Financial Statements COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL And Projections

9The Income Statement Interestp.comInterest is composed of interest expense and interest income. Interest expenseis the cost incurred on debt that the company has borrowed. Interest incomeis commonly the income received from cash held in savings accounts,certificates of deposits, and other investments.Let’s assume the car company had 1MM in loans and incurs 10percent of interest per year on those loans. So the car company has 100,000 in interest expense per year, or 25,000 per quarter. We canalso assume that the company has 50,000 of cash and generated 1percent of interest income on that cash per year ( 500), or 125 perquarter.Often, the interest expense is netted against the interest income as netinterest expense.shoEBTokEarnings before taxes (EBT) can be defined as EBIT – Net Interest.1Q 2012EBITEBIT MarginInterest ExpenseInterest IncomeNet Interest ExpenseEBTEBT %http://www.pboCar Co.Notice we have also calculated EBT margin, which is defined as EBTdivided by revenue.TaxesTaxes are the financial charges imposed by the government on thecompany’s operations. Taxes are imposed on earnings before taxes asdefined previously. In the car example, we can assume the tax rate is 35percent.

10 Financial Statements and ProjectionsNet IncomeRevenueCOGSGross Profit% Gross Profit MarginOperating ExpensesSG&AAdvertisingR&DTotal Operating ExpensesOther IncomeEBITDAEBITDA MarginD&AEBITEBIT MarginInterest ExpenseInterest IncomeNet Interest ExpenseEBTEBT MarginTaxTax Rate (%)Net 51%88,593.7535%164,531.25p.1Q 2012shoCar Co.comNet income is defined as EBT – Taxes. The complete income statement follows.Non-Recurring and Extraordinary ItemsNon-recurring and extraordinary items or events are expenses or incomesthat are either one-time or not pertaining to everyday core operations. Gainsor losses on sales of assets, or from business closures, are examples of nonrecurring events. Such non-recurring or extraordinary events can be scatteredabout in a generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) income statement,

11The Income Statement and so it is the job of a good analyst to identify these items and move themto the bottom of the income statement in order to have EBITDA, EBIT, andnet income line items that represent every day, continuous operations. We callthis “clean” EBITDA, EBIT, and net income. However, we do not want toeliminate those non-recurring or extraordinary items completely, so we movethem to this section. From here on out, we will refer to both “non-recurring”and “extraordinary” items simply as “non-recurring items” to simplify. Wewill see how this is dealt with particularly with Walmart later in this chapter.Distributionsbookshop.comDistributions are broadly defined as payments to equity holders. Thesepayments can be in the form of dividends or non-controlling interestpayments, to name the major two.Non-controlling interests is the portion of the company or the company’s subsidiary that is owned by another outside person or entity. If anotherentity (Entity A) owns a non-controlling interest in the company (Entity B),Entity B must distribute a portion of Entity B’s earnings to Entity A. (We willdiscuss non-controlling interests in more detail in Chapter 5.)w.pNet Income (as Reported)http://wwBecause we have recommended moving some non-recurring line items intoa separate section, the net income listed prior is effectively an adjustednet-income, which is most useful for analysis, valuation, and comparison.However, it is important still to represent a complete net income withall adjustments included to match the original given net income. So, it is recommended to have a second net income line defined as: Net income –non-recurring events – distributions, as a “sanity check.”SharesA company’s shares outstanding reported on the income statement can bereported as basic or diluted. The basic share count is a count of the numberof shares outstanding in the market. The diluted share count is the numberof shares outstanding in the market plus any shares that would be consideredoutstanding today if all option and warrant holders that are in-the-moneydecided to exercise on their securities. The diluted share count is best thoughtof as a “What if?” scenario. If all the option and warrant holders who couldexercise would, how many shares would be outstanding now?

12 Financial Statements and ProjectionsEarnings per Share (EPS)Earnings per share (EPS) is defined as the net income divided by the numberof shares outstanding. A company typically reports a basic EPS and a dilutedEPS, divided by basic shares or diluted shares, respectively. It is important tonote that each company may have a different definition on what exactly toinclude in net income when calculating EPS. In other words, is net incomebefore or after non-controlling interests used? Or before or after dividends?For investors, it is common to use net income before dividends have beenpaid but after non-controlling interest investors have been paid. However, werecommend backing into historically the company’s EPS to identify the exactformula they are using. We will illustrate this process with Walmart next.comBasic EPS Net Income / Basic Sharesshop.Diluted EPS Net Income / Diluted SharesokWALMART’S Income Statementhttp://www.pboThere are several ways to obtain a public company’s financial information.We would first recommend going to the company’s web site and locating the“Investor Relations” section. Walmart has a very comprehensive site with anInvestor Relations section.The “Annual Reports” section shown in Figure 1.1 on the left side takesus to their most recent financials. You can also go to the U.S. Securities andExchange Commission (SEC) web site (www.sec.gov), where all public company filings are published, and search for Walmart’s specific filings.Both the annual report and the company’s 10-K should have a sectioncontaining financial statements. We will use Walmart’s 2012 annual report.You will notice in Figure 1.2, there is the Web version and the PDF versionof the 2012 annual report. It is your choice which to use, but I would recommend the PDF so you can download a version on your desktop.Note that by the time this book is published, Walmart may have changedtheir web site. If so, you can download a copy of the 2012 Walmart annualreport on the companion web site associated with this book, or you cansimply rely on the exhibits and examples throughout this book.If you have downloaded the correct document, scroll down to locatethe income statement. Make sure you have identified the company’scomplete income statement and not their “financial summary.” These areeasy to confuse. The financial summary does contain income statementinformation, but it is not as detailed as the actual income statement. The

13//www.pbookshop.comThe Income Statement Walmart Investor Relations Web SiteFigure 1.2Walmart Annual Reportshttp:Figure 1.1

14 //wWalmart 5-Year Financial Summarytp:Figure 1.3ww.pbookshop.comFinancial Statements and Projectionshtfinancial summary also typically contains a longer period (five or 10 years)of historicals, whereas the more detailed income statement typically containsonly two or three years. Figure 1.3 is Walmart’s financial summary section,taken from page 17 of the company’s annual report. You can easily see thatit does not contain all the necessary line items such as costs and expensesto properly create a model. You will also notice that it is labeled as “5-YearFinancial Summary.”If you continue to scroll through the company’s annual report, youwill find the complete income statement on page 32. You will also noticethat it is properly labeled as “Consolidated Statement of Income.” Wewill use the income statement found in Figure 1.4 to analyze Walmart’shistorical financial position. It is standard to have three years of financials in a company model, so we will create a model from years 2010 to2012.

15http://www.pbookshop.comThe Income Statement Figure 1.4Walmart Income StatementRevenueWhen looking at the income statement in Figure 1.4, you want to firstidentify all the major line items as referenced earlier in this chapter,beginning with sales. We can see that Walmart has two lines of Revenues:“Net sales” and “Membership and other income.” We will list bothseparately.

16 Financial Statements and ProjectionsNow is a good time to open up the model template titled “NYSF—Walmart—Template.xls.” Notice the first six “tabs” each represent a financial schedule we will build to properly analyze the business. A well-builtmodel contains at least these six major statements:1.2.3.4.5.6.Income statementCash flow statementBalance sheetDepreciation scheduleWorking capital scheduleDebt scheduleokshop.comFor this chapter, we will focus on the Income statement tab. In this tab,we can enter the three years of each revenue stream, as shown in Figure 1.4.We will simply “hardcode” or type the numbers directly into the model asrepresented in the annual report.Before doing so, it is important to mention the first two important rulesof modeling etiquette:w.pbo1. All hardcoded numbers and assumption drivers should be entered inblue font.2. All formulas should be entered in black font.http://wwWhen we mention hardcoded numbers, we mean numbers that are typeddirectly into a cell (that is, not links or formulas). All other formulas in themodel are dependent on hardcodes, so should remain black. So, for example, thehistorical numbers we will now enter are hardcoded. These should be coloredblue. But, the formulas that are simply summing hardcoded numbers should bein black font, as those are formulas. This is a standard on the Street and makesa model easier to analyze. It is important to be able to quickly zero in on thenumbers and assumptions that drive the model projections (the blue numbers).So, in Row 7, marked “Net Sales,” we can type in 405,132; 418,952;and 443,854 for 2010, 2011, and 2012, or cells D7, E7, and F7, respectively.Remember to color the font of these blue, as they are hard codes. Later,we will look to the company’s historical trends as a clue to estimatingprojections. So, let’s calculate the historical growth of the company’s netsales. The formula for growth in a current year is:Current Year / Previous Year – 1So we can calculate the 2011 net sales growth by entering the followinginto Cell E8:

17The Income StatementCalculating 2011 Net Sales Growth (Cell E8)Excel Key Strokestype “ ”select Cell E7type “/”select Cell D7type “-1”type “Enter”Formula ResultDescriptionEnters into “formula” mode2011 Net SalesDivides2010 Net SalesSubtracts 1End E7/D7–1p.comThis should give you a 3.4 percent net sales growth in 2011. Thisprocess can be repeated for the net sales in 2012, or you can simply cut andpaste the 2012 formula and copy it to the right. There are several ways tocopy formulas to the right:http://www.pbooksho1. Click and drag the 2011 formula over to 2012. With the mouse, you canselect the bottom right corner of Cell E8, and while holding down theleft mouse button, you can drag the formula over to Cell F8.2. Select the 2011 Net Sales Growth in Cell E8. Select “Copy” from themenu bar (or hit “Ctrl” “C”). Then select the 2012 Net Sales Growth(Cell F8), and select “Paste” from the menu bar (or hit “Ctrl” “V”).3. Preferred method:a. Highlight both the 2011 Net Sales Growth in Cell E8 and the empty2012 Net Sales Growth in Cell F8. This can either be done two ways:i. With the mouse: by selecting Cell E8, making sure to select the center of the cell not the bottom right corner, and while holding downthe left mouse button continue to move the mouse to the right, or;ii. With the keyboard: by selecting Cell E8, then holding down the“Shift” key while tapping the right arrow until the desired cells areselected.b. Hit “Ctrl” “R,” which stands for “copy right.”modeling tipWe strongly recommend you use keyboard hotkeys (such as “Ctrl” “R”) as often as possible. The more comfortable you become with usingthe keyboard as opposed to the mouse, the more efficient a modeler youwill become. (Please see Appendix 3 for a list of Excel hotkeys.)

18 Table 1.1Financial Statements and ProjectionsWalmart Historical Net SalesConsolidated Income Statements (in U.S. millions except per share amounts)ActualsPeriod Ending January 312010A2011A405,132.0418,952.02012ARevenueNet sales% Growth3.4%443,854.05.9%shop.comNote there is also a hotkey called “Ctrl” “D,” which stands for CopyDown. Unfortunately there is no Copy Left or Copy Up.See Table 1.1.We can now continue by entering the “Membership and Other Income”numbers, and calculating the respective growth as we had done with the net sales.We can then total the two sales line items into the total revenue line inRow 11. (See Table 1.2.)Calculating 2010 Total Revenue (Cell D11)//www.pbookDescriptionEnters into “formula” mode2010 Net SalesAdds2010 Membership and Other IncomeEnd D7 D9Table 1.2http:Excel Key Strokestype “ ”select Cell D7type “ ”select Cell D9type “Enter”Formula resultWalmart Historical Total RevenueConsolidated Income Statements (in U.S. millions except per share amounts)ActualsPeriod Ending January 312010A2011A2012ARevenueNet sales% GrowthMembership and other income% GrowthTotal revenueY/Y revenue growth 2,897.0 1.9%421,849.05.9%3,096.06.9%446,950.03.4%6.0%

19The Income Statement This will give us 408,085.0 in total revenue for Walmart in 2010. Wecan now calculate total revenue growth using the same growth formulas asdemonstrated prior. We can also copy these formulas to the right through2012 using one of the previous copy methods. (See Table 1.2.)Getting to EBITDAokshop.comBelow the revenue section we see “Cost of Sales” and “Operating, Selling,General, and Administrative Expenses.” When referencing the categoriesearlier in this chapter, we see “Cost of Sales” as category 2, and “OperatingExpenses” as category 3, which will directly refer to “Cost of Sales” and“Operating, Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses,” respectively,from the above income statement. Ideally, there would be a more detailedbreakout of the costs, and if there was, I would recommend listing each costline item in an operating expense section, much like what we had done withrevenue. It is worth doing a quick word search on “expense” or “operatingexpense” in the annual report to see if there is a more detailed table listingthe individual expenses.boDigging up Depreciationhttp://www.pWhen identifying all expenses on an income statement, it is important to alsolocate the depreciation expense. Companies that have depreciating assetswould generally record that depreciation as an expense to reduce taxes.So, if a company has depreciation, it should be represented on the incomestatement. However, not every company lists depreciation as a separate lineitem. A good analyst needs to do some more hunting to locate depreciation.Walmart certainly depreciates its assets. If you are unsure if the company youare analyzing depreciates assets you should research the company’s assets. Aneasy way to begin is by performing a word search for “depreciation” on thecompany’s annual report, or you can go to the cash flow statement to see ifa depreciation line item exists. Depreciation is located in several places in thecompany’s annual report. In Figure1.5 we have used the example from page52 of the company’s annual report. This appears to be a financial breakout ofthe company’s operating business units.As we are building a model to represent the consolidated business,we want total depreciation for the whole business. In Figure 1.5 we cansee depreciation and amortization for the consolidated business is 8,130; 7,641; and 7,157 for 2012, 2011, and 2010, respectively. It is also goodto know that page 35 of the annual report, the cash flow statement showsdepreciation of the exact same amount. This is a good cross-check. However, it is important to note there are advanced accounting rules that can

20 Walmart Operations by Segment.pboFigure 1.5okshop.comFinancial Statements and Projectionshttp://wwwcause differences between depreciation shown on the cash flow statementand in other sections of the company financials.Once we have identified depreciation, we have to determine where thatdepreciation is in the income statement. We have proven depreciation exists,and we assume it must be somewhere in the income statement, although notdirectly shown. Be careful not to simply add the depreciation expense to theincome statement. The depreciation amounts we have found previously aremost likely buried in one of the expense items we have already identified.But how do we know which expense line item contains depreciation?Unfortunately, in many cases, it may not be easy to tell. A word search on“depreciation” may reveal a note describing where that item is expensed onthe income statement. In Walmart’s case, it does not. Quite often depreciationis a part of cost of goods sold or sales, general, and administrative expenses,or spread out between the two. It is also often that one cannot identifyexactly where depreciation is buried. It should be comforting to know,however, that whether we end up extracting the depreciation expense fromcost of goods sold; sales, general, and administrative expenses; or both, itwill not affect our EBITDA, which is most crucial for our valuation. So inthis example let us assume depreciation is a component of sales, general,and administrative expenses. Another clue is a paragraph on page 20 of

21The Income Statement the annual report that identifies depreciation within the operating expensessection. Although a helpful clue, this is no proof. Page 20 of Walmart’s2012 annual report notes:Operating Expenses//www.pbookshop.comWe leveraged operating expenses in fiscal 2012 and 2011. In fiscal2012, our operating expenses increased 4.8% compared to fiscal2011, while net sales increased 5.9% in fiscal 2012 compared tofiscal 2011. Operating expenses grew at a slower rate than netsales due to our continued focus on expense management. OurGlobal eCommerce initiatives contributed to the majority of theincrease in operating expenses, as we continue to invest in oure-commerce platforms. Depreciation expense increased year-overyear based

Understanding financial statements a. Concepts b. Historical analysis c. Making projections d. Model flow between the statements 2. Ability to build a complete financial model of Walmart It is recommended that a financial model be built in six major components: 1. Income statement 2. Cash flo