International Relations
E D IT E D B YS T E P H E N Mc GL IN CHEYInternationalRelations
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i“In today’s volatile and fast moving world, it is important to understand howthings really work on the global stage. This book brings together scholars andpractitioners from around the world to explain key issues, concepts anddynamics from a variety of perspectives in clear and accessible language. Aninvaluable and interesting read for anyone who wants to learn the basics ofinternational relations.”- Marta Dyczok. Associate Professor, Departments of History and PoliticalScience, University of Western Ontario.“With the turbulence all around us, everyone is affected by what happenselsewhere and no one can afford not to understand international relations.This is an essential guide to learning how to navigate our interconnectedworld”.- Mukesh Kapila, CBE. Professor of Global Health & Humanitarian Affairs,University of Manchester.“A thoughtful, well-written, intelligently presented and engaging narrativeintroduction to international relations.”- Richard Ned Lebow. Professor of International Political Theory, Departmentof War Studies, King’s College London.“A concise and comprehensive introduction to the study of internationalaffairs. Adopting a student-centred approach and using strong examples, thisbook is essential for promoting understanding about international relations.”- Yannis Stivachtis. Associate Chair, Department of Political Science, andInternational Studies Program Director, Virginia Tech.
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ivE-International Relationswww.E-IR.infoBristol, England2017ISBN 978-1-910814-17-8 (paperback)ISBN 978-1-910814-18-5 (e-book)This book is published under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC 4.0 license. Youare free to: Share – copy and redistribute the material in any medium or formatAdapt – remix, transform, and build upon the materialUnder the following terms: Attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to thelicense, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in anyreasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensorendorses you or your use.Non-Commercial – You may not use the material for commercialpurposes.Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission. Pleasecontact info@e-ir.info for any such enquiries, including for licensing andtranslation requests.Other than the terms noted above, there are no restrictions placed on the useand dissemination of this book for student learning materials/scholarly use.Elements of chapter seven appeared in Globalisation, Multilateralism,Europe: Towards a Better Global Governance? (Ashgate 2014). Used withpermission.Production: Michael TangCopy-editing: Gill GairdnerCover Image: yuliang11 via DepositphotosA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
vE-IR FoundationsSeries Editor: Stephen McGlincheyEditorial Assistants: Stacey Links, Max Nurnus, Kanica Rakhra & Rosie Walters.E-IR Foundations is a series of beginner’s textbooks from E-International Relations(E-IR) that are designed to introduce complicated issues in a practical and accessibleway. Each book will cover a different area connected to International Relations. This isthe first book in the series, with more to follow.You can find the books, and much more, on E-IR’s Student Portal:http://www.e-ir.info/studentsE-IR is developing our Foundations series as part of our mission to provide the bestsource of freely available scholarly materials for students of International Relations.Each book is available to buy in bookstores in paperback and, uniquely for textbooks,also freely accessible in web and PDF formats. So, readers can have each book attheir fingertips and on all their devices without any restrictions or hassle.Typically, textbook publishing is designed to appeal to professors/lecturers and,consequently, even the introductory books are intended less as an aid to the studentand more to assist the instructor in the classroom. Our books are designed to meet theneeds of the student, with the focus on moving readers from no prior knowledge tocompetency. They are intended to accompany, rather than replace, other texts, whileoffering the student a fresh perspective.About E-International RelationsE-International Relations is the world’s leading open access website for students andscholars of international politics, reaching over three million readers per year. E-IR’sdaily publications feature expert articles, blogs, reviews and interviews – as well asstudent learning resources. The website is run by a non-profit organisation based inBristol, England and staffed by an all-volunteer team of students and scholars.http://www.e-ir.info
viAcknowledgementsThis book would not have been possible without the assistance of E-IR’sStudent Review Panel. Members of the panel gave up their spare time to readdrafts of each chapter and offer their thoughts on how they could beimproved. The panel was chaired by Christian Scheinpflug and comprisedJanja R. Avgustin, Laura Cartner, Tom Cassauwers, Caroline Cottet, JessicaDam, Scott Edwards, Phoebe Gardner, Daniel Golebiewski, Jane Kirkpatrick,Matthew Koo, Naomi McMillen, Mohamed Osman, Robert Ralston, BryanRoh, Daniel Rowney, Ana Carolina Sarmento, Loveleena Sharma, LjupchoStojkovski, Anthony Szczurek, Jan Tattenberg and Jonathan Webb.I would also like to thank all members of the E-International Relations team,past and present, for their many acts of kindness in feeding back on ideasand providing a supportive climate for the book’s development. Of specialnote in that respect is E-IR’s co-founder Adam Groves, without whom thisproject would not have been possible.Countless others have helped me through the year-long process of movingthe book from concept to completion – especially Robert Oprisko, who wasinstrumental in getting the project off the ground during the early stages. Iwould also like to thank Michael Tang and Ran Xiao for their friendship andexpertise.This book has been developed in part due to conversations and experiencesin and around the classroom, so I would also like to thank my colleagues, andmy students, at the University of the West of England, Bristol. I am veryfortunate to be part of such a vibrant and supportive scholarly environment.Finally, and most importantly, I would like to thank the authors of each of thechapters for working so hard on this project and helping me deliver such anexcellent book.Stephen McGlinchey
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viiiInternational RelationsContentsCONTRIBUTORS xGETTING STARTED 1PART ONE - THE BASICS1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.THE MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLDErik Ringmar8DIPLOMACYStephen McGlinchey20ONE WORLD, MANY ACTORSCarmen Gebhard32INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORYDana Gold & Stephen McGlinchey46INTERNATIONAL LAWKnut Traisbach57INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONSShazelina Z. Abidin71GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETYRaffaele Marchetti78GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMYGünter Walzenbach87RELIGION AND CULTUREJohn A. Rees98PART TWO - GLOBAL ISSUES10. GLOBAL POVERTY AND WEALTHJames Arvanitakis & David J. Hornsby113
Contentsix11. PROTECTING PEOPLEAlex J. Bellamy12312. CONNECTIVITY, COMMUNICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGYAndreas Haggman13513. VOICES OF THE PEOPLEJeffrey Haynes14414. TRANSNATIONAL TERRORISMKatherine E. Brown 15215. THE ENVIRONMENTRaul Pacheco-Vega16316. FEEDING THE WORLDBen Richardson17217. MANAGING GLOBAL SECURITY BEYOND ‘PAX AMERICANA’Harvey M. Sapolsky18318. CROSSINGS AND CANDLESPeter Vale194REFERENCES 210NOTE ON INDEXING 222
xInternational RelationsContributorsShazelina Z. Abidin is a Foreign Service officer with the Malaysian Ministryof Foreign Affairs. After postings in Washington, DC, and to the UN in NewYork, she completed her PhD at the University of Sheffield on theResponsibility to Protect.James Arvanitakis is Dean of the Graduate Research School, andProfessor, at Western Sydney University. He is also a Visiting Professor atUniversity of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.Alex J. Bellamy is Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies and Director ofthe Asia Pacific Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, University ofQueensland, Australia.Katherine E. Brown is Lecturer in Islamic Studies at the University ofBirmingham. She specialises in religious terrorism, radicalisation and counterradicalisation with a focus on questions of gender.Carmen Gebhard is Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at theUniversity of Edinburgh. She has a particular interest in small states as wellas in inter-organisational relationships in security and defence matters.Dana Gold is a Doctoral Candidate in the Department of Political Science atthe University of Western Ontario in London, Canada. Her PhD researchexplores how mental representations of the ‘Other’ are constructed andreproduced in the Israeli educational system.Andreas Haggman is a Doctoral Candidate in the Centre for DoctoralTraining in Cyber Security at Royal Holloway University of London, where heis writing his PhD thesis on wargaming cyber-attacks.Jeffrey Haynes is Professor of Politics at London Metropolitan University andDirector of the Centre for the Study of Religion, Conflict and Cooperation.David J. Hornsby is Associate Professor in International Relations andAssistant Dean of Humanities (Teaching and Learning) at the University of the
ContributorsxiWitwatersrand, Johannesburg. His research interests pertain to the politics ofscience and risk in international governance, Canadian foreign policy in SubSaharan Africa, middle power cooperation, and pedagogy in higher education.Raffaele Marchetti is Senior Assistant Professor in International Relations atthe Department of Political Science and the School of Government of LUISS,Rome. His research focuses on global politics and governance, hybriddiplomacy, transnational civil society, cyber-security and political risk anddemocracy.Stephen McGlinchey is Senior Lecturer in International Relations at theUniversity of the West of England, Bristol and Editor-in-Chief ofE-International Relations. His main research interests are in US-Iran relationsduring the Cold War.Raul Pacheco-Vega is an Assistant Professor in the Public AdministrationDivision of the Center for Economic Teaching and Research (CIDE) inMexico. His research focuses on North American environmental politics,primarily sanitation and water governance, solid waste management,neoinstitutional theory, transnational environmental social movements andexperimental methods in public policy.John A. Rees is Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations atThe University of Notre Dame Australia. He is also Convenor of the Religionand Global Society Program at Notre Dame’s Institute for Ethics and Society.Ben Richardson is an Associate Professor in International Political Economyat the University of Warwick. His research focuses on the political economy offood and agriculture.Erik Ringmar is Senior Lecturer in Political Science at Lund University,Sweden. He worked for 12 years at the London School of Economics andwas a Professor of International Relations in China for seven years.Harvey M. Sapolsky is Professor of Public Policy and Organization,Emeritus, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and former Director ofthe MIT Security Studies Program.Knut Traisbach is Programme Director of the Venice Academy of HumanRights at the European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights andDemocratisation, Venice.
xiiInternational RelationsPeter Vale is Director of the Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study &Professor of Humanities at the University of Johannesburg. He is also NelsonMandela Professor of Politics Emeritus, Rhodes University.Günter Walzenbach is Senior Lecturer in European Politics at the Universityof the West of England. His main academic interest lies in the interactionbetween political and economic institutions for the purpose of social problemsolving.
1International RelationsGetting StartedBefore we go forward you should know that this book is available in e-book(PDF), web and paperback versions. While we know that many will use thedigital versions of the book, we encourage you to buy a paperback copy aswell if you are able. A growing body of research offers strong evidence that itis more effective to study from paper sources than from digital. Regardless ofhow you engage with the book, we hope it is an enjoyable read.You can get the paperback version of this book in all good bookstores – fromAmazon right down to your local bookstore – and the digital versions arealways freely available on the E-International Relations Students Portal:http://www.e-ir.info/students/HelloThis book is designed to be the very first book you will read in the area ofInternational Relations. As a beginner’s guide, it has been structured tocondense the most important information into the smallest space and presentthat information in the most accessible way.The book is split into two sections, each of nine chapters. Together they offera broad sweep of the basic components of International Relations and the keycontemporary issues that concern the discipline. The narrative arc forms acomplete circle, taking you from no knowledge to competency. Our journeywill start by examining how the international system was formed and end byreflecting that International Relations is always adapting to events and istherefore a never-ending journey of discovery.Unlike typical textbooks, there are no boxes, charts, pictures or exercises.The philosophy underpinning this book is that these things can be adistraction. This book, like others in the E-IR Foundations series, is designedto capture attention with an engaging narrative. The chapters are short, withsimple paragraphs and clear sentences.We recommend that you read the book as it is presented and avoid cherry-
Getting Started2picking chapters. Remember, the book is an unfolding narrative and eachchapter builds on the one before it. Think of it like this: you would not skip tochapter seven of a novel and expect to understand who the characters wereand what the setting was! Start at the beginning. If you find a chapter difficult,leave it for a little while then come back and give it another try. All chaptersare equally important.Key termsEach discipline has its own unique language. This comprises a range ofspecific terms that have been developed by scholars to describe certainthings. As a result, a lot of the time you spend learning a discipline is spentlearning its jargon so that you can access and understand the literature.Instead of packing this book with jargon we have tried as far as possible toexplain things in ordinary language while easing you into the more particularterminology of International Relations. This approach should keep youengaged while giving you the confidence to read the more advanced literaturethat you will soon encounter. We have also tried to avoid over-usingacronyms.Understanding key terms even applies to something as basic as how toexpress the term ‘International Relations’. The academic convention is tocapitalise it (International Relations, abbreviated as ‘IR’) when referring to theacademic discipline – that is, the subject taught in university campuses allover the world. IR does not describe events; rather, it is a scholarly disciplinethat seeks to understand events. On the other hand, ‘international relations’ –not capitalised – is generally used by both scholars and non-scholars todescribe relations between states, organisations and individuals at the globallevel. This term is interchangeable with terms such as ‘global politics’, ‘worldpolitics’ or ‘international politics’. They all mean pretty much the same thing.We have maintained this capitalisation convention in the book.IR examines just about everything that concerns how we, as human beings,have organised our world. As a discipline it is often described as ‘broadchurch’ as it has delved into other disciplines for the tools to examine thewide range of issues within its scope. Although the chapters will progressivelybuild up the picture, it may be helpful to skim through a few of the key termshere as an introduction.Political power has found its ultimate form (so far) in the creation of thenation-state. Yet, ‘nation-state’, most commonly referred to in the shorter formof ‘state’, is a jargon term that you might not often hear. Instead you may hearpeople say ‘country’ or ‘nation’. But, these terms are technically incorrect at
3International Relationsdescribing the prime units that comprise international relations. France is anation-state. It also happens to be a country and a nation, but then so isWales. But, Wales is not a nation-state. It is part of the United Kingdom,which is a nation-state because, unlike Wales, it possesses something called‘sovereignty’ – which is yet another key jargon term central to IR. Theseissues cannot be understood without IR delving into the discipline of Politicsand borrowing and adapting its insights. But you need not worry, as all theseterms are explained in the book as they appear.You may not be satisfied that international relations is just politics between oramong nation-states. Economics is also involved, and this has evolved to theextent that we are often said to be living in a globalised world characterisedby the relatively free exchanges of goods, people and information.Understandably, this adds new elements to IR and requires it to incorporatean understanding of actors beyond nation-states, such as internationalorganisations and corporations. And you may like to look even wider than therole of states, economics and organisations. Individuals – you and I – are ofcourse also important. After all, international relations is essentially a systemof interaction between human beings. To understand and analyse this, IR hashad to borrow tools from other disciplines such as Sociology. As it has doneso, it has added yet more jargon and the complexity has increased.The paragraph above also introduces the word ‘globalisation’ – a buzzword ofour time, even though scholars still heatedly debate what it actually means. Isglobalisation the description of a shared idea of what international politicsshould be? Is it a description of the growing cultural connections we shareglobally? Is it the description of a world linked by a single global economicmodel – capitalism? Is it all of these things together? Is it new or has italways existed? If we try to answer these questions we quickly find newquestions emerging, such as whether we think globalisation is a positive ornegative thing. For example, if we settle on an idea of globalisation as theemergence of a shared global culture where we all recognise the samesymbols, brands and ideals, what does that mean for local cultures andcustoms? Some even question whether globalisation exists at all. One of IR’sforemost scholars, Kenneth Waltz, famously called it ‘globaloney’.However, this book purposefully avoids getting too bogged down in bigdebates over contested terms such as globalisation. We have also avoidedpackaging complex terms in simplified definitions. Instead, where such issuesarise, we aim to give you sufficient context for you to think for yourself andread deeper and wider. We wish to open your mind, not to tell you what tothink or attempt to give you pre-packed answers.
Getting Started4IR’s dense library of key terms and jargon may appear a dizzying prospect fornew students. But, it should be clear to see how unavoidable they are andwhy IR scholars need to use them. Even making the simplest point aboutsomething within the sphere of IR dr
They are intended to accompany, rather than replace, other texts, while offering the student a fresh perspective. About E-International Relations E-International Relations is the world’s leading open access website for students and scholars of international politics, reaching over three million readers per year. E-IR’s daily publications feature expert articles, blogs, reviews and .
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