SUBCOMMITTEE ON KOREAN WAR ATROCITIES PERMANENT .
KOREAN WAR ATROCITIESHEARINGBEFORE THESUBCOMMITTEE ON KOREAN WAR ATROCITIESOF T W.,LPERMANENT SUBCOMMITTEE ONINVESTIGATIONSOF T H ECOMMITTEE 01,GOVERNMENT OPERATIONSUNITED STATES SENATEEIGHTY-THIRD CONGRESSFIRST SESSIONPURSUANT TOS. Res. 40PART 3DECEMBER 4, 1953Printed for the Committee on Government OperationsUNITED STATESCIOVRRNMENT PRTNTTNG OFFICEWASHINGTON : 1954
COIIMITTEE ON GOT;EItNi\llENT OPERATIONSJ O S E P H R. YCCARTHP, Wisconsin, ChazrwnnJ O H N L. McCLELLAN, ArkansasK A R L E. MUNDT, South DakotaH U B E R T H. HUMPHREY, MinnesotaMARGARET CHASE SMITH, MaineHENRY M. JACKSON, WashingtonHENRY C. DWORSHAK, IdahoE V E R E T T M c I i I N L E P DIRICSEN, Illinois J O H N F. KENNEDY, MassachusettsBTUART SYMINGTON, MissouriJOHN MARSHALL BUTLER, MarylandALTON LENNON, North CaroliuaCHARLES E. POTTER, MichiganFRANCIS n. FLANAGAN, chief C O U S WALTERL. REYNOLDS,Chief LZcrICJ O S E P H R. M c C R T H Y ,Wisconsin, ChaimnanKARL #I. MUNDT, South DakotaE V E R E T T McKINLE'i DIRKSEN, IllinoisCHARLES E. POTTER, i c h i g a nROY M. COHN,Chief CoumelP. CARR,Executive DirectorFRANCISSCBCOMMITTEEON KOREANWAR ATROCIT ESCHARLES E. POTTER, Michigan, ChairmanI1
CONTENTSTestimony ofAbbott, Lt. Col. Robert, Infantry, 1242d ASU, Rochester, N. Y----182166Buttrey, Capt. Linton J., Headquarters, MRTC, Camp Pickett, Va-Finn, Maj. Frank M., War Crimes Division, Officeof the Judge Advo217cate General, the Pentagon, Washington, D. C - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gorn, Lt. Col. John W., Office of the Chief of LegislativeLiaison.Department of the Army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162Hanley, Col. James M., United States Army, Camp Atterbury, Ind-149Herrmann, Frederick C. 35 East Chandler Street, Evansville, Ind---156167Jaramillo, Arturo J., Pueblo, Colo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Locke. Maj. William D., United States Air Force, Headquarters Tactical Air Command, Langley Air Force Base, Va - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 218Makarounis, Capt. Alexander George, Infantry, 058962, UnitedStates Army, Walter Reed Army Hospital, Washington, D. C---- 170, 179Mullins, Sgt. Orville R., 2021st ASU, Cincinnati, Ohio - - - - - - - - - - - - 202Rogers, Lt. Col. James T., Headquarters, Fourth Army, Medical Section, Fort Sam Houston, Tex--- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164Todd, Lt. Col. Jack R., JAGC, War Crimes Division, Office of theZone Chief, Staff, Judge Advocate, Headquarters, Korean Com161munications Zone, Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Watters, Sgt. John L., Jr., 701st Detachment No. 1, South Post, FortMyer, V a - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 213SCHEDULE OF EXHIBITSIntroduced Appearson page on page14 (a). Photostatic copy of propaganda bulletin on wall of Koreanhouse ------------ ------------------ ---------14 (b). Translation by United States Army of propaganda bulletin, Exhiblt 14a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 (c). Photograph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15. Photograph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16. Photograph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17. Photograph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18. P h o t o g r a p h - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 19. Photograph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20. Photograph- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21. Photograph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22. Article "I Survived the Korean Dmth March" by AlexanderMakarounis, published in Argosy, March 1951- - - - - - - - - 23. Article "I Met Them in Jail" by Alexander Makarounis,published in Far East, May 1951- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 24. Extract, of Interim Historical Report, Korean War CrimesDlvls 8*'May be found in the Elm of the subcommittee.111**228**b- I71----,;/-
KOREAN WAR ATROCITIESFRIDAY, DECEMBER 4, 1953UNITEDSTATESSENATES c o m m r n mONKOREANWARATROCITIESOF THE PEWANENTSUBCOMMIWON INVESTIGATTONSOF THECOMMITTEEON GOVERNMENTOPERATIONS,Washingto.n,P. 0.The Subcommittee on Korean War Atrooities met at 10: 30 a. m.,pursuant to recess, in the Caucus Room, Senate Office Building, SenatorCharles E. Potter, chairman of the subcommittee, presiding.Present: Senator Charles E. Potter Re ublican, Michigan.Also present : Senator Herman elker,Tke nblican,Idaho; Representative Edith Nourse Rogers, Republican, Massachusetts; RobertL. Jones, research assistant to Senator Potter.Also present, the following staff members of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations : Francis P. Carr, executive director ;Donald I?. 03Donnell,assistant counsel; Ruth Young Watt, chief clerk.Senator POTTER.The committee will come to order.This will be the last day of the hearings of the subcommittee whichwas established to investigate the war atrocities in Korea. I think itwell at this time that I give credit to the work that has been done bythe special counsel of the committee, Donald O'Donnell. He hasworked very closely with the Department of the Army and has donean excellent job in preparing for the cases which you have heard.The first witness this morning will be Colonel Hanley.Colonel, do you swear that the testimony you shall give before thiscommittee will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth,so help you God?Cologel HANLEY.I do.TESTIMONY OF JAMES M. HANLEY, COLONEL, UNITED STATESARNY, CAMP ATTERBURY, IND.Senator P RColonel,.will you identify yourself for the record,giving your name and present assignment?Colonel H A N AfyY . name is James M. Hanley, colonel, UnitedStates Army, and now stationed at Camp Atterbnry, Ind.Senator P E RColonel,.will you tell the committee your duties,your assignment, when you were in Korea?Colonel HANLEY.I n Korea I was Chief of the War Crimes Sectionof the Eighth Army.When were you appointed to that position?Senator POTTER.E Y . in October of 1950. I left for Korea onColonel N L LateNovember 2,1950.149
150KOREAN WAR ATROCITIESSenator POTTER.YOUwere the first Chief of the War Crimes Division ; is that correct ?Colonel HANLEY.That is correct ;yes.Colonel, you have listened to the testiniony of theSenator POTTER.past 2 days, and many of the atrocities that have been explained herecame to your attention when you were in charge of the War Crimes ,Commission, or Chief of the War Crimes Division; is that correct?Colonel HANLEY.Practically all of them; yes. They mere discovered in those early days of 1950 and 1951.Senator POTTER.Were you Chief of the War Crimes Division at thetime the Sunchon Tunnel niassacre took place?Colonel H N L E YYes,. sir ; I was.Senator POTTER.IYill you tell the Committee what information youreceived and tlie picture as it came to you as Chief of tlie War CrimesDivision ?Colonel HANLEY.Well, tlie Sunchon Tunnel case was one of thosecases that were thoroughly documented by statements from sui-vivorsand eyewitness accounts of those who came upon the scene within amatter of days after the massacre took place. Those men had startedoriginally, niany of them, from Taejon, had moved up to Pyongyangduring the latter part of September and early October-into Seoul,rather, I should say, from Taejon into Seoul, they had rested a fewdays in Seoul and had gone from there by train to P y o n g a n g , theymarched to Pyongyang, and after resting a t Pyongyang, being placed p o an train and starting north to Manchuria.The train had stopped in a tunnel, the Sunchon Tunnel, in orderto avoid air raids carried on by our planes, and a t that place, andunder those circumstances, the massacre took place, the men beingtaken from the cars outside of the tunnel and shot.Senator POTTER.ROWmany victims were there of this atrocity?Colonel HANLEY.The number a t Sunchon, I think, was 68.Senator POTTER.Sixty-eight ?Colonel HANLEY.Yes, sir.Senator POTTER.I wonder if you would tell the committee justhow the W a r Crimes Commission came into being? and some of theproblems you had as the.first Chief of the War Crimes Division.Yes, sir; I would be very glad to. The conceptColonel HANLEY.in setting up,the W a r Crimes Section was to avoid some of f i e difficulties that had been experienced after both World War I and WorldW a r 11,in which no attempt was made to investigate the commissionof war crimes until some time after the end of the war, which madeit much more difficult. The testimony was difficult to arrive a t andmany of the witnesses had disappeared, and much of the documentaryevidence had disappeared. The concept came in the mind of ColonelHickman, who was the Judge Advocate of the Far East Commandat that time. H e made his recommendations on the subject to General MacArthur who adopted them and vigorously pushed theprogram.I n the early days, in September and October, the program waslaid out, the rules for the investigation were determined, the tableof distribution of the men and setting out those men who had formedthe section were determined, and I was a t that tlme appointed Chiefof the Section
. . -We opened up our headquarters early in November in Seoul. A tthat time there had been some work carried on by division staff judgeadvocates in the divisions and in the corps. Some of that evidencehad come to Eighth Army Headquarters and was then available tomy section. However, there was a great deal of work to be done.The United States forces at that time were beyond the 38th parallel.A tremendous number of bodies both Korean civilians and Americanpersonnel, and ROK soldiers had been discovered as our armies advanced to the north over the 38th parallel and beyond the 38thparallel.The gathering of this information and the taking of photographspresented a tremendous problem. We always had, as the 8th Armyitself had, a shortage of personnel for this work, and there was agreat deal of evidence that we were not able to secure a t that timeand will never be secured because of the shortage of personnel.But we did the best we could and assembled the information. Weut the information in affidavit form and rejected what informationid not seem to be valid, analyzed the rest of it and made our casesa s the information flowed in.I n December, as you will know, Seoul was threatened again andsubsequently captured, and we got out of Seoul and moved on toPusan, late in December of 1950. We continued to work from thereon in the Seoul area, the prisoners of war having moved into that areain P W camps around Pusan. The prisoners had ariginally been collected i n a camp between Inchon and Seoul. They were moved whenthe Communists threatened Seoul, they were moved down the Pusanarea and kept in that area in prisoner-of-war camps until they weremoved-toXoje-do, off the coast of South Korea in 1951.Yesterday or the day before the question was asked as to whetheror not-by you, Senator-the prisoners were cooperative in givingevidence. We found them in the early days extremely cooperative.The prisoners were very lightly guarded. They only had one barbedwire fence around them, and our feeling was that they had no intention of attempting to escape, and in fact, so far as I know, very fewever did. They not only were cooperative in answering questionsthat we put to them, but they volunteered information. Most of theinformation in the early days came from prisoners who volunteered totell their story as to what they knew with reference to atrocities.What was their purpose in telling the story soSenator POTTER.readily? Were they bragging about the atrocities they had committed or trying to convince our people that they had turned over anew leaf, that comnlunism didn't hold the appeal for them any more?NO, sir ;I think many of those men, as subsequentColonel HANLEY.ly proved, were conscientious anti-Communists, they were attemptingto show communism for what it was. That motivated some of them.With some of them it was a question of conscience where they themselves had participated in atrocities. I n other cases it was undoubtedlya desire to curry favor. I think you will find the whole gamut ofhuman emotions and wishes and desires among those prisonsrs as towhy they told their various stories. You might be interested in howwe interrogated these prisoners. We used Koreans, of course, t ocarry on the preliminary interrogations of the prisoners, and in thecase of the Chinese used the Chinese or a t least Chinese-speakingKoreans.S
152KOREAN WAR ATROCITIESSome of the work, interrogation, was done by American Nisei,speaking Japanese, with the Koreans who understood and spoke Japanese, many of whom did.Those interrogations were carried on singly, with one interrogatortalking to one prisoner, going over maps, going over areas, attempting to determine exactly where these things took place, getting thedetails, getting them down on paper, having the man swear to thembefore an American officer in all cases, or subsequently getting thedocument translated into English. Those documents were sworn toin the native tongue of the prisoners so he had an opportunity to readit and know exactly what he signed.Colonel, dld most of the confessions that you reSenator POTTER.ceived state that they received their orders for these atrocities fromthe officers of the unit?Many did, and many did not. Some were indiColonel HANLEY.vidual acts on the part of Individuals. Others were acts performedon orders of their immediate superiors.AS a result of the evidence that was collectedSenator POTTER.while you were chief of the War Crimes Division, did you come toany conclusion as to whether or not these atrocities were part of anoverall plan on the part of the Communists?We, at least during the time I was chief of theColonel HANLEY.War Crimes Section, which was up until May of 1952, we had nowritten evidence to indicate that the atrocities were carried on as aresult of orders from higher headquarters. Then there is no reasonwhy we should have such orders. Those things are hard to come by.The Communists did not send their orders to you?Senator POTTER.NO, sir; they did not send their orders to us andColonel HANLEY.whether they existed or not I do not know. But we saw no suchwritten evidence.The pattern of atrocities, however, cannot but lead one to the naturalconclusion that the commission of the atrocities was at least tolerated,must have been known about, by higher authority. I think that canbe judged particularly from the pattern of atrocities committedagainst the South Korean civilians, when the Communists, on cominginto South Korea, had set up their local governments, put in their ownpeople as chiefs of police, as the village honchu, and thrown into jailall those who they considered enemies of the Communists.Upon decamping from South Korea, as they did after our offensivein Inchon and breaking out of the Pusan perimeter, the record ofkillin in those circumstances, the killing of these prisoners, naturallyI thin leads one to tha,t collclusion, because it happened all throughout South Korea and in North Korea, the southern part of NorthKorea, so far as we know. it is not the purpose of our investigationSenator P RWhilea t this time to inquire into the loss of civilian life due to theseatrocities, while you were chief of the War Crimes Commission, wasthere any evidence that many South Korean civilians were massacred ?Colonel HANLEY.SOf a r as numbers were concerned, the numberof Americans killed was very small in proportion, in relation to thenumber of South Koreans killed. They were killed by the tens ofthousands.Senator P RThe. South Korean civilians?%
KOREANwmATROCITIES153Colonel HANLEY.Yes, sir; they certainly were. And we found andhave in the files of the War Crimes Section pictures of the SouthKorean civilians lying in windrows on hillsides by the hundreds tiedtogether and consisting of men, women and children.What would happen when the Communists wouldSenator POTTER.move into a community, to a town? Did they herd the civilianstogether and march them out and slaughter them? Was that themethod ?Colonel HANLEY.NO,sir. Most of the atrocities against the civilians,the vast bulk of them in number, took place in the latter part ofSeptember of 1950, and were part of the program that the Communists had of getting out of South Korea in order to prevent thembeing bottled up between the landing a t Inchon and the Pusan perimeter. They determined quite readily that they couldn't take theprisoners with them, of course, which wasn't practical under the circumstances, they had no transportation, most of those North Koreansmarched out of South Korea through the mountains and taking theprisoners with them if possible. The other alternative of leavingthem where they were, or turning them loose was never even discussed, at least in any of the records that we have of these meetingsthat they had before they actually disposed of the prisoners. Theonly question at issue in any case that I know anything about was thequestion of how to dispose of the prisoners, where to get the ammunition, whether they had ammunition enough, where to get trucksif they intended to take them out to the mountains, and possibly wheret o get the rope or wire to bind their hands with in order to take themout.Senator P m . But there is no question as to the ultimate fate?There was no question about the fate. I n someColonel HANLEY.,cases they threw them down mine shafts alive. I n other cases theyburied them alive in big pits. I n some cases they set fire to thejails, with the jails locked and the cell doors locked, burned themup that way, and in other cases they went through the jail spraying the inside of the jail with burp gun fire, the inside of the cells,and in other cases took them out in the mountains in groups, truckloads, and shot them down, always on telling the prisoners they weretaking them north, they were going north quite a distance. Theywould be taken from the truck off to the side of the road and linedup and shot down. There were a surprisingly large number ofsurvivors from those incidents. We found not only the bodies buthave stories of the survivors.YOUwere chief of the Was Crimes CommissionSenator POTTER.a t the time of the Taejon massacre, is that correct?Yes, sir.Colonel HANLEY.DO you have anything you would like to add toSenator POTTER.the testimony that has been given concerning that massacre?It is part of the pattern. The Communists inColonel HANLEY.Taejon were moving north, getting out of our way, out of the wayof the advancing forces, both from Inchon and from the Pusan perimeter. They couldn't take the prisoners with them, and being Communists, their only possible way to handle them was to dispose ofthem. They were enemies, and that was their natural reaction.4043-4--pt.3---2
154KOREANwmATROCITIESSenator P o RDid. you secure evidence of the fact that on thevast majority of the marches the same pattern held true, that theweak who were unable to keep u p with the march were slaughteredas they fell back ?Colonel HANLEY.I f there were any marches in which that did nothappen, it has not come to my attention.Senator POTTER.DO you have any questions, Mr. O'Donnell?Mr. O'DONNELL.Colonel, at Taejon, when our boys were massacredas well as the South Korean troops, were any civilians killed ?Colonel HANLEY.Yes, sir.Mr. O'DONNELL.C o l dyou give us an approximate number ofcivilians killed at that time?It would be very difficult to arrive at that. OurColonel HANLEY.investigators got on the scene, investigatin and looking into thematter of the civilians, 3 or 4
korean war atrocities hearing before the subcommittee on korean war atrocities of tw permanent subcommittee on ., l investigations of the committee 01, . scbcommittee on korean war atrocit es charles e. potter, michigan, chairman i1 -1-7 contents testimony of-
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