Biology Lab Manual - Johnston Community School District

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Biology Lab ManualName: Period:

Johnston High SchoolBiology Lab NotebookTable of Contents:1. General Lab Template2. Lab Report Grading Rubric3. Sample Lab Report4. Graphing Lab5. Personal Experiment6. Enzymes Lab7. The Importance of Water8. Cell Membranes - How Do Small Materials Enter Cells?9. Osmosis - Elodea Lab10. Respiration - Yeast Lab11. Cell Division - Egg Lab12. Heredity - Single Gene Inheritance Patterns13. DNA – The Rules of DNA14. Island evolution of the Gallotia lizards: A data analysis lab

Standard Lab Report TemplateJohnston High School BiologyTitle: Write a descriptive title. Anyone who reads your title should be able to tell whatyour experiment is about.Name, date and name of partnerIntroduction/Background Information: Include your preliminary observations as well as any background information aboutthe subject. Address the specific questions presented with each individual lab for guidance. Use your textbook as a source for this section.Question/Problem: What question are you trying to answer?Hypothesis: Write a statement that says what you are testing and what you expect theoutcome to be. Include reasoning behind why you think this will be the result.Variables: What is the independent variable? This is the variable that you are manipulating. What is the dependent variable? This is the responding variable or what changesduring the experiment. You are measuring this. What are your controlled variables? These are the variables that you will bekeeping constant throughout the experiment.Materials: List all items used in the lab.Experimental Design/Procedure: Write out in list form the steps you took to complete the experiment. Your procedure should be written with enough detail so that anyone else couldrepeat the experiment.

Include any figures that may help your readers visualize what your experimentalset-up may look like.Results/Data: This is your data section where you include data tables and graphs of your datawhen applicable. All tables and graphs should be titled and labeled appropriately and include unitsof measurement. Graphs should be properly scaled with the dependant variable on the y-axis andthe independent variable on the x-axis. Graphs should take up a whole page of graph paper so they are easy to read. A caption should be included with any graphs that explain what the reader isseeing in the graph (this is not where you analyze the graph!)Conclusions: Refer to each individual lab for specific questions to address in your lab report. The minimum requirements for a conclusion include:o Restate hypothesis and question and state whether hypothesis wassupported by results or not.o Infer or explain results by restating your data and giving logicalexplanations of these results. Draw conclusions based on the data obtainedthrough your experiment.o List three procedural errors in the experiment and how they could haveaffected the results. Describe what you would change if you did theexperiment again. Human errors are not the same as procedural errors.o Describe any experiments that are related to this experiment that may bepursued in the future.

Lab Report Grading Rubric2 points1 pointLab described brieflyLab described, too brief or not concise enoughTitle:Hypothesis:Prediction with explanation.Prediction only.MaterialsAll materials listed with quantities4-5 pointsMost materials listed2-3 points0-1 pointsUse of Class Time:Made full use of class time,did not distract others.Was off task for some of theallotted class time or may havebeen a distraction to others. Wasasked to get back on task byinstructorDid not make good use ofclass time and was adistraction to others. Wasasked multiple times to getback on task.Either independent or dependentvariables are inaccurate. Controlsidentified and held constant in labIndependent &/ordependent variables aremissing or inaccurate.Missing some controls.Minor details are left out orprocedure is not fully explained.Procedure is too brief andconfusing to follow.Data lacking in detail &/or unitsmissing. Data accurately portrayed.Data lacking in detail &/orunits missing. Data is aninaccurate representation ofyour results.Variables:Independent and dependentvariables correctlyidentified. Controlsidentified and held constantin labProcedure:Others could duplicate thelab without clarification.Written as a list.Data Table:Data is completely recordedin a table format with unitslisted. Data accuratelyportrayed.10 points8-9 points5-7 points3-4 points0-2 points- Student met allgivenrequirements forthe intro.-Intro has nogrammaticalerrors, anddisplays athorough responseto each question.- Student ismissing onerequirement forthe intro.- Intro mayhave a fewgrammaticalerrors &/or belacking indetail.- Student ismissing multiplerequirements forthe intro.- Intro may havegrammaticalerrors and islacking in detail.-Student ismissing manykeycomponents ofthe intro.- Intro hasgrammaticalerrors and islacking indetail.Introduction:- Student wentabove and beyondthe requirementsfor the intro.- Intro has nogrammaticalerrors, anddisplays athorough responseto each question.- Other sourcesthan textbookwere cited.

10 points8-9 points5-7 points3-4 points0-2 pointsOne error in thefollowing fromthe following:- Title- Key if needed- Correct labelsand units- Appropriate typeof graph- Data is plottedaccurately- Captiondescribing graph2-3 errors in thegraph from thefollowing: title- Key if needed- Correct labelsand units- Appropriatetype of graph- Data is plottedaccurately- Captiondescribinggraph-Major errorsexist in the graphin multiple areas- Students didnot use theappropriategraph torepresent dataData isinaccuratelyplotted. Thegraph ismissing majorcomponents&/or may bedifficult toread.- Student met allgivenrequirements forthe conclusion butresponse may betoo brief.- Conclusion hasno grammaticalerrors, anddisplays athorough responseto each question.- Data is usedthroughout theconclusion tosupportstatements.- Student ismissing onerequirement forthe conclusion.- Conclusionmay have a fewgrammaticalerrors &/or belacking indetail.- Data is used inthe conclusionto supportstatements butmay not be usedfrequently orappropriately.- Student ismissing multiplerequirements forthe conclusion.- Conclusionmay havegrammaticalerrors &/or islacking in detail.- Data is not usedin the conclusionto supportstatements.- Student ismissing manykeycomponents ofthe conclusion.- Conclusionhasgrammaticalerrors and islacking indetail.- Data is notused in theconclusion tosupportstatements.Graphing:100% accurate, noerrors. Includesthe following:- Title- Key if needed- Correct labelsand units- Appropriate typeof graph- Data is plottedaccurately- Captiondescribing graphConclusion:- Student wentabove and beyondthe requirementsfor theconclusion.- Conclusion hasno grammaticalerrors, anddisplays athorough responseto each question.- Data is usedthroughout theconclusion tosupportstatements.Total Points:/ 56Comments:

Graphing LabUsing the materials in the room, you will need to collect three different sets of datathat can be displayed by making the three types of graphs discussed in class. Each setof data will need to be displayed in a different type of graph.Write the following information in your lab notebook. Responses should be in sentenceformat. Follow your lab report template and follow the towel lab for examples.Title of this labName, date and name of partnerIntroduction/Background Information: Discuss the three different types of graphs discussed in class.o List the three types of graphso Explain what type of data each graph is best at representing.For each of the separate graphing types, write a mini lab on each that includes thefollowing information. You will need to write all of the content listed below foreach including the pie graph, the line graph and the bar graph.Question/Problem: What question are you trying to answer in your experiment?Hypothesis: Write a statement that says what you expect the outcome to be. Include reasoning behind why you think this will be the result.Variables: What is the independent variable? This is the variable that you aremanipulating. What is the dependent variable? This is the responding variable or whatchanges during the experiment. You are measuring this. What are your controlled variables? These are the variables that you will bekeeping constant throughout the experiment.

Materials: List all items used in the lab.Experimental Design/Procedure: Write out in list form the steps you took to complete the experiment. Your procedure should be written with enough detail so that anyone else couldrepeat the experiment. Include any figures that may help your readers visualize what yourexperimental set-up may look like.Results/Data: This is your data section where you include data tables and graphs of yourdata when applicable. All tables and graphs should be titled and labeled appropriately and includeunits of measurement. A caption should be included with any graphs that explain what the reader isseeing in the graph (this is not where you analyze the graph!)Conclusions: Restate hypothesis and question and state whether hypothesis was supportedby results or not. Infer or explain results by restating the averages/data and giving logicalexplanations of these results. Draw conclusions based on the data obtainedthrough your experiment.

Personal Experiment Planning SheetYour task is to design an experiment to answer a personal question. You may choose anyquestion you desire as long as you can:1.2.3.4.Complete the experiment in under 1 weekBe able to collect numeric data that can be represented in a graph or chart.Be able to come to a conclusionCollect all materials on your own (unless Mrs. Burns specifically says she canprovide it)1. What is your question? Be sure to word it in a complete sentence and be veryspecific.a. Bad example: What food does Butters like best?b. Good example: Which type of food will Butters the fish eat first whengiven the option: earth worms or fish pellets?2. What is your hypothesis? What answer do you think will happen and why do youthink this. This should be in complete sentences as well.3. What is your independent variable?4. What is your dependant variable?5. Do you have a control group? If so, what is it?6. List your controlled variables:

Personal Experiment Lab ReportTitleName, date and name of partnerIntroduction/Background Information: What are controlled experiments and what importance do they serve inscience? How many variables are tested at a time in a controlled experiment? Why? Describe the main concept that you have decided to test in your personalexperiment.Question/Problem: Write the question that you are testing.Hypothesis: What do you predict the result of you experiment will be? Why do you predict this?MaterialsExperimental Design/Procedure: Design an experiment to test your hypothesis. List the steps that you went through to complete the experiment. Include any necessary diagrams that may help the reader understand your labset-up.Results/Data: Organize your results in both a table and a graph. Make sure to follow all of the guidelines in the lab report template for yourgraphs.Conclusions: Reflect on how well you were able to control your experiment.o Were there any variables that you could not control in your experiment? Follow the guidelines in the lab report template for your conclusion.

Enzyme LabTitle of LabName, date and name of partnerIntroduction/Background Information: What are enzymes? What function do they serve in living organisms? Describe the structure of enzymes and how their structure relates to theirfunction (enzyme/substrate complex). Discuss the importance of the enzyme catalase and its reactions in the body.Include the equation for the reaction. Discuss your initial observations of the enzyme catalase Place a small piece of liver in the bottom of a test tube. Pour 2 ml of the 3% hydrogen peroxide solution into the test tube. Observe the bubbles. What gas is being released? Explain the difference between endothermic and exothermic reaction and tellwhich type of reaction the catalase reaction isQuestion/Problem: What affect does changing catalase temperature have on reaction speed?Hypothesis: Write a statement that says what you are testing and what you expect theoutcome to be. Include reasoning behind why you think this will be the result.Variables: What is the independent variable? This is the variable that you are manipulating. What is the dependent variable? This is the responding variable or what changesduring the experiment. You are measuring this. What are your controlled variables? These are the variables that you will bekeeping constant throughout the experiment.Materials: List all items used in the lab.

Experimental Design/Procedure: Write out in list form the steps you took to complete the experiment. Set up an experiment to demonstrate what happens when the temperature ofcatalase is altered. You will need to determine a way to QUANTIFY your data how will you graph therate of your reaction? Your procedure should be written with enough detail so that anyone else couldrepeat the experiment. Include any figures that may help your readers visualize what your experimentalset-up may look like.Results/Data: You will need at least one data table and one graph for this report All tables and graphs should be titled and labeled appropriately and include unitsof measurement. A caption should be included with any graphs that explain what the reader isseeing in the graph (this is not where you analyze the graph!)Conclusions: What is the optimal temperature for catalase activity? Support your answerusing the data in your experiment. Discuss what happens to enzymes when the temperature or pH of theenvironment that they are in changes and how your data supports this concept. Refer to the lab report template for guidance on writing the rest of yourconclusion

The Importance of WaterTitle of LabName, date and name of partnerIntroduction/Background Information: Discuss the chemical structure of water and how this structure plays animportant role in the functions of water in living systems. Determine one important function that water serves in living systems and discusswaters role in this process. Topic ideas are below:o Water cycles and weathero Transpiration in plantso Turgor pressure in plantso Chemical reactions in solutiono Capillary actiono Effects water had on the cooling of the EarthQuestion/Problem: You will design an experiment to either demonstrate one of the important, waterrelated processes, or you will design an experiment to test a particular aspect ofone of the above topics.Hypothesis: Write a statement that says what you are testing and what you expect theoutcome to be. Include reasoning behind why you think this will be the result.Variables: What is the independent variable? This is the variable that you are manipulating. What is the dependent variable? This is the responding variable or what changesduring the experiment. You are measuring this. What are your controlled variables? These are the variables that you will bekeeping constant throughout the experiment.Materials: List all items used in the lab.

Experimental Design/Procedure: Write out in list form the steps you took to complete the experiment. Include any figures that may help your readers visualize what your experimentalset-up may look like.Results/Data: Include data tables, graphs or photos to display the results of your experiment. All tables and graphs should be titled and labeled appropriately and include unitsof measurement. A caption should be included with any graphs that explain what the reader isseeing in the graph (this is not where you analyze the graph!)Conclusions: Discuss what you learned from your experiment. Infer or explain results by restating the trends in your data and giving logicalexplanations of these results. Draw conclusions based on the data obtainedthrough your experiment.

How do small materials enter cells?In this lab you will observe the diffusion of a substance across a semi permeablemembrane. Iodine is a known indicator for starch. An indicator is a substance thatchances color in the presence of the substance it indicates.Since it is hard to experiment on actual cells, we will be using a plastic baggie as a modelof the cell membrane. We will be using iodine and starch to represent small nutrientsthat the cell needs to let pass through the membrane.Pre-lab Observations: Describe what happened when iodine came into contact withstarch.TitleName, date and name of partnerIntroduction/Background Information:o Why is the cell membrane considered selectively permeable?o Why is it important that the cell membrane is selectively permeable?o What types of items need to pass in and out of the cell membrane for the cell tobe able to function and maintain the homeostasis of the cell?o Discuss what an indicator is and why starch is considered an indicator based onyour pre-lab observations.Question/Problem: What force causes small particles enter the cell membrane? Your model object will be a plastic bag used to represent a cell membrane.Variables: What is the independent variable? This is the variable that you are manipulating. What is the dependent variable? This is the responding variable or what changesduring the experiment. You are measuring this. What are your controlled variables? These are the variables that you will bekeeping constant throughout the experiment.Materials: List all items used in the lab.

Experimental Design/Procedure: Explain how we are going to be using plastic baggies and iodine in this experimentinstead of real cells. What do each of these items represent in our experiment? How are we going to make use of starch in this experiment? What are you going to do to determine if your baggie allows materials through it?How will you measure this? Write out your full procedurePredictions: If the baggie were permeable to starch, which way would the starch move in yourexperiment? If the baggie were permeable to iodine, which way would the iodine move in yourexperiment? If the baggie were permeable to iodine, what color would you expect the solutionin the baggie to turn? If the baggie were permeable to starch, what color would you expect the solutionin the baggie to turn?Results/Data: Make a table to record your results. Record the result of your lab after 30 minutes of processing. Add a caption to your table explaining what your table is showing the reader.Conclusions:1. Based on your observations, which substance moved through the baggiemembrane, the iodine or the starch?2. How did you determine this?3. The plastic baggie was permeable to which substance?4. Is the plastic baggie selectively permeable? Please explain you answer.5. FULLY explain the molecular process that caused the results of your experiment.You can use your textbook to help research this answer.6. Refer to the general lab report template to assist you in writing the rest of yourconclusion.

Elodea LabSome background information:A new aquarist came to Petco and purchased a bunch of Elodea for his aquarium. Likemany people, he did not bother researching about his new purchase before he bought it,and did not realize that Elodea is a freshwater plant. He proceeded to go home andplace the lovely new plant in his saltwater aquarium.Elodea is a pond plant that is found in fresh water. Observe your elodea under themicroscope and draw a set of four cells with as many parts labeled as you can identify.TitleName, date and name of partnerIntroduction/Background Information: Summarize the above scenario. Describe and diagram what an elodea cell looks like under normal, freshwaterconditions. Draw a colored picture of four elodea cells in a cluster. Label any parts of these

Biology Lab Notebook Table of Contents: 1. General Lab Template 2. Lab Report Grading Rubric 3. Sample Lab Report 4. Graphing Lab 5. Personal Experiment 6. Enzymes Lab 7. The Importance of Water 8. Cell Membranes - How Do Small Materials Enter Cells? 9. Osmosis - Elodea Lab 10. Respiration - Yeast Lab 11. Cell Division - Egg Lab 12.

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