DATA AND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS, TENTH EDITION
THE WILLIAM STALLINGS BOOKS ON COMPUTERAND DATA COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGYDATA AND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS, TENTH EDITIONA comprehensive survey that has become the standard in the field, covering (1) data communications, includingtransmission, media, signal encoding, link control, and multiplexing; (2) communication networks, includingcircuit and packet switched, Frame Relay, ATM, and LANs; (3) the TCP/IP protocol suite, including IPv6, TCP, MIME,and HTTP, as well as a detailed treatment of network security. Received the 2007 Text and Academic AuthorsAssociation (TAA) award for the best Computer Science and Engineering Textbook of the year.WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS AND SYSTEMS (with Cory Beard)A comprehensive, state-of-the art survey. Covers fundamental wireless communications topics, includingantennas and propagation, signal encoding techniques, spread spectrum, and error-correction techniques.Examines satellite, cellular, wireless local loop networks, and wireless LANs, including Bluetooth and 802.11.Covers wireless mobile networks and applications.COMPUTER SECURITY, THIRD EDITION (with Lawrie Brown)A comprehensive treatment of computer security technology, including algorithms, protocols, and applications.Covers cryptography, authentication, access control, database security, cloud security, intrusion detection andprevention, malicious software, denial of service, firewalls, software security, physical security, human factors,auditing, legal and ethical aspects, and trusted systems. Received the 2008 TAA award for the best ComputerScience and Engineering Textbook of the year.OPERATING SYSTEMS, EIGHTH EDITIONA state-of-the art survey of operating system principles. Covers fundamental technology as well as contemporarydesign issues, such as threads, SMPs, multicore, real-time systems, multiprocessor scheduling, embedded OSs,distributed systems, clusters, security, and object-oriented design. Third, fourth and sixth editions received theTAA award for the best Computer Science and Engineering Textbook of the year.CRYPTOGRAPHY AND NETWORK SECURITY, SIXTH EDITIONA tutorial and survey on network security technology. Each of the basic building blocks of network security,including conventional and public-key cryptography, authentication, and digital signatures, are covered. Providesa thorough mathematical background for such algorithms as AES and RSA. The book covers important networksecurity tools and applications, including S/MIME, IP Security, Kerberos, SSL/TLS, network access control, andWi-Fi security. In addition, methods for countering hackers and viruses are explored. Second edition receivedthe TAA award for the best Computer Science and Engineering Textbook of 1999.NETWORK SECURITY ESSENTIALS, FIFTH EDITIONA tutorial and survey on network security technology. The book covers important network security tools andapplications, including S/MIME, IP security, Kerberos, SSL/TLS, network access control, and Wi-Fi security.In addition, methods for countering hackers and viruses are explored.BUSINESS DATA COMMUNICATIONS, SEVENTH EDITION (with Tom Case)A comprehensive presentation of data communications and telecommunications from a business perspective.Covers voice, data, image, and video communications and applications technology and includes a number ofcase studies. Topics covered include data communications, TCP/IP, cloud computing, Internet protocols andapplications, LANs and WANs, network security, and network management.COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE, TENTH EDITIONA unified view of this broad field. Covers fundamentals such as CPU, control unit, microprogramming, instructionset, I/O, and memory. Also covers advanced topics such as multicore, superscalar, and parallel organization.Five-time winner of the TAA award for the best Computer Science and Engineering Textbook of the year.
Foundations ofModern NetworkingSDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and CloudWilliam StallingsWith contributions by:Florence AgbomaBritish Sky BroadcastingSofiene JelassiAssistant ProfessorUniversity of Monastir, Tunisia800 East 96th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 USA
Foundations of Modern Networking: SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT,and CloudAssociate PublisherDave DusthimerCopyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.Executive EditorBrett BartowAll rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protectedby copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibitedreproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission touse material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc.,Permissions Department, 200 Old Tappan Road, Old Tappan, New Jersey 07675, or you mayfax your request to (201) 236-3290.ISBN-13: 978-0-13-417539-3ISBN-10: 0-13-417539-5Senior DevelopmentEditorChristopher ClevelandManaging EditorSandra SchroederProject EditorMandie FrankLibrary of Congress Control Number: 2015950673Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at RR Donnelley, Crawfordsville, INFirst printing: November 2015TrademarksMany of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products areclaimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher wasaware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters orin all capitals.Warning and DisclaimerThe author and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make noexpressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors oromissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connectionwith or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein.Copy EditorKeith ClineIndexerPublishing WorksProofreaderKatie MatejkaTechnical ReviewersWendell OdomTim SzigetiEditorial AssistantVanessa EvansDesignerAlan ClementsSpecial SalesFor information about buying this title in bulk quantities, or for special sales opportunities(which may include electronic versions; custom cover designs; and content particular to yourbusiness, training goals, marketing focus, or branding interests), please contact our corporatesales department at corpsales@pearsoned.com or (800) 382-3419.For government sales inquiries, please contact governmentsales@pearsoned.com.For questions about sales outside the U.S., please contact international@pearsoned.com.Visit us on the Web: informit.com/awCompositorMary Sudul
Contents at a GlancePreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiPART IMODERN NETWORKING3CHAPTER 1Elements of Modern Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4CHAPTER 2Requirements and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38PART IISOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKS75CHAPTER 3SDN: Background and Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76CHAPTER 4SDN Data Plane and OpenFlow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92CHAPTER 5SDN Control Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112CHAPTER 6SDN Application Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144PART IIIVIRTUALIATION175CHAPTER 7Network Functions Virtualization: Concepts andArchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176CHAPTER 8NFV Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198CHAPTER 9Network Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230PART IVDEFINING AND SUPPORTING USER NEEDS265CHAPTER 10Quality of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266CHAPTER 11QoE: User Quality of Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300CHAPTER 12Network Design Implications of QoS and QoE . . . . . . . . . . . 322PART VMODERN NETWORK ARCHITECTURE: CLOUDS AND FOG347CHAPTER 13Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348CHAPTER 14The Internet of Things: Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372CHAPTER 15The Internet of Things: Architecture and Implementation . . 394PART VIRELATED TOPICS433CHAPTER 16Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434CHAPTER 17The Impact of the New Networking on IT Careers . . . . . . . . 466Appendix A: References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510iii
Table of ContentsPrefacePART IxxiMODERN NETWORKING3Chapter 1: Elements of Modern Networking41.1The Networking Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.2Example Network Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7A Global Network Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7A Typical Network Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.3Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Applications of Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Ethernet Data Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141.4Wi-Fi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Applications of Wi-Fi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Wi-Fi Data Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.54G/5G Cellular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23First Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Second Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Third Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Fourth Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Fifth Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251.6Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Cloud Computing Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26The Benefits of Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Cloud Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Cloud Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28ivTable of Contents
1.7Internet of Things. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Things on the Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Layers of the Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291.8Network Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301.9Unified Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331.10Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371.11References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Chapter 2: Requirements and Technology2.138Types of Network and Internet Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Elastic Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Inelastic Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Real-Time Traffic Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432.2Demand: Big Data, Cloud Computing, and Mobile Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . 45Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Mobile Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512.3Requirements: QoS and QoE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Quality of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Quality of Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542.4Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Packet Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Routing Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Elements of a Router. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592.5Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Effects of Congestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Congestion Control Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Table of Contentsv
2.6SDN and NFV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Software-Defined Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Network Functions Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692.7Modern Networking Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712.8Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722.9References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73PART IISOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKS75Chapter 3: SDN: Background and Motivation763.1Evolving Network Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Demand Is Increasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Supply Is Increasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Traffic Patterns Are More Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Traditional Network Architectures are Inadequate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793.2The SDN Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80SDN Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Characteristics of Software-Defined Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853.3SDN- and NFV-Related Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Standards-Developing Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Industry Consortia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Open Development Initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893.4Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913.5References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Chapter 4: SDN Data Plane and OpenFlow4.192SDN Data Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Data Plane Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Data Plane Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95viTable of Contents
4.2OpenFlow Logical Network Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Flow Table Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Flow Table Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102The Use of Multiple Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Group Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074.3OpenFlow Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1094.4Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Chapter 5: SDN Control Plane5.1112SDN Control Plane Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Control Plane Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Southbound Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Northbound Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1195.2ITU-T Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205.3OpenDaylight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122OpenDaylight Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122OpenDaylight Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1245.4REST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128REST Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Example REST API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1305.5Cooperation and Coordination Among Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Centralized Versus Distributed Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133High-Availability Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Federated SDN Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Border Gateway Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Routing and QoS Between Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Using BGP for QoS Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138IETF SDNi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140OpenDaylight SNDi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CRYPTOGRAPHY AND NETWORK SECURITY, SIXTH EDITION A tutorial and survey on network security technology. Each of the basic building blocks of network security, . THE WILLIAM STALLINGS BOOKS ON COMPUTER AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY. Foundations of Modern Networking SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and Cloud William Stallings With contributions by:
Stuttering Foundation of America self-therapy for the stutterer TENTH EDITION THE STUTTERING FOUNDATION PUBLICATION NO. 0012 self-therapy for the stutterer Publication No. 0012 First Edition—1978 Tenth Edition—2002 Revised Tenth Edition—2007 Published by Stuttering Foundation of America 3100 Walnut Grove Road, Suite 603 P.O. Box 11749 Memphis, Tennessee 38111-0749 Library of Congress .
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