NASA 2014 Climate Risk Management Plan

2y ago
20 Views
2 Downloads
1.38 MB
18 Pages
Last View : 16d ago
Last Download : 2m ago
Upload by : Jamie Paz
Transcription

NASA 2014 Climate Risk Management Plan:Managing Climate Risks & Adapting to a Changing ClimateTable of ContentsI.Introduction . 1II.Strategic Analysis . 2III.Risks . 3IV.Opportunities . 5V.Management Approach . 6V.1.Overall Goal & Strategy . 6V.2Current and Planned Actions . 8V.3Interagency Contributions and Partnerships . 10V.4Measuring Progress . 11V.5NASA Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission Reduction Targets and Performance . 12VI.Future Outlook . 12VII.Governance . 13

NASA 2014 Climate Risk Management PlanI.IntroductionNASA has an important responsibility to the nation and to the world with regard to climate change.NASA builds the satellites that collect weather and climate data, contributing to a robust researchprogram dedicated to understanding how the Earth and its systems behave. From this understanding,we build models to project likely consequences of the interaction among such systems, and developtools that help others apply scientific understanding in their work and other aspects of their lives. NASAtherefore is critical in providing the understanding to the nation and the world that serves as thefoundation for adaptation planning. To provide that information, NASA must maintain a workplace(administrative, technical, and supporting workspaces), that enables its employees, contractors, andpartners to conduct its research and development, and to help translate Earth data into usefulinformation for decision makers the world over. 1 This workplace must also reliably enable the rest ofNASA’s work, including launch capabilities, space hardware, space communications networks, and otherscience and aeronautics research. 2 Finally, NASA’s workforce and workplaces are part of (and integratedinto) larger communities. In being prudent managers of climate risks in its own work, NASA partnerswith local and regional industry, government, academia, and other stakeholders to understand andaddress climate risks we face collectively.Background. NASA recognized as early as 2005 that ‘regional climate variability’ could pose a risk to itsoperations and missions and identified it as a risk within NASA’s risk management framework. ManyAgency assets - 66% of its assets when measured by replacement value - are within 16 feet of mean sealevel and located along America’s coasts, where sea level rise and increased frequency and intensity ofhigh water levels associated with storms are expected, and in other parts of the country where longterm changes in temperature and precipitation intensity and duration are expected to impact potablewater supplies.Subsequent initiatives at NASA, such as encroachment risk assessment workshops held in 2007,confirmed that ‘natural hazards’ could impact NASA Centers and their ability to execute missionactivities. Fortunately, engagement of NASA’s own preeminent climate science expertise enabled NASAto refine a vulnerability assessment and adaptation strategy process at both cross-Agency and Centerspecific workshops starting in 2009, which has led to local Center-level capacity building, increasedawareness of NASA’s climate-related vulnerabilities and risks, and changes in policy. While climatechange is a global phenomenon, impacts are being and will be felt at all scales, and NASA recognizes thatintegrating climate change adaptation into Center planning is a local activity, guided by Headquarterssupport. Thus, NASA Centers own and manage risks, including those associated with a changing climateand NASA Headquarters provides policy and planning directives and guidance, such as issuing a LandManagement Policy in 2013.Format. NASA presents its Climate Risk Management Plan in a structure recommended by the ClimateDisclosure Standards Board’s (CDSB) “Climate Change Reporting Framework,” a voluntary risk disclosureformat. 3 The blue text boxes contain section descriptions from CDSB’s Framework.Please note: NASA voluntarily discloses its climate risks and climate vulnerabilities, subject to nationalsecurity and International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) restrictions.1

NASA 2014 Climate Risk Management PlanII.Strategic AnalysisIn keeping with CDSB’s Climate Change Reporting Framework,NASA provides a brief statement regarding its examination oflong-term and short-term climate change impacts on NASA’sstrategic objectives, roles, and responsibilities.CDSB Section 4.6 Disclosure aboutstrategic analysis shall include astatement about the long-term andshort-term impact climate changeactually and potentially has on theorganization’s strategic objectives.NASA’s analysis concludes that there is potential for achanging climate to impact some of the requiredfacilities and systems necessary to execute NASA’s Strategic Goals.Facilities and Systems at Risk from Climate Change Impacts: Launch facilities to provide access to space for humans, cargo, and research; Space assets and their operational support capabilities, such as spacehardware, and the International Space Station; Ground systems, including IT, communication and data systems and SpaceCommunication and Navigation systems; Test facilities, including research, development and demonstration facilities; Training facilities; and Supply chain for necessary materials and services.These assets represent combinations of capabilities and systems – built infrastructure,land and natural resources, and the workforce that operates, uses and manages them– that can be impacted by various events, such as extreme heat events, drought orinland and coastal flooding. These types of events could compromise or interruptparticular capabilities or assets for short or long time periods.NASA’s risk management process – described further in Section IV - is designed to help identify risks tomission and assets to ensure the Agency has plans and strategies in place to address disruptions.The following strategic documents were reviewed during this analysis.o National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2010 - authorizes NASA’sprograms for fiscal years 2011 through 2013 and contains statutory objectives. 4 The Act lists severalCongressional findings including: “It is essential to the economic well-being of the United States thatthe aerospace industrial capacity, highly skilled workforce, and embedded expertise remain engagedin demanding, challenging, and exciting efforts that ensure United States leadership in spaceexploration and related activities.”o National Space Policy of the United States of America (2010) - expresses the President’s directionfor the Nation’s space activities and articulates the President’s commitment to reinvigorating U.S.leadership in space for the purposes of maintaining space as a stable and productive environmentfor the peaceful use of all nations. 5o U.S. Space Transportation Policy (National Security Presidential Directive (NSPD) #40, 2005) establishes national policy, guidelines and implementation actions for U.S. space transportationprograms and activities to ensure the Nation’s ability to maintain access to and use space for U.S.national and homeland security, and civil, scientific, and commercial purposes. 6o 2014 NASA Strategic Plan - outlines the long-term goals of the Agency and how the goals will beaccomplished over the next decade or more. 7o 2012 National Strategy for Global Supply Chain Security - establishes the U.S. Government’s policyto strengthen the global supply chain to protect the interests of the American people and enhanceour Nation’s economic prosperity. 8o Presidential Directive “Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience” (February 12, 2013) - directsfederal agencies to take proactive steps to manage risk and strengthen the security and resilience ofthe Nation's critical infrastructure, including physical space and cyberspace for informationsystems. 92

NASA 2014 Climate Risk Management PlanoIII.National Security Space Strategy (January 2011) - is an approach to maintain the advantagesderived from space while confronting the challenges of an evolving space strategic environment. It isthe first such strategy jointly signed by the Secretary of Defense and Director of NationalIntelligence. 10RisksSix sets of facilities and systems are identified in Section II –Strategic Analysis, in which long-term and short-term climateimpacts could hamper NASA’s strategic objectives, roles, andresponsibilities. The risks associated with these impacts fall intofour primary categories, listed below with examples of currentand anticipated risks associated with climate change.CDSB Section 4.9 Disclosure aboutrisks shall include an explanation andqualitative assessment of theorganization’s exposure to current andanticipated (long-term and short-term)significant risks associated with climatechange.Technical Capabilities – The Nation’s access to space is currentlybeing threatened by beach erosion. This risk is predicted toaccelerate due to both sea level rise and the intensity and frequency of storms. In addition, the Nation’sworld leadership in space and aeronautics depends on NASA research and development, testing, andtraining facilities, several of which are especially vulnerable to coastal flooding due to sea level rise andstorm surges. Inland testing and training facilities may also be vulnerable to rising averagetemperatures and extreme events, such as heat waves and intense precipitation. NASA serves manyother federal agencies by providing data and knowledge to inform decision making. This capability maybe threatened by impacts to physical facilities and to NASA personnel supporting the development anddelivery of data and knowledge. Impacts to supply chains may present risks to our launch capabilities,particularly if access to specific materials or chemicals is affected.Built Systems – Energy, communications, and information technology systems are vulnerable to stormsthat are increasing in intensity and frequency. Electrical black-outs and brown-outs associated with heatwaves and with changes in the availability of electric power threaten commercial energy utilities thatprovide the power NASA uses to receive, process, and archive data sets from space, and the informationand knowledge needed and used by a multitude of federal agencies, researchers, and decision-makersacross all levels of government to understand, plan for, and adapt to climate in their areas. Increasedrunoff associated with heavy precipitation, especially when accompanied by storm surges in coastallocations, may overwhelm stormwater conveyance systems, leading to flooding of buildings andtransportation systems, limiting the ability of the workforce to perform its job.Workforce and Communities – Health and safety impacts to NASA employees, their families, and thecommunities around NASA Centers may pose operational risks. Employees addressing health concernsrelating to worsening air quality, heat waves, or problems caused by disease-borne vectors will missdays of work or be distracted by caring for others in their family affected by these climate changeimpacts. Assured operation of space assets is at risk due to impacts to the personnel providing thenecessary support.Natural systems – Impacts to threatened and endangered species at NASA Centers may requireadditional or different management. The increasing possibility of wildfires puts natural and built systemsat risk. Wetland losses due to increased storm surge impacts may affect the buffering effect thatprotects some of our coastal facilities. Increasing downpours and fluctuating groundwater tables maymobilize contaminants at remediation sites.Figure 1 depicts the key climate hazards anticipated to impact NASA assets and capabilities and currentand expected impacts. 113

NASA 2014 Climate Risk Management PlanFigure 1. Key Climate Hazards and Potential Impacts to NASA Assets and CapabilitiesKey Climate HazardsPotential ImpactsMore frequent and extreme highIncreased risk of heat-related ailments among outdoor workers; highertemperatures and humiditycooling costs; decreased utility reliability; damage to buildingsMore frequent and intense droughts,Reduced water availability; higher water costs; salt water intrusion;seasonal shifts in water cycleground water changesMore intense precipitation eventsMore frequent flooding of low-lying indoor and outdoor areasSea level riseLoss of usable land; inundation of coastal ecosystemsMore frequent and intense coastal floodCoastal erosion; safety implications for surrounding communitieseventsIn general, NASA anticipates short-term risks to result from extreme weather such as heat waves,precipitation, wind, flooding, and drought, each of which will become more difficult to manage becauseof changes in event intensity, duration, and frequency. Over a longer time horizon, NASA anticipates acontinuation of extreme weather challenges experienced in the short-term, possibility exacerbatedbecause of longer term gradual trends such as sea level rise and increased average temperatures.From a long-term, strategic perspective, NASA sees the following risks as affecting the ability to carryout its mission:1. Loss of land to support launch capabilities on the coast.2. Downtime for facilities subject to extreme events, especially those subject to recurringnor’easters or hurricanes. Inland facilities could also be subject to downtime from impacts ofextreme storms (flooding and/or electrical outages). As NASA has consolidated variousfunctions at single Centers, downtime at a single facility may have a ripple effect across theAgency, such as when servers go offline. Additionally, as extreme events increase in the future,repeated recovery actions strain financial resources and the morale of emergency respondersand employees whose work is disrupted.3. Competing cost priorities. Over the next 20-30 years, NASA may incur significant costs inimplementing adaptation strategies. Given the already degraded condition of much of NASA’sinfrastructure portfolio, how will NASA find the money to conduct necessary adaptations, repairfailing infrastructure, and maintain mission tempo?Wildfires burn near the JetPropulsion Lab in California.Storm damage to the VehicleAssembly Building at KennedySpace Center.A launch from Wallops Flight Facility on Virginia'sEastern Shore illustrates the close proximity ofthe Atlantic Ocean.4

NASA 2014 Climate Risk Management PlanIV.OpportunitiesNASA sees two opportunities to conserve resources in itsapproach to address climate impacts and risks: using anintegrated strategy and pooling resources.CDSB Section 4.10 Disclosure aboutopportunities shall include anexplanation and qualitative assessmentof current and anticipated (long-termand short-term) significantopportunities associated with climatechange.Integrated Strategy. Integrating climate-relatedconsiderations – climate science data and associated impacts,risks, and strategies – into existing programs and processes isthe best path forward because it leverages scarce resources toadvance multiple objectives rather than dividing them across“silos.” NASA’s climate policy, now within NASA Procedural Directive 8500, NASA EnvironmentalManagement, signed by the NASA Administrator in December 2013, emphasizes that point: it is NASA policy to: .Apply NASA's scientific expertise and products so that we can incorporateclimate information into our decision making and planning; create innovative,sustainable, and flexible solutions; and share best practices; in order to createclimate-resilient NASA Centers.Numerous Agency vulnerability and risk assessment, planning, budgeting, and management processeshave their respective planning horizons, decision methodologies, and stakeholders. Respecting thesemethods and refining policies and/or processes where necessary, yields an approach that should notrequire additional resources, allows the Agency to make the most of limited resources (skills, time, andmoney,) and also helps avoid the unforeseen (usually negative) consequences of un-coordinatedindependent initiatives. NASA has already included climate considerations into its Handbook: MasterPlanning Procedural Requirements and via a NASA Interim Directive, set policy to consider flooding riskswhen making plans and agreements regarding land use and investment decisions on facilities projects byutilizing an elevation-based zoning system. NASA will continue to identify policies and processes whereclimate-related considerations can be incorporated.Pooling Resources. Because resource constraints are on the rise, acting alone is rarely an option for asmall Federal agency. NASA actively seeks out best practices and expertise from within and without.NASA seeks to build relationships with others because they help us all leverage strengths and fill gaps.Building external relationships with others in the form of partnerships, alliances and coalitions isstandard practice for NASA, with particular value in managing climate risks. It is standard practice forNASA’s climate science community and for NASA’s community of institutional managers to establishrelationships with academia, other government agencies, private sector firms and public sector entities.One of NASA’s strengths in managing climate risks is collaboration between NASA’s climate sciencecommunity and NASA’s managers. As a result of this relationship, NASA supports the application ofclimate science, providing advice to the NASA Center institutional stewards. NASA’s Climate AdaptationScience Investigator (CASI) Workgroup engages NASA climate modelers, scientists, engineers, andinstitutional stewards to explore climate impacts and adaptation strategies for institutional stewards,with a special focus on NASA installations. The group includes NASA and external members committedto expanding the information and toolsets of use to these institutional stewards. While focused uponNASA Centers and the surrounding communities, such work may often be of value far beyond NASA’sworkplaces. Examples of relevant CASI research efforts: CASI scientists at Kennedy Space Center (KSC), working with our regional partners at the St.Johns River Water Management District and the EPA funded Indian River Lagoon NationalEstuaries Program, developed sea level rise scenarios and conducted sea level affecting marshesmodeling (SLAMM) for KSC and the surrounding Indian River Lagoon estuary. Results suggestthat sea level rise on the order of 0.4 m will inundate approximately 25% of the current KSC land5

NASA 2014 Climate Risk Management Planarea, converting extensive wetlands into open water. Warming weather and less frequent andintense cold spells will also allow for the expansion of mangrove forest into the region displacingcurrent high marsh habitats that are home to numerous species of special concern. Rocket engine testing at Stennis Space Center depends on surrounding forests to buffer thenecessary testing noise and vibration. CASI scientists at Stennis used a model to assess foresthealth based on growth and decline observations compared to climate and weatherobservations and predictive models. This approach, baselined with observed and verifiedmeasurements, helps Stennis resource managers better understand the buffer area’s resilienceto climate change, approximating the future climate impacts, planning accordingly, andimplementing adaptation strategies proactively.Additional examples of how NASA science has supported NASA Centers are included in Section V.2.V.Management ApproachThe following explains NASA’s management approach formanaging climate risks and provides some of its long-term andshort-term strategies to address climate change. Sub-sectionsdescribe NASA’s overall goal and strategy, the primary stepsutilized, and method for measuring progress. This section alsocontains information regarding NASA’s targets to reduce GHGemissions and performance against those targets.CDSB Section 4.12 Disclosure shallinclude a description of theorganization’s long-term and shortterm strategy or plan to addressclimate change-related risks,opportunities and impacts, includingtargets to reduce GHG emissions andan analysis of performance againstthose targets.V.1.Overall Goal & StrategyThe overall goal is to create climate-resilient NASA Centers able to execute NASA’s mission. Thisconcept is depicted in Figure 2; Section VII, Governance, describes these and additional organizationsand their roles and responsibilities.Figure 2. Interface between NASA Headquarters and NASA Centers“Adaptation is fundamentally a risk-management strategy.” 12 From an organizational and culturalperspective, a risk management approach resonates within NASA as it has a sophisticated and matureenterprise risk management framework based both in policy and procedures. Central to NASA’s climatechange management strategy is the premise that every Center is required to manage risk, 13 includingthose associated with climate change. Centers are responsible for assessing their threats, identifyingrisks, and developing and implementing adaptation strategies endorsed by Center or Headquartersleadership. NASA Headquarters manages the overarching risks 14, sets policy, builds capacity at theCenters, and provides guidance and support.6

NASA 2014 Climate Risk Management PlanNASA organizes its risk management systems into two complementary processes: Risk-InformedDecision Making (RIDM) and Continuous Risk Management (CRM). NASA uses CRM for the managementof risks associated with implementation of designs, plans, andFigure 3. NASA’s Continuous Riskprocesses (Figure 3).15 In accordance with this process,Management DiagramNASA’s Office of Strategic Infrastructure has managed theoverarching ‘natural hazards’ risk within the Agency’senterprise risk management framework since 2005, awarethat a changing climate could impair its ability to provideimportant services to the Nation. 16CRM plays an important role once a risk is identified andelevated to a Center or Headquarters level. Identification andcharacterization of potential impacts and vulnerabilities arenecessary stages prior to formal risk categorization and entryinto a Center or Headquarters risk management system.NASA recognized the need to build local adaptation capacityin order to identify, characterize, and manage local andregional vulnerabilities and risks associated with climate change. NASA’s Office of StrategicInfrastructure (OSI) partnered with NASA’s Earth Science Division to develop and offer to its Centers asystematic approach. Whether facilitated via a 2-3 day workshop or executed by other means, theapproach follows a framework for action with 8 steps originally developed for New York City by NASA’sGoddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), which was modified to meet NASA’s own internalorganizational-management needs and demands (Figure 4). 17NASA’s approach addresses conventional assets, such as built infrastructure and natural ecosystems,and also less tangible resources including workforce, emergency response, and information systems – allof which support mission - for a full sense of the potential vulnerabilities and adaptations.Eight site‐specific workshops have initiated thisFigure 4. NASA’s Adaptation Assessment Stepssystematic approach to local climate adaptationacross the Agency since May 2010, and severalCenters adapted the approach, following therisk identification and adaptation strategyprocess as best fit local circumstances. Whileinitiating adaptation thinking at its sites is acrucial early step, the Agency recognizes thatsustaining leadership attention and strategydevelopment involves building on theseworkshops as the Agency moves forward withits mission. For instance, Centers located alongcoasts gathered for a workshop in 2013 totogether explore adaptation strategies for theircommon vulnerabilities. Building capacity withinCenter staff yields a continual riskcharacterization process which elevates the risksand potential adaptation strategies to theappropriate management level at the Center orHeadquarters, aligning with NASA’s continuous risk management process.7

NASA 2014 Climate Risk Management PlanV.2Current and Planned ActionsNASA’s overall goal is to create climate-resilient NASA Centers able to execute NASA’s mission.Remaining proactive, applying NASA’s scientific expertise and products, and focusing on integrationenables NASA to incorporate climate risks into decision-making and planning, and create innovative,sustainable and flexible solutions for NASA Centers, as expressed in NASA’s Procedural Directive 8500(Section II). Obviously, successful execution of the policy relies on NASA Center support – the placewhere NASA’s operations and mission are accomplished, as well as knowledge sharing and partneringwith others. Thus, while tactical, shorter efforts are still necessary, current integration, research andplanning activities will provide benefit in the long-term.An example of CASI research that helps NASA manage its long-term climate risks strategies is at StennisSpace Center, which tests large rockets by securing them to several-stories-tall rocket test stands. TheCASI team there is developing a new test stand thermal model to support the Space Launch Systemprogram. This model is being developed to address concerns about test stand structural changes onextremely hot days and under full sun illumination. Solar flux, local surface albedo, and temperaturerecord data for the hottest 1% of the days for months of June-September from 1973-2012 and climateprojections for 2020 and 2050 have been used as input for the model. This knowledge will help thoseresponsible for maintaining the test stands’ capabilities assess whether adjustments need to be madeprior to testing on extremely hot days or whether testing will need to be postponed to cooler days.Examples of shorter-term strategies to preservemission capabilities include: NASA Kennedy Space Center’s (KSC) DuneVulnerability Team continues to addressbeach and sand dune erosion as the sanddunes are the physical protection barrier forNASA’s Launch Pads 39A and 39B from thesea. Further, beach dunes are habitats for anumber of threatened and endangeredspecies. Impacts from Hurricane Sandyexacerbated the conditions along LaunchComplex 39. The Dune Vulnerability Team(CASI scientists, the U.S. Geological Survey,the University of Florida, and the U.S. Fishand Wildlife Service) developed a plan forDune repair at Kennedy Space Centerrestoring the coastal dune in an area of high beach erosion. KSC used Hurricane Sandy EmergencyFunding to repair part of the most critically eroded shoreline. The project included the removal of aportion of the beach rail line and the construction of an inland dune. The dune is approximately 1.2miles in length, 15 feet in height, and approximately 50 feet wide at the base. In some of our mostcritically eroded areas this dune is actually our primary dune feature along the beach. Constructionof the dune is complete; the vegetation planting was completed in May 2014. More than 180,000specimens were planted by hand over a period of two months. Monitoring of project success will beconducted over the next few years to assess the potential for utilizing the approach in support of “acontrolled retreat” concept of adaptation to changing climate. Although the 1.2 mile dune is not apermanent fix, it will allow additional time for seeking funding to implement the overall shorelineprotection project. Options include construction of the three mile long secondary/inland dune,and/or secondary dune and beach nourishment. The draft Environmental Assessment for the overallshoreline projection project is being updated in 2014 to incorporate the Hurricane Sandy fundingdune project. This project is also an illustration of how natural and built systems can work inharmony. The sea turtles (who use the beach for nesting) win, and so does launch reliability.8

NASA 2014 Climate Risk Management Plan Likewise, a major beach replenishmentWallops Island, View to the Northproject was completed in September2012 to protect launch capabilities atWallops Flight Facility (WFF). This projectwas conducted by NASA in coordinationwith several other federal, local, and nonprofit organizations. Hurricane Sandydegraded the beach expansion and whilecurrently being replenished, does serveas a reminder that this type of solutionrequires continual maintenance topreserve its protective ability. WFF is partof a new Mid-Atlantic Climate ResiliencyInstitute being organized to coordinateresearch of climate impacts in the area. MACRI will be a multi-state, multi-disciplinary partnershipwith the goal of helping local and

NASA 2014 Climate Risk Management Plan . 1 . I. Introduction . NASA has an important responsibility to the nation and to the world with regard to climate change. NASA builds the satellites that collect weather and climate data, contributing to a robust research program dedicat

Related Documents:

2016 nasa 0 29 nasa-std-8739.4 rev a cha workmanship standard for crimping, interconnecting cables, harnesses, and wiring 2016 nasa 0 30 nasa-hdbk-4008 w/chg 1 programmable logic devices (pld) handbook 2016 nasa 0 31 nasa-std-6016 rev a standard materials and processes requirements for spacecraft 2016 nasa 0 32

6 SCIENCE RESOURCES NASA Earth Observations https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov NASA Climate https://climate.nasa.gov NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies

Jan 10, 2012 · The NASA STI program provides access to the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database and its public interface, the NASA Technical Report Server, thus providing one of the largest collections of aeronautical and space science STI in the world. Results are published in both non-NASA channels and by NASA in the NASA

The NASA STI program provides access to the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database and its public interface, the NASA Technical Report Server, thus providing one of the largest collections of aero-nautical and space science STI in the world. Results are published in both non-NASA channels and by NASA in the NASA

The NASA STI program provides access to the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database and its public interface, the NASA Technical Report Server, thus providing one of the largest collections of aero-nautical and space science STI in the world. Results are published in both non-NASA channels and by NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which includes

The NASA STI program provides access to the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database and its public interface, the NASA Technical Report Server, thus providing one of the largest collections of aero-nautical and space science STI in the world. Results are published in both non-NASA channels and by NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which includes

NASA recognized as early as 2005 that 'regional climate variability' could pose a risk to its operations and missions and identified it as a risk within NASA's risk management framework. Many Agency assets - 66% of its assets when measured by replacement value- are within 16 feet of mean sea

Brain anatomy, physiology, Stroke & Neurological Assessment Stephanie Drysdale. Stephanie Drysdale. Functions of the Brain FRONTAL PARIETAL OCCIPITAL Personality/Behaviour Planning Decision making Concentration Voluntary motor functions Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) Comprehension and language Sensory functions (pain, heat and other sensations .