Cambridge International As And A Level Physics
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-61684-4 – Cambridge International AS and A Level PhysicsRobert HutchingsFrontmatterMore informationRevision GuideCambridge international As and A LevelPhysicsRobert Hutchings in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-61684-4 – Cambridge International AS and A Level PhysicsRobert HutchingsFrontmatterMore informationUniversity Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United KingdomCambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit ofeducation, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.Information on this title: education.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 2015This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place without the writtenpermission of Cambridge University Press.First published 2015Printed in the United Kingdom by Latimer TrendA catalogue record for this publication is available from the British LibraryISBN 978-1-107-61684-4 PaperbackAdditional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/delangeCambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracyof URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and otherfactual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing butCambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such informationthereafter.NOTICE TO TEACHERS IN THE UKIt is illegal to reproduce any part of this work in material form (includingphotocopying and electronic storage) except under the following circumstances:(i)(ii)(iii)where you are abiding by a licence granted to your school or institution by theCopyright Licensing Agency;where no such licence exists, or where you wish to exceed the terms of a licence,and you have gained the written permission of Cambridge University Press;where you are allowed to reproduce without permission under the provisionsof Chapter 3 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, which covers, forexample, the reproduction of short passages within certain types of educationalanthology and reproduction for the purposes of setting examination questions.All exam-style questions that appear in this title taken from past papers are reproduced by permission of CambridgeInternational Examinations.All Progress Check questions, samples answers for Progress Check questions and worked examples were written by theauthor. In examinations, the way that marks would be awarded for questions like these may be different. in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-61684-4 – Cambridge International AS and A Level PhysicsRobert HutchingsFrontmatterMore informationContentsHow to use this BookChapter 1 Physical Quantities and UnitsPhysical quantitiesSI units (Système International d’unités)Estimating physical quantitiesScientific equationsVectors and scalarsCombining vectorsResolution of vectorsProgress CheckChapter 2 Measurement TechniquesIntroductionRecord takingGraphical workAnalogue scales and digital displaysExperimental uncertaintyPrecision and accuracyChoice of measuring instrumentCalibration curvesEstimating uncertaintiesProgress CheckExamination Questions IChapter 3 KinematicsDistance and displacementSpeed and velocityAccelerationGraphs for motionDistance–time graphsVelocity–time graphsDerivation of equations of motion for uniformlyaccelerated motion in a straight lineWeightMeasurement of the acceleration of free fall, gThe effect of air resistance on a falling bodyObjects moving under gravity in two dimensionsProgress Check in this web service Cambridge University 717181820Chapter 4 Dynamics21IntroductionNewton’s laws of motionConservation of momentumThe deduction of the principle from Newton’s third lawThe use of the principle of conservation of momentumElastic and inelastic collisionsProgress CheckChapter 5 Forces, Density and PressureTypes of forceForces in fluidsResistive forcesCentre of gravityTurning forcesEquilibriumThe principle of momentsDensityPressureAtmospheric pressurePressure due to a column of liquid of constant densityProgress CheckExamination Questions IIChapter 6 Work, Energy and PowerWork and energyWorkEnergyExamples of work done or energy suppliedPowerEfficiencyProgress CheckExamination Questions IIIChapter 7 Deformation of SolidsIntroductionTension and org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-61684-4 – Cambridge International AS and A Level PhysicsRobert HutchingsFrontmatterMore informationivContentsElastic and plastic deformation of a materialThe Young modulusCategories of materialsStrain energyProgress CheckExamination Questions IVChapter 8 Waves48485051525356IntroductionWave motionWave terminologyEnergy transfer by a progressive waveTransverse and longitudinal wavesExperimental techniquesThe electromagnetic spectrumThe Doppler effectProgress Check565657585960616263Chapter 9 Superposition64IntroductionStationary wavesDiffractionInterferenceThe diffraction gratingProgress CheckExamination Questions VChapter 10 Electric Fields: Part AElectric field definitionElectric field diagramsPotential differenceThe movement of charges in electric fieldsProgress CheckChapter 11 Current of ElectricityCharge and currentIntroductionConductors and insulatorsPotential differenceResistanceEquation summaryCurrent–potential difference (I–V) characteristics1. A wire at a constant temperature2. A filament lamp3. A semiconductor diodeTemperature characteristicsOhm’s lawElectrical resistivityProgress Check in this web service Cambridge University 97979798080Chapter 12 Direct Current (D.C.) Circuits 82IntroductionElectromotive force, e.m.f. and potential difference, p.d.Internal resistanceKirchhoff ’s lawsKirchhoff ’s first lawKirchhoff ’s second lawCombinations of resistorsResistors in seriesResistors in parallelElectrical circuitsWarning of common mistakesSample circuitsThe effect of a voltmeter being usedThe potentiometerProgress CheckExamination Questions VIChapter 13 Nuclear Physics: Part tructure of the atom93Discovery of the nucleus of atoms93Isotopes94Definitions and data94Nuclear reactions95Experiments with radioactive materials96Properties of alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ) radiations 97Antiparticles98Fundamental particles98Beta decay99Progress Check100Examination Questions VII101Chapter 14 Physical Quantities, Units andMeasurement Techniques103Amount of substanceExperimental techniques103103Chapter 15 Motion in a Circle104Angular measureAngular velocityThe relationship between angular velocity w and speed vSmall angle approximations for anglesCircular motionAcceleration at constant speedAcceleration in circular motion at constant speedThe force required for a centripetal accelerationProgress Check104104104105105105106106108www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-61684-4 – Cambridge International AS and A Level PhysicsRobert HutchingsFrontmatterMore informationContentsChapter 16 Gravitational FieldIntroductionGravitational field strengthNewton’s law of gravitationThe relationship between g and GGravitational potentialSpace travelCircular orbitsGeostationary satellitesProgress CheckExamination Questions VIIIChapter 17 Ideal GasesIntroductionThe equation of state for an ideal gasStandard temperature and pressure, S.T.P.The kinetic theory of gasesThe Boltzmann constant, kProgress CheckChapter 18 TemperatureIntroductionThermal equilibriumMeasurement of temperatureThe potential divider in useThe thermistorTemperature scalesProgress CheckChapter 19 Thermal Properties ofMaterialsSpecific heat capacityChange of stateMeltingBoiling and evaporationInternal energyThe first law of thermodynamicsProgress CheckExamination Questions IXChapter 20 OscillationsIntroductionPatterns of oscillationWave terminologyAngular frequency (w )The definition of simple harmonic motion (SHM)Damped oscillationsForced oscillations and resonanceProgress CheckExamination Questions X in this web service Cambridge University 9130132133136136136137138138140141144144Chapter 21 Ultrasoundv149The piezo-electric transducerUltrasound scanningAbsorption coefficientsProgress Check149149151152Chapter 22 Communicating Information 153The principles of modulationIntroductionSignal modulationBandwidthComparison between amplitude modulation (AM) andfrequency modulation (FM)Frequencies and wavelengths used intelecommunicationsDigital informationSampling ratesModes of communicationAttenuationComparison of channels of communicationSatellite communicationSatellite orbitsProgress CheckExamination Questions pter 23 Electric Fields: Part B164IntroductionCoulomb’s lawThe electric field strength at a distance r from apoint chargeElectrical potentialComparison between electric fields andgravitational fieldsThe definition of electrical potentialProgress Check164164Chapter 24 Capacitance164165165166168169IntroductionThe definition of capacitanceCapacitors in series and in parallelCapacitors in parallelCapacitors in seriesThe energy stored in a charged capacitorProgress Check169169169169170172173Chapter 25 Sensing Devices174Sensing devicesThe light-dependent resistorThe negative temperature coefficient thermistorThe piezo-electric transducerStrain gaugesProgress Check174174175175175177www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-61684-4 – Cambridge International AS and A Level PhysicsRobert HutchingsFrontmatterMore informationviContentsChapter 26 Electronics178The operational amplifier (op-amp)The properties of an op-ampThe op-amp as a comparatorAdjusting the gain of an op-ampThe non-inverting amplifierOutput devicesProgress Check178178178179179180181Chapter 27 Magnetic FieldsIntroductionConcept of a magnetic fieldMaking magnetsMagnetic flux densityThe current balanceThe force on a charge q moving with velocity vin a magnetic fieldMagnetic field patterns of electric currents in wiresand forces on the wiresThe Hall probeVelocity selectionA comparison between the effect on charges inelectric and magnetic fieldsMagnetic resonance imaging, MRIIntroductionPrecession of nucleiNuclear resonanceThe MRI scannerProgress 191192Chapter 28 Electromagnetic Induction194IntroductionExperiments on electromagnetic inductionDefinitions of terms used in electromagnetic inductionFaraday’s law of electromagnetic inductionThe a.c. generator, often called an alternatorLenz’s lawProgress Check194194195195195196198Chapter 29 Alternating CurrentsIntroductionPower in an a.c. circuitThe transformerThe theory of a transformerTransformer LossesRectificationHalf-wave rectificationFull-wave rectification in this web service Cambridge University Press199199199200201203204204204Smoothing the output from a rectifier circuitProgress CheckExamination Questions XIIChapter 30 Quantum PhysicsIntroductionThe photoelectric effectThe Planck constant, hWave-particle dualitySpectraBand theoryVariation of resistance with temperatureVariation of resistance with intensity of lightAbsorption spectraThe production and use of X-raysIntroductionThe production of X-raysThe use of X-raysComputed tomography (CT) scanProgress 216217218220Chapter 31 Nuclear Physics: Part B221Energy and massNuclear binding energyVariation of binding energy with nucleon numberNuclear fissionActivity and half-lifeHalf lifeProgress CheckExamination Questions XIII221221222223223224225225Appendix A Quick tips on exampreparation228Appendix B Physical quantities: symbols,definitions and equations231Appendix C SI units, symbols anddefinitions233Appendix D Answers to ProgressCheck questions235Index244www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-61684-4 – Cambridge International AS and A Level PhysicsRobert HutchingsFrontmatterMore informationHow to use this BookDeformation of SolidsIntroductionIntroductionExplains the layout of each chapter, helpswith navigation through the book andgives a reminder of what is importantabout each topic.The application of a pair of squeezing or stretchingforces to a solid will cause a change in the shapeof a solid. This chapter will deal only with solids,because for liquids and gases, changes in shape aredependent on the container holding them.Tension and compression7that when you reach the other side of the bridge,chains go back to their original length.Changes in the separation distance betweenmolecules in the examples quoted above are smand reversible. Any change in the shape of a solas a result of forces being applied to it and whicreturns to its original shape when the forces areTemperatureremovedis said to be125an elastic deformation. Edeformation is very common with most objectsuse daily and is usually so small that it is not notemperature at whichice, waterandrodwaterWhena solidhasvapourtwo forces appliedto itTipinTeacher’sco-exist (in the absenceof air).By choosingthis7.1(a), its length increasesthe wayshownin FigureBe careful when subtracting temperatures.temperature as 273.16 K, the size of one degree isby a small amount and the rod is said to undergoSpringsA temperature change from 6 C to 80 C isalmost identical to the size of the old dobviously74and C. This couldbeendescribedwritten in the previous section cadegree. The discrepancy between 273.15 and 273.16Thehaveeffects26 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics Revision Guiderodis squeezed,as shownin Figure353 K 7.1(b), 279 Kits 74 K. Thebetemperatureintervalis because the triplethepointtemperatureof waterisexaggeratedif the solid is not a straight roddecreaseslittleit is saidto undergobetweentwo temperaturesbe theintosamea spring. It then becomes easione hundredth of a lengthdegree higherthanatheice andpoint.butmustis achAcompressive deformation.whether the Celsius scale or the Kelvin scale areuUto measure any extension or compression thatequals the velocity of separation.MBefore collision mused. You must not add on 273 when consideringtemperature intervals. takes place. Figure 7.2 shows on the left-handRod in tensionExample 2side a spring without any load on it attached toV(a)MAfter collisionmOn a linear air track, a mass of 120 g is travellinghorizontal support. The right-hand side showsv 1to the right with a velocity of 83 cm s . It collideseffect of attaching a load to the spring.Chapter Summaryelastically with a mass of 200 g travelling withFigure 4.8Rod in compressionas shownvelocity 47 cm s 1 in the opposite direction,Thermal energyis transferred from a region of higher The Celsius scale of temperature is based on the(b)Equating total momentum before the collisiontemperature to a region of lower temperature.thermodynamic scale. It is defined by the equationin Figure 4.9.with momentum after givesq/ C T/K 273.15 exactly. The thermodynamic scale of temperature uses twoFigure7.1Extension 1 1(This is not a mistake. It makes the temperature offixed points.is 0 K at absolute zero and the othermu MU mv MV83 cm s47 cmOnes 0.83 m s 1s 1triple point of water.the triple point of water just 0.01K higher than theis 273.16 K0.47at mtheThe corresponding equation for kinetic energyLOADThe fact that the rod can be deformedtheseice inpoint.)will beways implies two things for the rod:Teacher’s tipsQuick suggestions to remind you aboutkey facts and highlight important points.1111mu2 2 MU 2 2 mv2 2 MV 22To simplify these two equations is not as easy ast might seem. It can be made easier by putting allhe terms with an m in them on the left-hand side ofhe equations and all the terms with M in them on1he right. The 2 may be cancelled from the kineticenergy equation givingmu mv MV MU orm(u v) M(V U) andmu2 mv2 MV 2 MU 2 orEquation IEquation IIm(u2 v2) M(V 2 U 2)Now divide the Equation II by Equation I to getm(u 2 v 2 ) M (V 2 U 2 ) m(u v )M (V U )Both m and M cancel out and both top lines aredifferences of two squares sogiving(u v )(u v ) (U V )(U V ) (u v )(U V )(u v ) (U V )or (u U ) (V v )The term on the left is the relative velocity ofapproach, i.e. how fast mass m is catching up massM. The term on the right is the relative velocity ofeparation, i.e. how fast M is moving away frommass m.Figure 7.2separation of molecules in the rod can beAs a result of placing the load on the spring,affected by external forces applied to it, andof forces causes the extension to occur. The firs percentagechangesintheseparationof18.1 Convert the following Celsius temperatures to kelvin.18.4 Make estimates of the followingtemperatures,Afterthese forcesis theusingdownward force the load exeVelocity Umolecules(a)Velocity0 C V(b) 37.4 C(c) 100are C usually very small.the Celsius scale. The temperature ofonthespring.Thiswill be equal to the weight o(f) 273.15 C(a) dry ice,Figure 4.9 (d) 440 C (e) –80 CIn everyday life, the changes in shapes(b)ofbodymost(g) 5600 Ctemperature, load provided the load is at rest. The second for(c) dinnerhot water for a shower,solids arenotnoticed. toWhenWith what velocity do the massesthethe upward force the support exerts on the spri18.2 travelConvertafterthe followingkelvintemperaturesCelsius.you put yourwaterin a room radiatorcollision?(a) 0 K(b)220downKplateon a table you do not notice (d)thathotthetableOnce the spring is at rest these two forces are e(e) hot water in a pressure cooker,(c) 280 K(d)KA stepstep approachansweringhas450saggeda littleunder bythe weight;whenontoWhen an experiment is carried out, a graph(f) youa hotsitovencookinga cake,Answer Before collision totalmomentumtoright18.3 Temperatures atthe centreof starsare verylarge.that the steel chaina swingyoudo notnoticeholding(g) a redhot ring on an ofelectricstove, against load might be as shown inextension (0.12 0.83) (0.20 Explain0.47) why it is unnecessary toquestions,guidingyouthroughfromstartknow whether kelvina filamentthe seatarehasusedstretchedas a result. As you(h)drivea car in a lamp.Figure 7.3. Note that when a pair of forces, eachorCelsiustemperaturesinthesecases.After the collision total momentum toto fibridgenish.you are not aware that theover a suspensionmagnitude F, stretches a spring, the tension inright (0.12 U ) (0.20 V )chains supporting the bridge have become longer, orspring is said to be F and not 2F.A120 g 0.12 kgB200 gCheckProgress 0.20 kg ExamplesThese two terms are equal by the principle ofconservation of energy, so(0.0996 0.0940) 0.0056 0.12U 0.20VSometimes it is worthwhile multiplying both sidesof an equation by a large number to get rid of all thezeroes. Multiplying through by 100 gives(9.96 9.40) 0.56 12U 20VNeither U nor V can be obtained from this equationbut using the fact that the velocity of approachequals the velocity of separation gives(0.83 0.47) V UBy substituting into the first equation we get12U 20(1.30 U ) 0.5612U 26 20U 0.56 so 32U 25.44 andU 0.795 m s 1 80 cm s 1 to 2 sig figs. andV 0.505 m s 1 51 cm s 1 to 2 sig figs. in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-61684-4 – Cambridge International AS and A Level PhysicsR
Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.
Cambridge International GCE Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced level (AS and A level) 47 Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education (Cambridge IGCSE)/Cambridge International Certificate of Education (Cambridge ICE)/Cambridge GCE Ordinary level (Cambridge O level) 47 Cambridge International Diploma in Business 48 European Baccalaureate (EB) 65 International Baccalaureate .
Cambridge International Advanced Level (A Level) Cambridge International Project (CIPQ) Cambridge International Certificate of Education (ICE Diploma) Cambridge Advanced International Certificate of Education (AICE Diploma) Cambridge Checkpoint and Cambridge Primary Checkpoint qualifications are part of the May 2020 series.
Cambridge Primary Checkpoint Cambridge Secondary 1 (11–14 years*) Cambridge Secondary 1 Cambridge Checkpoint Cambridge Secondary 2 (14–16 years*) Cambridge IGCSE Cambridge Advanced (16–19 years*) Cambridge International AS and A Cambridge Pre-
The Cambridge Companion to Bede. Cambridge Companions to Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Evans, G.R. The Language and Logic of the Middle Ages: The Earlier Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. ———. The Language and Logic of the Middle Ages: The Road to Reformation. Cambridge: Cambridge .
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-63581-4 – Cambridge Global English Stage 6 Jane Boylan Kathryn Harper Frontmatter More information Cambridge Global English Cambridge Global English . Cambridge Global English Cambridge Global English
Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. BLANK PAGE. Title: 5054/41 O Level Physics November 2017 Keywords : CIE,0 Level,Physics,paper 4 Created Date: 1/16/2019 2:18:45 PM .
Sessions: AM morning PM afternoon IG Cambridge IGCSE 9–1 Cambridge IGCSE (9–1) OL Cambridge O Level AS Cambridge International AS Level AL Cambridge International A Level Cambridge inal Exam imetable November 2020 05–09 October 2020 Syllabus/Component Code Duration Session IG Hindi as a Se
Sessions: AM morning PM afternoon IG Cambridge IGCSE 9–1 Cambridge IGCSE (9–1) OL Cambridge O Level AS Cambridge International AS Level AL Cambridge International A Level Cambridge inal Exam imetable June 2019 29 April–03 May 2019 Syllabus/Component Code Duration Session OL Bengali 3204/01 2h A
