INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION TOBIOTECHNOLOGYANDGENETIC ENGINEERING
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INTRODUCTION TOBIOTECHNOLOGYANDGENETIC ENGINEERINGA.J. NAIR, PH.D.INFINITY SCIENCE PRESS LLCHingham, MassachusettsNew Delhi, India
Reprint & Revision Copyright 2008. INFINITY SCIENCE PRESS LLC. All rights reserved.Copyright 2007. Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd. Original title: Principles of BiotechnologyThis publication, portions of it, or any accompanying software may not be reproduced in any way,stored in a retrieval system of any type, or transmitted by any means or media, electronic ormechanical, including, but not limited to, photocopy, recording, Internet postings or scanning,without prior permission in writing from the publisher.INFINITY SCIENCE PRESS LLC11 Leavitt StreetHingham, MA 02043Tel. 877-266-5796 (toll free)Fax itysciencepress.comThis book is printed on acid-free paper.A.J. Nair. Introduction to Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering.ISBN: 978-1-934015-16-2The publisher recognizes and respects all marks used by companies, manufacturers, and developersas a means to distinguish their products. All brand names and product names mentioned in this bookare trademarks or service marks of their respective companies. Any omission or misuse (of anykind) of service marks or trademarks, etc. is not an attempt to infringe on the property of others.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNair, A. J.Introduction to biotechnology and genetic engineering / A.J. Nair.p. cm.Rev. ed. of: Principles of biotechnology.Includes index.ISBN-13: 978-1-934015-16-2 (hardcover with cd-rom : alk. paper)I. Nair, A.J. Principles of biotechnology. II. Title.TP248.2.N35 2008660.6--dc22200703265807 6 7 8 9 5 4 3 2 1Our titles are available for adoption, license or bulk purchase by institutions, corporations, etc. Foradditional information, please contact the Customer Service Dept. at 877-266-5796 (toll free).Requests for replacement of a defective CD-ROM must be accompanied by the original disc, yourmailing address, telephone number, date of purchase and purchase price. Please state the natureof the problem, and send the information to INFINITY SCIENCE PRESS, 11 Leavitt Street, Hingham,MA 02043.The sole obligation of INFINITY SCIENCE PRESS to the purchaser is to replace the disc, based on defectivematerials or faulty workmanship, but not based on the operation or functionality of the product.
CONTENTSPART 1INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY1Chapter hapter 2Introduction and DefinitionHistorical PerspectivesScope and Importance of BiotechnologyCommercial PotentialAn Interdisciplinary ChallengeA Quantitative ApproachClassical vs Modern ConceptsQuality Control in ManufacturingProduct SafetyGood Manufacturing Practices (GMP)Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)MarketingReview Questions351013141521232425262830Fundamentals of Biochemical t of pHPhysical VariablesDimensions and UnitsMeasurement ConventionsPhysical and Chemical Property DataStoichiometric CalculationsErrors in Data and CalculationsAbsolute and Relative UncertaintyTypes of ErrorsStatistical AnalysisPresentation of Experimental DataData Analysisv
2.242.252.26Chapter 3TrendsTesting Mathematical ModelsGoodness of FIT (Chi-Square Distribution)Use of Graph Paper with Logarithmic CoordinatesProcess Flow DiagramMaterial and Energy BalancesFluid Flow and MixingMass TransferHeat TransferBioreactor DesigningUnit OperationsHomogeneous ReactionsReactor EngineeringReview Questions6162646465687172727274758082Biotechnology and ic Perception of BiotechnologyPatenting (Intellectual Property Rights—IPR)PatentsInternational Patent LawsPatenting in BiotechnologyVarietal ProtectionEthical Issues in Biotechnology—Agriculture and Health CareReview QuestionsPart 2BIOMOLECULES97Chapter 4Building Blocks of Biomolecules—Structure and ionFunctional Groups of BiomoleculesBuilding Blocks of CarbohydratesBuilding Blocks of ProteinsBuilding Blocks of Nucleic Acids: NucleotidesBuilding Blocks of Lipids: Fatty Acids, GlycerolOptical Activity and Stereochemistry of BiomoleculesConformation and ConfigurationBiochemical TransformationsMajor Metabolic Pathways99105109115121127131135137143
CONTENTSChapter 5Chapter 6vii4.11 Precursor–Product Relationship4.12 Supramolecular Assembly4.13 Bioinformatics and Biomolecular DatabasesReview Questions169171171173Structure and Function of eic AcidsLipids and Biological MembranesReview QuestionsBiochemical 45IntroductionTechniques Based on Molecular Weight and SizeTechniques Based on ChargeTechniques Based on PolarityTechniques Based on SpectroscopyTechniques Based on SolubilityReview QuestionsPart 3THE CELL AND DEVELOPMENT247Chapter 7The Basic Unit of 275276276278279280281Cell Structure and ComponentsTissues and OrgansEvolution of PopulationSpeciationBiodiversityAdaptationNatural SelectionOrganization of LifeSize and ComplexityInteraction with the EnvironmentReview Questions
viiiCONTENTSChapter 8Chapter 9Part 4Cell Growth and 20323324326326327328Cell DivisionCell CycleCell Communication and Signal Transduction PathwaysMovementNutritionGaseous ExchangeInternal TransportMaintaining Internal EnvironmentReproductionAnimal and Plant DevelopmentImmune Response in Humans and AnimalsApoptosisDefense Mechanisms in PlantsPlant-Pathogen InteractionSecondary MetabolismDefense Strategies in Microbes and InsectsReview QuestionsCellular Cell SortingCell FractionationCell-Growth DeterminationReview Questions331332339340343347GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY349Chapter 10 The Principles of Genetics10.110.210.310.410.510.610.710.8Historical PerspectivesMultiple AllelesLinkage and Crossing OverGenetic MappingGene Interaction or PolygenesSex-Linked InheritanceExtra Nuclear InheritanceQuantitative Inheritance351351361362365368369372378
CONTENTS10.910.1010.1110.1210.1310.1410.15Gene at the Population LevelDiscovery of DNA as Genetic MaterialMutagenesisDNA RepairGenetic DisordersTransposonsAnimal and Plant BreedingReview QuestionsChapter 11 Genome Function11.1 Genome Organization11.2 Genome-Sequencing Projects11.3 DNA ReplicationReview Chapter 12 Gene 464Fine Structure of a GeneFrom Gene to ProteinGene ExpressionTranscriptionGenetic CodeTranslationRegulation of Gene ExpressionGenetic Basis of Differentiation and DevelopmentHousekeeping GenesGenetics of CancerImmunogeneticsEvolutionary GeneticsReview QuestionsChapter 13 Genetic Chromosomal TechniquesMutagenic TechniquesRecombination in BacteriaBreeding Methods in PlantsPedigree Analysis in HumansDNA IsolationReview Questions467467468475477481486491495
xPart 5CONTENTSPROTEIN AND GENE MANIPULATIONSChapter 14 Protein Structure and ction to the World of ProteinsThree-Dimensional Shape of ProteinsStructure-Function Relationship in ProteinsPurification of ProteinsCharacterization of ProteinsProtein-Based ProductsDesigning ProteinsProteomicsReview QuestionsChapter 15 Recombinant DNA 015.11IntroductionTools of Recombinant DNA TechnologyMaking Recombinant DNADNA LibraryTransgenics—Introduction of Recombinant DNA into Host CellsIdentification of RecombinantsPolymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)DNA ProbesHybridization TechniquesDNA SequencingSite-directed MutagenesisReview QuestionsChapter 16 onGenome MappingGenome-Sequencing ProjectsGene Prediction and CountingGenome Similarity, SNPs, and Comparative GenomicsPharmacogenomicsFunctional Genomics and MicroarraysMolecular 28629636
CONTENTSChapter 17 Bioinformatics17.117.217.317.4Part 6History of BioinformaticsSequence and NomenclatureInformation SourcesAnalysis using Bioinformatics ToolsReview QuestionsCELL-CULTURE TECHNOLOGYChapter 18 Microbial Culture and uctionMicrobial Culture TechniquesMeasurement and Kinetics of Microbial GrowthScale up of a Microbial ProcessIsolation of Microbial ProductsStrain Isolation and ImprovementApplications of Microbial Culture TechnologyBioethics in Microbial TechnologyReview QuestionsChapter 19 Plant Cell Culture and onCell- and Tissue-Culture TechniquesApplications of Cell and Tissue CultureGene-Transfer Methods in PlantsTransgenic Plants with Beneficial TraitsDiagnostics in Agriculture and Molecular BreedingBioethics in Plant Genetic EngineeringReview QuestionsReferencesChapter 20 Animal-cell Culture and imal Cell Culture TechniquesCharacterization of Cell LinesScale-up of Animal Cell Culture ProcessApplications of Animal-Cell CulturesStem-cell 19734736742749
xiiCONTENTS20.7 Bioethics in Animal Genetic EngineeringReview QuestionsChapter 21 Applications of Biotechnology l Fuel GenerationSingle-cell ProteinSewage TreatmentEnvironmental BiotechnologyMedical BiotechnologyAgriculture and Forest BiotechnologyFood and Beverage BiotechnologySafety in BiotechnologyReview dix: About the CD-Rom777Index791
PREFACEBiotechnology as a fast developing technology as well as a science has already shownits impact on different aspects of day-to-day human life such as public health,pharmaceuticals, food and agriculture, industry, bioenergetics and informationtechnology. Now it is very clear that biotechnology will be a key technology for the 21stcentury and the science of the future. It has the potential to ensure food security, dramaticallyreduce hunger and malnutrition, and reduce rural poverty, particularly in developingcountries. Considering its commercial potential and its possible impact on the economy,the government has taken a number of measures to build up trained human resources inbiotechnology and promote research and development and its commercial aspects. Theintroduction of biotechnology as a subject discipline by various universities is such aninitiation.This book covers all the fundamental aspects of biotechnology. It has been writtenin a very simple manner and explains the fundamental concepts and techniques in detailso that they are very easily understood, even by those without even a basic understandingof biology. Reading this textbook will give readers an idea of the relationship betweenbiotechnology and health, nutrition, agriculture, environment, industry, etc., and will explaindifferent applications of biotechnology in everyday life.—Authorxiii
P a r t1INTRODUCTION TOBIOTECHNOLOGY1
Chapter1OVERVIEWIn This ntroduction and DefinitionHistorical PerspectivesScope and Importance of BiotechnologyCommercial PotentialAn Interdisciplinary ChallengeA Quantitative ApproachClassical vs Modern ConceptsQuality Control in ManufacturingProduct SafetyGood Manufacturing Practices (GMP)Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)MarketingINTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONThe term ‘biotechnology’ was used before the twentieth century for traditionalactivities such as making dairy products such as cheese and curd, as well asbread, wine, beer, etc. But none of these could be considered biotechnologyin the modern sense. Genetic alteration of organisms through selective breeding,plant cloning by grafting, etc. do not fall under biotechnology. The process of3
4INTRODUCTIONTOBIOTECHNOLOGYANDGENETIC ENGINEERINGfermentation for the preparation and manufacturing of products such as alcohol,beer, wine, dairy products, various types of organic acids such as vinegar, citricacid, amino acids, and vitamins can be called classical biotechnology or traditionalbiotechnology. Fermentation is the process by which living organisms such as yeastor bacteria are employed to produce useful compounds or products.Modern biotechnology is similar to classical biotechnology in utilizing livingorganisms. So what makes modern biotechnology modern? It is not modern in thesense of using various living organisms, but in the techniques for doing so. Theintroduction of a large number of new techniques has changed the face of classicalbiotechnology forever. These modern techniques, applied mainly to cells andmolecules, make it possible to take advantage of the biological process in a veryprecise way. For example, genetic engineering has allowed us to transfer theproperty of a single gene from one organism to another. But before going into thedetails of biotechnology and the techniques that make it possible, let us first definebiotechnology.Definition of BiotechnologyThere are several definitions for biotechnology. One simple definition is that it isthe commercialization of cell and molecular biology. According to United StatesNational Science Academy, biotechnology is the “controlled use of biological agentslike cells or cellular components for beneficial use”. It covers both classical as wellas modern biotechnology. More generally, biotechnology can be defined as “theuse of living organisms, cells or cellular components for the production ofcompounds or precise genetic improvement of living things for the benefit of man”.Even though biotechnology has been in practice for thousands of years, thetechnological explosion of the twentieth century, in the various branches ofsciences—physics, chemistry, engineering, computer application, and informationtechnology—revolutionized the development of life sciences, which ultimatelyresulted in the evolution of modern biotechnology.Supported by an array of biochemical, biophysical, and molecular techniquesbesides engineering and information technology, life scientists were able to developnew drugs, diagnostics, vaccines, food products, cosmetics, and industrially usefulchemicals. Genetically-altered crop plants, which can resist the stress of pests,diseases, and environmental extremes were developed. New tools and techniquesto extend the studies on genomics and proteomics, not only of man but otherorganisms were also developed. The involvement of information technology andinternet in biotechnology, particularly genomics and proteomics, has given birthto a new branch in biotechnology—the science of bioinformatics and computationalbiology. The skills of biotechnology, like any other modern science, are founded on
OVERVIEW5the previous knowledge acquired through the ages. If one wants to understandbiotechnology thoroughly, one should also know the history of its development.1.2HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVESBiotechnology as a science is very new (about 200 years old) but as a technology itis very old. The word biotechnology, first used in 1917, refers to a large-scalefermentation process for the production of various types of industrial chemicals.But the roots of biotechnology can be traced back to pre-historical civilizations,such as Egyptian and Indus valley civilizations, when man learned to practiceagriculture and animal domestication. Even before knowing about the existence ofmicroorganisms, they had learned to practice biotechnology.Biotechnology in Prehistoric TimesPrimitive man became domesticated enough to breed plants and animals; gatherand process herbs for medicine; make bread, wine and beer and create manyfermented food products including yogurt, cheese, and various soy products; createseptic systems to deal with digestive and excretory waste products; and to createvaccines to immunize themselves against diseases. Archeologists keep discoveringearlier examples of the uses of microorganisms by man. Examples of most of theseprocesses date back to 5000 BC. Ancient Indus people, for example, prepared andused various types of fermented foods, beverages, and medicines. The ancientEgyptians and Sumerians used yeast to brew wine and to bake bread as early as4000 BC. People in Mesopotamia used bacteria to convert wine into vinegar. Manyancient civilizations exploited tiny organisms that live in the earth by rotating cropsin the field to increase crop yields. The Greeks used crop rotation to maximize cropyield and also practiced various methods of food preservation such as drying,smoking, curing, salting, etc. All these techniques and processes were practiced inthe Middle East and South East Asia including ancient India. The Egyptian art ofmummification used the technique of dehydration using a mixture of salts.Use of Genetic ResourcesThe ancient people were also aware of the role of natural genetic resources such asplants in the economic growth of a land. The ru
9.3 Cell Sorting 339 9.4 Cell Fractionation 340 9.5 Cell-Growth Determination 343 Review Questions 347 Part 4 GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 349 Chapter 10 The Principles of Genetics 351 10.1 Historical Perspectives 351 10.2 Multiple Alleles 361 10.3 Linkage and Crossing Over 362 10.4 Genetic Mapping 365 10.5 Gene Interaction or Polygenes 368
Unit B: Plant Biotechnology 75 1. Overview of Biotechnology (1 3 10 hrs) 14 hrs Introduction : A) Origin and History of biotechnology, B) Scope and importance of biotechnology: a) Biotechnology in Medicine, b) Biotechnology in food industry, c) . Dubey R.C. 2009. A text Book of Biotechnology
UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY . Lesson 1: An Overview of Biotechnology . Competency/Objective: Summarize the importance of biotechnology to agriculture. Study Questions . 1. What is biotechnology? 2. What has been the role of biotechnology in agr iculture? 3. What is the current
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education "I know it when I see it" Of the 22% of people who say they know nothing about biotechnology, genetic engineering or genetic modification; almost half (46%) disapprove of the use of genetic modification to create plant-based foods, and 66% disapprove of animal-based genetic modification.
What is agricultural biotechnology? Biotechnology is a broad collection of tools and technolo-gies that involve the manipulation of living cells and/or biological molecules to solve problems and make useful products. Agricultural biotechnology is the application of biotechnology to agriculture. Agricultural biotechnology
Biotechnology BT 20412 BT Plant Biotechnology 3 1 - 20 15 15 50 70 120 4 3 Biotechnology BT 20413 BT Food Biotechnology 3 1 - 20 15 15 50 70 120 4 4 Biotechnology BT 20414 BT Recombinant DNA Technology 3 1 . A textbook of Biotechnology by R.C. Dubey, S.Chand & company Ltd. References Books:
But recent developments in molecular biology have given biotechnology new meaning, new prominence, and new potential. It is (modern) biotechnology that has captured the attention of the public. Modern biotechnology can have a dramatic effect on the world economy and society (3). One example of modern biotechnology is genetic engineering.
students of Botany at University level, which is organised every year since last 7 years. The Department aims to be a Centre of Excellence. The Department of Biotechnology established in 2002, at present offers UG, PG and Ph.D. programmes in Biotechnology. There are 4 recognized research guides for Ph.D. in Biotechnology and M.Sc. (by research) in Biotechnology. Name of the research centre .
Agricultural biotechnology is the term used in crop and livestock improvement through biotechnology tools. This monograph will focus only on agricultural crop biotechnology. Biotechnology encompasses a number of tools and elements of conventional breeding techniques,
