge glacial bouldersSolid/ Shot rockFactor1.01.5-1.751.51.753.05.05.0-8.0Base costs are to be adjusted by adding the follow ing if required. Tol erance Cl ass: See Finishing Compacti on M ethod: (Does not include w ater, make an allow ance or estimate under Section 160)I D or M T/cyM ethod A – M ore than 80% retained on a N o.4 Sieve 1.02M ethod B – 50% to 80% retained on a N o.4 Sieve 1.16M ethod C – Less than 50% retained on a N o. 4 Sieve 1.30M ethod D – Layer Placement (H auling and Spreading Equipment) 0.56M ethod E – Layer Placement (Roller Compaction) 0.90Note: If applicable, make a subsidiary allowance to this pay item for contractor quality control for Compaction M ethods(b) and (c). Benchi ng Fi l l Sl opes:30-45 percent slope:45-60 percent slope: 0.98/ LF 1.54/ LFNote: If hydraulic excavators are used, there will be no additional cost for benching fill slopes as work will be doneduring clearing/pioneering. Fi ni shi ng:Scari f yi ng:A ddLightA verageH eavy /Stati on (Si ngl e Lane) I D or M T 12.35 16.47 25.78Shapi ng and Fi ni shi ng:Si ngl e Lane Roads w i t h Di t ch -- /Stati onTol erance Cl assAB/CD /ERate (days/ mi)3.52.251.0Cost*ID 71.14 45.53 20.63MT 86.51 55.50 24.49* For Double Lane, multiply single lane cost by 1.35(02/2009) - 40F/G/H0.75I /J/K /L/M0.5 14.94 18.78 9.96 12.32

Clearing and EarthworkSi ngl e Lane Roads w i t hout Di t ch -- /Stati onTol erance Cl assAB/CD /ERate (days/ mi)2.01.250.75Cost*ID 39.76 25.61 14.94MT 49.79 37.54 18.78* For Double Lane, multiply single lane cost by 1.35. F/G/H0.5I /J/K /L/M0.25 9.96 12.25 4.98 6.53Loadi ng M ateri al i nto Truck s:ID or M T/ cy 0.98 1.41 1.68Common and loose rockRipped rockBlasted rock and large boulders Conservati on of Rock :For use w hen excavating w ith a dozer or excavator and placing in small stockpile w ithin 300 ft. Whenexcavating and hauling to central stockpile or use point, the added cost of excavation should be coveredabove under Loading M aterial into Trucks. H aul :H aul should be included under this item at the rate of 0.16/ Sta. Yd. for both Idaho and M ontana Conservati on of Topsoi l :Stripping topsoil and w indrow ing w ith grader,relatively flat ground:Stripping topsoil w ith tracked loader andplacing in stockpile w ithin 300 ft. (91m): 12.20 / sta 23.11 / staTraf f i c Control :Open to traffic tw ice during w ork shift30 percent of Base excavationcost plus optionsOpen to traffic once during w ork shift15 percent of Base excavationcost plus optionsOpen to traffic at end of w ork shift5 percent of Base excavationcost plus options Sl ope Bl endi ng:Depending on material and type of slope blending specified, additional costs of .05 to .15/ LF areapplicable. This assumes the w ork being done at start of excavation immediately follow ing pioneering.Slope rounding is a more deliberate practice; estimates are made under Section 204 Compacti on Pri or to Base and Surf aci ng Work (i f requi red):Si nge LaneD oubl e Lane 5.81/ sta 7.75 / sta(02/2009) - 41

Clearing and Earthwork Water: estimate under Section 160, or include an allow ance under this item. Pi t D evel opment: estimate under Section 641. Qual i ty Control : estimate based on sampling and testing noted under Section 153 and as specified inFSSS 153 for project.Roundi ng Cut Sl opesThis w ork, if specified, applies to sophisticated "rounding" after initial pioneering and excavation, and not toblending of the cutslope w ith the natural ground during initial excavation w hich is can be done by a hydraulicexcavator. Estimate by time and equipment, costs range from 0.50 to 0.75/ LF.D rai nage Excavati on and Furrow D i tchesDrainage excavation can be estimated most easily by the lineal foot. The same piece of equipment is required forsmall quantities or larger amounts; but one may use something less efficient for very small amounts. Siteconditions govern more than size considerations; estimate by time and equipment procedures.D rai nage D i psDrainage dips on reconstruction can be estimated at 125 to 200 each depending on material and distancebetw een dips.Earth BermsContinuous Berms cost about 15 per station or .15/ LF(02/2009) - 42

Clearing and EarthworkExample Earthwork CalculationGiven: Single lane, aggregate surfaced road w ith ditch, Compaction M ethod (e), Tolerance Class G, 30% labor80,000 cy excavation70 percent common15 percent rippable rock15 percent blasting rockBenching: 30-45 % slope - 1500 LF, 45-60% - 2500 LFFinishing:Scarification: light-115 sta, avg-72 sta, hvy-15 staShaping and Finishing: 262 staCompaction prior to aggregate base 262 sta.Traffic Control - N / A .Location A .: M ontana - Zone 3Location B.: Idaho - A rea 1 (Zone 2)Solution - Location A. Montana Zone 3Base e:Blast:80,00080,00080,000xxxBase ExcavationCost0.70.150.15Additions to Base ExcavationBenching Fill Slopes:xxx 1.80 1.80 1.80MaterialAdjustment Factorxxx1.003.005.00Quantity30-45 percent:46-60 percent:Compaction Method (e):Finishing: (Tolerance Class G)1,500250080,000 4.50 100,800.00 64,800.00 108,000.00 1,470.00 3,850.00 72,000.00 1,420.25 1,185.84 386.70 4,920.36 1,522.22 360,355.37 3,603.55 363,958.92Costxxx0.981.540.90Scarifying:Light:115x 12.35Average:72x 16.47Heavy:15x 25.78Shaping and Finishing:262x 18.78Compaction prior to base:262x 5.81Total Engineers Estimate w/o Quality ControlQuality Control - 1% of aboveTotal Engineers Estimate including Quality ControlUnit Cost CalculationUnit Cost ( /cy) 360,355.37 w/o Quality Control80,000Cost Unit Cost ( /cy) 363,958.92w/Quality Control80,000AdjustmentFactor forDavis BaconZonesLocation - Zone CalculationUnit Cost ( /cy)Zone 3 Unit Cost (Engineers Estimate w/o Quality Control)Zone 3 Unit Cost (Engineers Estimate with Quality Control) 4.50 4.55xxUnit Cost ( /cy)(02/2009) - 43 4.501.001.00/1.12 4.55AdjustedUnit Cost( /cy) AdjustmentFactor forWageDifferentialsLocation - Wage Differential CalculationSpecified Road Construction Cost (without Quality Control) 4.50 4.55AdjustedUnit Cost( /cy) 4.02

Clearing and EarthworkSolution - Location B. I daho A rea 1 (Zone 2)Base e:Blast:80,00080,00080,000xxxBase ExcavationCost0.70.150.15Additions to Base ExcavationBenching Fill Slopes:xxx 1.80 1.80 1.80MaterialAdjustment Factorxxx1.003.005.00xxx0.981.540.90Quantity30-45 percent:46-60 percent:Compaction Method (e):Finishing: (Tolerance Class G)1,500250080,000Cost 100,800.00 64,800.00 108,000.00 1,470.00 3,850.00 72,000.00 1,420.25 1,185.84 386.70 3914.28 1,522.22 359,349.29 3,593.49 362,942.78CostScarifying:Light:115x 12.35Average:72x 16.47Heavy:15x 25.78 14.94Shaping and Finishing:262xCompaction prior to base:262x 5.81Total Engineers Estimate w/o Quality ControlQuality Control - 1% of aboveTotal Engineers Estimate including Quality ControlUnit Cost CalculationUnit Cost ( /cy)w/o Quality Control 359,349.2980,000 4.49 Unit Cost ( /cy) 362,942.78w/Quality Control80,000AdjustmentFactor forDavis BaconZonesLocation - Zone CalculationUnit Cost ( /cy)Zone 3 Unit Cost (Engineers Estimate w/o Quality Control)Zone 3 Unit Cost (Engineers Estimate with Quality Control) 4.49 4.54xxUnit Cost ( /cy)(02/2009) - 44 4.491.001.00/1.07 4.54AdjustedUnit Cost( /cy) AdjustmentFactor forWageDifferentialsLocation - Wage Differential CalculationSpecified Road Construction Cost (without Quality Control) 4.49 4.54AdjustedUnit Cost( /cy) 4.20

Clearing and EarthworkHAUL (Labor: Cu Yd M ile, 35 percent; Sta Yd, 25 percent. N ote: the haul of asphalt and aggregate may be acontract item. If so, do not reduce, if the subcontractor is expected to pay Davis-Bacon w ages)Not e: Haul i s not a pay i t em, cost s are i nci dent al t o and i ncl uded i n ot her i t ems of w ork)Station yards is used w hen material is moved using dozer pushes; w here as; cubic yard-mile is used w henmaterial is hauled by truck.Cost for H aul, in Idaho and M ontana is 0.12/ sta-yd; and .50 to 1.00/ cubic yard-mile depending on hauldistance, road conditions, etc.Cost for cubic yard-mile haul of excavation, aggregate, riprap, borrow excavation, etc., should be derived w ith theuse of the follow ing procedure.H aul of material includes the fixed costs (for the truck only) of spotting, load, and turnaround in addition to thevariable "underw ay" cost w hile hauling equipment is moving. Loading costs for the loading labor and equipmentshould be included under the parent specification for that w ork.H aul of excavated material is to be measured (for payment) in terms of excavated cubic yards in the originalposition (in place). Costs show n below are based on loose cubic yards; therefore, a compaction factor adjustment(CF) must be made to provide costs based on excavated cubic yards.CF in place densityloose densityTo compute haul of aggregate, borrow , riprap, etc., the compaction factor, CF, must be adjusted to fit the methodof measurement; i.e., in place, vehicle quantity, compacted in place, etc. The costs per ton show n below are basedupon 1.4 tons per cubic yard. N ote that haul of excavation, w hen authorized as a pay item, is usually calculatedby the cubic-yard-mile. H aul of materials that are w eighed in tons are calculated in ton-miles.When computing variable haul cost, the estimator should consider all the factors that affect the haul over eachsegment of the haul route. These factors include grade, alignment, road w idth, type of surface, road condition,sight distance, turnout spacing, and other traffic using the road. Use the correct truck for the type of road on thehaul route (belly dumps are inappropriate for crooked narrow roads).Variable costs should be increased if load limits (bridges, city streets, etc) on the route preclude loading trucks torated capacity. The average distance from the point of dumping to the turn-around should be included in thevariable cost haul distance. On single-lane roads this may range up to 2-3 miles additional length, on tw o-laneroads no addition is usually necessary since the trucks can turnaround nearby. A lso, if there are similarconditions at the material source w hich affect travel distance, make allow ance.The follow ing are general guidelines the estimator should use in determining average round-trip travel speedsfor haul computations.A verage Travel Speed5-15 mph10-30 mph25-50 mphRoad Characteri sti csN arrow dirt road, steep grades, numerous sharp curves, poor sightdistances and few turnoutsDirt or gravel surface, single lane, grades to 8%, fair to good alignment,adequate turnouts, and good sight distanceGravel or paved surface, double lane, moderate grades to 6%, good toexcellent alignment, excellent sight distance(02/2009) - 45

Clearing and EarthworkFi xed Cost: (Increase fixed costs to reflect difficult or unique situations in loading or dumping material, such asasphalt or riprap.)12 CY End Dump20 CY Bottom Dump 0.76/ CY 0.92/ CYor 0.54/ Tonor 0.65/ TonV ari abl e Cost - /CY-M i l e or /Ton-M i l e:mph1015202530405012 CY End DumpCYTon 2.98 2.11 1.99 1.47 1.50 1.07 1.19 0.88 0.99 0.69 0.76 0.55 0.59 0.4320 CY Bottom DumpCYTon 2.16 1.51 1.43 1.02 1.06 0.78 0.84 0.62 0.71 0.49 0.52 0.39 0.43 0.31ExampleThe follow ing is an example format to be used for computing variable cost.QUA N TITY LOOSE CUBIC YA RDSH A UL COSTRoadSegmentA verageSpeedRoundtripLengthM iles / CY-M ile or / Ton-M ileTons or CYTotals(2)VariableCost(1)The total haul cost is the sum of the variable costs and fixed cost; the unit cost w ill be the variable unit cost plus thefixed cost.Total Cost/ CY or Ton (1)Total Variable Cost Fixed Cost(2) Loose CY or Ton (1)(2)(02/2009) - 46 / CY or Ton

Clearing and EarthworkSECTI ON 208 - STRUCTURE EXCAVATI ON AND BACKFI LL FOR SELECTED M AJORSTRUCTURES (Labor 50 percent)Costs range from 30/ cy to 45/ cy. M ore if large boulders are present or if there are excessive dew ateringproblems. If applicable make a subsidiary allow ance to this pay item for contractor quality control.H igher prices can be expected for excavation of large boulders, solid rock, etc.SECTI ON 211 – ROADWAY OBLI TERATI ON (Labor 40 percent)Obliteration may range from merely ripping and scarifying the road surface, removing culverts, and rounding offthe cutslope to complete removal of the road template and recontouring to the original natural profile. A laborershould be included to saw replacement slash and seed/ fertilize behind the equipment.This w ork is generally performed from the end of the road to the beginning. Estimator needs to consider theexisting condition of the road. Clearing and excavation may be required to access the end of the road to performthe roadw ay obliteration w ith the required equipment.M ethodM ethod 2M ethod 2Cl osure D evi ceGateGate, guardrail,concrete or earthbarrier, orRecontour atintersectionM i ti gati onOutslope, seed, fertilize.N ormal drainage.M ay treat noxious w eeds.Cost Range* 500- 1,500 / mileDrain dips, drivable w aterbars, or outslope.Scarify 2-3 inches, seed & fertilize.M ay scatter slash on roadw ay.M ay treat noxious w eeds. 1000- 2,500 / mileWaterbar or intermittent outslope.Remove CM P's & restore all w atercourses tonatural channels & floodplains.Rip 6-12 inches, seed and fertilize.M ethod 2M ay scatter slash on road.M ay treat noxious w eeds.Waterbar or intermittent outslope.Selective recontour along the road.Recontour atRemove CM P's & restore all w atercourses tointersection ornatural channels & floodplains.Rock or earthM ethod 2Rip 12-18 inches, seed & fertilize.barrierScatter slash on recontoured slope.M ay treat noxious w eeds.Recontour the entire road prism to almost preroad conditions.Remove CM P's & restore all w atercourses toRecontournatural channels & floodplains.M ethod 1Seed & fertilize.Scatter clash on recontoured slope.M ay treat noxious w eeds.*Costs do not include gates, guardrails, and concrete barriers.*Costs include minor structure removal.*Cost do not include w eed treatment. 2,500- 3,500 / mileRecontour atintersection orrock or earthbarrier(02/2009) - 47 3,000- 7,500 / mile 7,500 up / mile

Clearing and EarthworkSECTI ON 212 LI NEAR GRADI NG (Labor 45 percent)This section is intended for use on single purpose roads in relatively gentle/ moderate and uniform terrain. It canbe used in conjunction w ith most construction control methods. The specification combines clearing andgrubbing, excavation, and erosion control.The entire preconstruction effort including location, survey, design, and cost estimating should be consistent w iththe road standard, desired end product, and risk factor. A high degree of sophistication is not w arranted w hendeveloping the cost estimate for this w ork.Use of Tabl es 212-1 through 212-4 on the follow ing pages is quite appropriate and fits the intent of thespecification. The tables consider each of the typical sections commonly used in the Region. The assumptionslisted below w ere used in preparing the tables:Clearing and Grubbing:Clearing limits (top of cut - toe of fill) (minimum 25' w idth)Topographic factor - see Section 201.Tabl es 212-1 and 212-2 show clearing cost for Government, purchaser, or cooperator-ow ned timber such as thatfound on timber sale contracts, on public w orks contracts R/ W timber should be decked by the contractor to besold by the Forest Service. R/ W timber volume value should not be made a consideration of bid for clearingitems on public w orks contracts.(Cost allow ance for painting and branding of logs, w here required, is considered incidental to clearing, noseparate allow ance is required.)Excavation:Self balanced sections.Compaction factor used (.25 to .75).N o allow ance for drain dips, finishing and/ or shaping, slough w idening, curvew idening, turnouts, turnarounds, or haul.N ote: an additional allow ance may be made for these items.To determine costs, use the procedure outlined below . Be sure to use the correct table for the appropriate roadbackslope, and road template.Step 1 Determine base Clearing and Grubbing Costs in dollars per mile by entering Tabl e 212-1 (for 3/ 4:1backslopes) or Tabl e 212-2 (for 1:1 backslopes) w ith know n values for sideslopes and right-of-w ayvolume per acre. (N ote: the minimum clearing w idth is 25 feet or 3 acres per mile.) A djust the clearingcost by multiplying the base clearing and grubbing cost by the slash disposal adjustment and thew idening factors.Sl ash D i sposal s Factors:M ethodWindrow ingScatteringPilingFactor1.0-1.11.15-1.351.3Wi deni ng Factors (Cl eari ng):M ethodN o additional w ideningSlough w idening, turnouts, logtruck curve w idening,turnaroundsFactor1.01.2(02/2009) - 48

Clearing and EarthworkStep 2 A dd allow ance for Individual Removal of Trees – Section 201, Cost Guide.Step 3 Determine base excavation costs in dollars per mile using Tabl e 212-3 w ith know n values for backslopesand sideslopes. A djust the excavation cost for materials, topography, and additional w idening bymultiplying the base excavation cost by the respective adjustment factors. A dd additional cost forscarifying (if necessary), drainage dips, haul, etc.M ateri al Factor: (% Common)(1.0) (%Loose Rock)(1.5-1.75) (% Rip)(3.0) (% Blast &Boulders)(5.0)Topography Factor:M ethodSelf balanced sectionsSome through fills and free haulWi deni ng Factor (Excavati on):M ethodN o additional w ideningSlough w idening, turnouts, logtruck curve w idening,turnaroundsFactor1.01.25Factor1.01.15D rai nage D i ps: see Cost Guide Section 204H aul : see Cost Guide Section 204Total Excavati on Cost (Base Cost) x (M aterial Factor) x (Topography Factor) x (Widening Factor) (Drainage Dips) (H aul)Step 4 Determine seeding cost in dollars per mile by using Tabl e 212-4.Step 5 Total results in steps 1, 2, 3, and 4 to determine unit cost.(02/2009) - 49

Clearing and EarthworkExample Linear Grading Calculation:Location: M ontana Zone 3Length: 1.7 milesA verage side slope: 30 percentR/ W timber classification: Light-M ed (15 M BF/ A c), Purchaser ow nedWindrow construction slashH azard Trees: 12 (Total)Excavation classification:85 percent common15 percent rip0 percent blastTemplate: 14 ft w / o ditch, 3/ 4:1 backslope, self balanced sections, no through fills or free haul.A llow for turnouts every 1,000 feet, normal curve w idening, one turnaround per mile, and 4drainage dips. Seed, dry method, w ithout mulch.Step 1: Base Clearing Cost 8,350 per mile (Table 212-1)A djusted Clearing Cost:Slash Disposal Factor 1.0Widening Factor 1.2Cost 8,350per mile *1.0 *1.2 10,020 per mileStep 2: A llow ance for Removal of Trees M iscellaneous12 Trees * 30 per tree / 1.7 miles 212 per mile.Step 3:Base excavation cost 4,590 per mile (Table 212-3)A djusted excavation cost:M aterial Factor (0.85 *1.0) (0.15 *3.0) (0 *5.0) 1.3Topography Factor 1.0Widening Factor 1.15Drainage Dips 4 @ 125/ 1.7 294 per mileCost ( 4,590 per mile *1.3 *1.0 *1.15) 294 7,156 per mileStep 4: Seeding Cost 710 per mile (Table 212-4) (calculated under Section 625)Step 5: Unit Cost 10,020 212 7,156 710 15,152 per mileA djust for Zone 3 (labor, 45%): 18,098 per mile *1.00 18,098 per mile(02/2009) - 50

Clearing and EarthworkTabl e 212-1Cl eari ng and Grubbi ng Cost per mi l e f or Speci f i cati on 212Back sl ope: 3/4 : 1RoadTempl ateSS%Purchaser Ow ned R/W Ti mber12 w /o14 w /o12 w /D i tchD i tchD i tchV ol /A cre01020304050555555 7,380 7,380 6,780 6,780 6,780 8,830 7,380 7,380 6,780 6,780 7,020 10,410 7,380 7,380 6,780 6,780 8,110 11,86001020304050101010101010 8,230 8,230 7,500 7,500 7,500 9,920 8,230 8,230 7,500 7,500 7,7

Ground Slope Factor Gentle (under 20 percent) 1.1 Moderate (20 to 45 percent) 1.0 Steep (over 45 percent

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DIVISION 200 - EARTHWORK . This work shall consist of clearing, grubbing, removing, and disposing of all vegetation and debris within the construction limits shown on the plans, except such objects that are designated to remain or are to be removed in accordance with other sections of these specifications. If no construction limits are .

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