Labor And Employment Law

SECONDEDILabor andEmployment LawPatrick J. CihonSyracuse UniversityJames O. CastagneraS a u l , E w i n g , Remick & SaulWadswortb Pitbttsbing CompanyBelmont, California; ;A division of Wadsworth, Inc.TIO

ContentsPARTONECHAPTER 1Labor Relations Law 1Common-Law Employment Issues 3Employment at Will 4Wrongful Discharge Based on Public Policy 4Express and Implied Contracts of Employment11 Commonly CommittedWorkplace Torts 25 Defamation and Invasion of Privacy 25Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress 29Questions 34Case Problems 34CHAPTER 2The Development of American Labor Unions andthe Legal Responses 38Labor Development in America 39The Post-Civil War Period 43 TheKnights of Labor 43 The Socialists 44The American Federation ofLabor 45The Congress of Industrial Organizations45Recent Trends inthe Labor Movement 46Legal Responses to the Labor Movement 47 TheInjunction 48 Yellow-Dog Contracts 49 The Antitrust Laws 50Questions 52CHAPTER 3The Development of the National LaborRelations Act 53The Norris-La Guardia Act 53 Provisions of the Norris-La GuardiaAct 53 State Anti-Injunction Laws 55Validity and Scope of the NorrisLa Guardia Act 55 The Railway Labor Act 57 Legislative Predecessors ofthe Railway Labor Act 57 Provisions of the Railway Labor Act 58 TheNational Industrial Recovery Act 59The National Labor Board 60 The"Old" National Labor Relations Board 61 The National Labor RelationsAct 61Questions 63CHAPTER 4The National Labor Relations Act and theNational Labor Relations Board: Organization,Jurisdiction, and Procedures 64The National Labor Relations Act 64 The National Labor RelationsBoard 66Organization of the NLRB 66 NLRBxiii

xivContentsProcedures 69Problems 84CHAPTER 5furisdiction of the NLRB 73Questions 83CaseThe Unionization Process 87Exclusive Bargaining Representative 87 Employees' Choice of BargainingAgent 88 Rules Barring Holding an Election 91 Defining theAppropriate Bargaining Unit 92 Voter Eligibility 96 RepresentationElection 97 Decertification of the Bargaining Agent 100 AcquiringRepresentation Rights through Unfair Labor Practice Proceedings 100Questions 105Case Problems 106CHAPTER 6Unfair Labor Practices by Employersand Unions 109Section 7: Rights of Employees 110Sections 8(a)( 1) and 8(b X1 Violationof Employee Rights by Employers or Unions 114 Anti-union Remarksby Employer 115 Employer Limitations on Soliciting andOrganizing 117 Other Section 8(a)(l) Violations 123 Union Coercionof Employees and Employers 124 Section 8(aX2): Employer Domination ofLabor Unions 126Sections 8(a)(3) and 8(b)(2): Discrimination in Terms orConditions of Employment 127 Discrimination in Employment to EncourageUnion Membership 130 Discrimination in Employment to DiscourageUnion Membership 132 Other Unfair Labor Practices 142 EmployerReprisals against Employees 143 Excessive Union Dues or MembershipFees 143 Featherbedding 143 Remedies for Unfair LaborPractices 144 Delay Problems in NLRB Remedies 145Questions 146Case Problems 146CHAPTER 7Collective Bargaining: The Duty to Bargain inGood Faith 150The Duty to Bargain 150 Bargaining in Good Faith 151 The Nature ofthe Duty to Bargain in Good Faith 163 Bargaining Remedies 173Antitrust Aspects of Collective Bargaining 176Questions 177Case Problems 177CHAPTER 8Picketing, Strikes, and Boycotts: The Legality ofPressure Tactics 181Pressure Tactics 181The Legal Protection of Strikes 182 Picketing undertheNLRA 188 Section 8(e): Hot Cargo Clauses 205 Remedies for

ContentsxvSecondary Activity 206 National Emergencies 207Questions 207Case Problems 207CHAPTER9The Enforcement and Administration of theCollective Agreement 212Arbitration 212 Interest Arbitration versus Rights Arbitration 213Rights Arbitration and the Grievance Process 213 The Courts andArbitration 215 fudicial Enforcement of No-Strike Clauses 220The NLRB and Arbitration 226 Changes in the Status ofEmployers 229 Successor Employers 229 Bankruptcy and the CollectiveAgreement 234Questions 235Case Problems 236CHAPTER 10The Rights of Union Members 239Protection of die Rights of Union Members 239Representation 240 Rights of Union MembersMembers 247 Union Members'Bill of RightsUnions 255 Questions 256Case ProblemsCHAPTER 11The Union's Duty of Fair246Union Discipline of249 Other Restrictions on257Public Sector Labor Relations 261Government as Employer 261Federal Government Labor Relations 264 Historical Background 264 The Federal ServiceLabor-Management Relations Act 265 Judicial Review of FLRADecisions 274 Union Security Provisions 274 State Public Sector LaborRelations Legislation 276Coverage of State Laws 276RepresentationIssues 276 Bargaining 277 Questions 284Case Problems 284PART TWOEqual Employment Opportunity287CHAPTER 12Equal Employment Opportunity: Title VII of the CivilRights Act and Race Discrimination 289Coverage of Title VII 290 Administration of Title VII 291Discriminationunder Tide VII 291Unintentional Discrimination—DisparateImpact 292The Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection 295Showing a Disparate Impact 295 Validating Job Requirements 296The "Bottom Line" and Discrimination298 Seniority and Title VII 301Affirmative Action and Title VII 305 Other Provisions of Title VII 315Questions 316Case Problems 316

xviCHAPTER 13ContentsEqual Employment Legislation: Title VII andDiscrimination Based on Sex, Religion, andNational Origin 319Sex Discrimination 319BFOQ—Bona Fide Occupational Qualification 319Sex Stereotyping 324Mixed Motive Cases under Title VII 328"Sex-Plus"Discrimination329Sex-Based Rzy Differentials 329Sex-BasedPension Benefits 333Pregnancy and Discrimination336SexualHarassment 343Other Sex-Discrimination Issues 347Discriminationon the Basis of Religion or National Origin 348Discrimination Basedon Religion 348Discrimination Based on National Origin 353Questions 353Case Problems 354CHAPTER 14Procedures u n d e r Title VII 357The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 357Procedure underTitle VII 357Filing a Complaint 357EEOC Procedure and ItsRelation to State Proceedings 359Burdens of Proof—Establishing aCase 364Disparate Treatment 365Disparate Impact 370Remediesunder Title VII 375Damages 375Back Pay 376RemedialSeniority 378Legal Fees 378Class Actions 381Remedies in ClassActions 381Public Employees under Title VII 381Questions 382Case Problems 383CHAPTER 15Other EEO Legislation386The Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1870 386Section 1981 386Section1983 387Section 1985(c) 388Procedure under Sections 1981 and1983 388The Equal Pay Act 388Coverage 389Provisions 389Defenses under the Equal Pay Act 391Procedure under the Equal PlayAct 395Remedies 396The Age Discrimination in EmploymentAct 396Coverage 396Provisions 397Procedures undertheADEA 404Remedies under the ADEA 405Executive OrderNo. 11246 405Equal Employment Requirements406Affirmative Action Requirements406Procedure under Executive Order No. 11246 407The Veterans' Reemployment Rights Act 407The Vocational RehabilitationAct 408Section 503 409Section 504 409Contagious Diseases and the Vocational Rehabilitation Act 412The Americans widiDisabilities Act 416Definition of Disability417 Medical Exams andTests 417Reasonable Accommodation417Defenses under theADA 418Enforcement of the ADA 419Drug Abuse and DrugTesting 420The National Labor Relations Act 427ConstitutionalProhibitions against Discrimination 428Due Process and EqualProtection 428Other Constitutional Issues 434State EEOLaws 435Questions 435Case Problems 436

ContentsxviiPART THREEEmploymentLaw Issues439CHAPTER 16Occupational Safety and Health441The Occupational Safety and Health Act 441Administration andEnforcement 442Standards, Feasibility, and Variances 443InterimStandards 443 Permanent Standards 443EmergencyStandards 444 Appeals of Standards 444 Feasibility 444Variances 447Employee Rights 447Inspections, Investigations,and Recordkeeping 451Recordkeeping Requirements 451Inspections 452Citations, Penalties, Abatement, and Appeal 456State Plans 457Questions 458Case Problems 458CHAPTER 17Employee Retirement Income SecurityAct: ERISA 461ERISA 461Coverage 462 Fiduciary Responsibility462Enforcementof Fiduciary Duties 465Minimum Requirements for Qualified PensionPlans 465Types of Pension Plans 465 Plans Qualifying for PreferentialTax Treatment 466 Minimum Funding Requirements 471Discrimination476 Reporting and Disclosure Requirements 477Termination of a Plan 477 Administration and Enforcement 481Questions 482Case Problems 483CHAPTER 18The Fair Labor Standards Act 487Background to FLSA 487Early Attempts at Hours Regulation 487Early Attempts at Wage Regulation 488The Fair Labor StandardsAct 492Coverage of the FLSA 492 Minimum Wages 498Overtime Pay 504 Exemptions from Overtime and Minimum WageProvisions 506 Limitations on Child Labor 511 Enforcement andRemedies under FLSA 514Questions 517Case Problems 518CHAPTER 19Employee Welfare Programs: Social Security, Workers'Compensation, and Unemployment Compensation 522The Social Security and Supplemental Security Acts 524Titles II and VIII ofthe Social Security Act of 1935 525The 19 70s: Social SecurityCrisis 526The 1980s: Recovery? 527Social Security Benefit ProgramsnToday 527*her Federal and State Benefit Programs 530Who MustParticipate inity? 531Workers' Compensation: Limited Liabilityand Easy ReccEligibility for Benefits 533Workers'

xviiiContentsCompensation Procedures 535 Workers' Compensation Preemption byFederal Law 540 Unemployment Compensation 541VoluntaryQuitting 543 Questions 549Case Problems 550APPENDIX AAPPENDIX BAPPENDIX CAPPENDIX DAPPENDIX EAPPENDIX FText of the National Labor Relations Act 553Text of the Labor Management Relations Act 567Text of the Labor-Management Reporting andDisclosure Act of 1959 578Text of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 595Text of Title 42 U.S.C. Section 1981 611Extracts from the Age Discrimination inEmployment Act 613Glossary 625Index of Cases 631Index of Subj ects 635

Labor and Employment Law Patrick J. Cihon Syracuse University James O. Castagnera Saul, Ewing, Remick & Saul Wadswortb Pitbttsbing Company Belmont, California ; ; A division of Wadsworth, Inc. Contents PART ONE Labor Relations Law 1 CHAPTER 1 Common-Law Employment Issues 3 Employment at Will 4 Wrongful Discharge Based on Public Policy 4