Civil And Period APUSH

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Civil War and Reconstruction – Period 5 – APUSH

Period 5 HomeworkIdentifications: Define the terms and their significance to the current unit of study. All terms must be handwritten on a separate sheet of paper.1. Crittenden Compromise2. Fort Sumter3. Conscription/bounty jumpers4. Legal Tender Act/greenbacks5. Radical Republicans6. Alexander Stephens7. Monitor vs. Merrimac8. Trent Affair9. Emancipation Proclamation10. 54th Massachusetts Infantry11. Act/Homestead Act12. New York draft riot/Copperheads13. Sherman’s March to the Sea14. Appomattox Court House15. Carpetbagger/Scalawag16. Ku Klux Klan/Nathan Bedford Forest17. Sharecropping/Tenant Farming18. “Mississippi Plan”19. The “redeemers”20. Exodusters21. Hayes Election/Compromise of 187722. Freedman’s BureauShort Essay Questions: In a few sentences answer the following questions in their entirety. Allquestions must be hand written on a separate sheet of paper.1. How did the North and South attempt to bring their economic resources to bear towin the Civil War? Why was the North more successful in the end?2. What was “cotton diplomacy” and why did it fail?3. Based on your reading, why was Andrew Johnson impeached by members of hisown party? What are some specific reasons? Why did the Senate fail to get the2/3 required for conviction?4. What was the Freedman’s Bureau? What were some of the jobs available? Whydid Johnson veto it? What black institutions organized to assist the Freedmen?5. Why did the Republicans abandon the South in the 1870’s? Give an example ofthe Supreme Court’s support for this abandonment of Reconstruction.

Lincoln’s First Inaugural Addressyears under great and peculiar difficulty. A disruptionof the Federal Union, heretofore only menaced, is nowformidably attempted.I hold that in contemplation of universal law and of theConstitution the Union of these States is perpetual.Perpetuity is implied, if not expressed, in thefundamental law of all national governments. It is safeto assert that no government proper ever had aprovision in its organic law for its own termination.Continue to execute all the express provisions of ourNational Constitution, and the Union will endureforever, it being impossible to destroy it except bysome action not provided for in the instrument itself.MONDAY, MARCH 4, 1861 Apprehension seems to exist among the people ofthe Southern States that by the accession of aRepublican Administration their property and theirpeace and personal security are to be endangered.There has never been any reasonable cause for suchapprehension. Indeed, the most ample evidence to thecontrary has all the while existed and been open totheir inspection. It is found in nearly all the publishedspeeches of him who now addresses you. I do butquote from one of those speeches when I declare that-“I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interferewith the institution of slavery in the States where itexists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and Ihave no inclination to do so.”Again: If the United States be not a governmentproper, but an association of States in the nature ofcontract merely, can it, as acontract, be peaceablyunmade by less than all the parties who made it? Oneparty to a contract may violate it--break it, so to speak-but does it not require all to lawfully rescind it?Descending from these general principles, we find theproposition that in legal contemplation the Union isperpetual confirmed by the history of the Union itself.The Union is much older than the Constitution. It wasformed, in fact, by the Articles of Association in 1774.It was matured and continued by the Declaration ofIndependence in 1776. It was further matured, and thefaith of all the then thirteen States expressly plightedand engaged that it should be perpetual, by the Articlesof Confederation in 1778. And finally, in 1787, one ofthe declared objects for ordaining and establishing theConstitution was "to form a more perfect Union."Those who nominated and elected me did so with fullknowledge that I had made this and many similardeclarations and had never recanted them But if destruction of the Union by one or by a part onlyof the States be lawfully possible, the Union is lessperfect than before the Constitution, having lost thevital element of perpetuity.It is seventy-two years since the first inauguration of aPresident under our National Constitution. During thatperiod fifteen different and greatly distinguishedcitizens have in succession administered the executivebranch of the Government. They have conducted itthrough many perils, and generally with great success.Yet, with all this scope of precedent, I now enter uponthe same task for the brief constitutional term of fourIt follows from these views that no State upon its ownmere motion can lawfully get out of the Union; thatresolves and ordinances to that effect are legally void,and that acts of violence within any State or Statesagainst the authority of the United States areinsurrectionary or revolutionary, according tocircumstances.

I therefore consider that in view of the Constitutionand the laws the Union is unbroken, and to the extentof my ability, I shall take care, as the Constitution itselfexpressly enjoins upon me, that the laws of the Unionbe faithfully executed in all the States In doing this there needs to be no bloodshed orviolence, and there shall be none unless it be forcedupon the national authority Plainly the central idea of secession is the essence ofanarchy. A majority held in restraint by constitutionalchecks and limitations, and always changing easily withdeliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments,is the only true sovereign of a free people. Whoeverrejects it does of necessity fly to anarchy or todespotism. Unanimity is impossible. The rule of aminority, as a permanent arrangement, is whollyinadmissible; so that, rejecting the majority principle,anarchy or despotism in some form is all that is left Questions:Paragraphs 1-3: What is Lincoln’s position onabolishing slavery?Paragraph 4: What does Lincoln mean when he refersto a “disruption the federal Union”?Paragraphs 5-14: How does Lincoln respond toarguments in favor of secession? Do you agree withhis views? Why or why not?One section of our country believes slavery is right andought to be extended, while the other believes it iswrong and ought not to be extended. This is the onlysubstantial dispute. The fugitive- slave clause of theConstitution and the law for the suppression of theforeign slave trade are each as well enforced, perhaps,as any law can ever be.Physically speaking, we can not separate. We can notremove our respective sections from each other norbuild an impassable wall between them. A husband andwife may be divorced and go out of the presence andbeyond the reach of each other, but the different partsof our country can not do this. They can not butremain face to face, and intercourse [trade], eitheramicable or hostile, must continue between them In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, andnot in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. TheGovernment will not assail you. You can have noconflict without being yourselves the aggressors. Youhave no oath registered in heaven to destroy theGovernment, while I shall have the most solemn oneto "preserve, protect, and defend it."I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends.We must not be enemies. Though passion may havestrained it must not break our bonds of affection. Themystic chords of memory, stretching from everybattlefield and patriot grave to every living heart andhearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell thechorus of the Union, when again touched, as surelythey will be, by the better angels of our nature.Paragraph 15: If war does come, who doesLincoln say will be responsible for starting it? Doyou agree with his assessment?Paragraph 16: In your own words, what is Lincolnsaying to the American people in this finalparagraph?

Declaration of the Immediate Causes WhichInduce and Justify the Secession of SouthCarolina from the Federal UnionThe people of the State of South Carolina, inConvention assembled, on the 26th day of April, A.D.,1852, declared that the frequent violations of theConstitution of the United States, by the FederalGovernment, and its encroachments upon the reservedrights of the States, fully justified this State in thenwithdrawing from the Federal Union; but in deferenceto the opinions and wishes of the other slaveholdingStates, she forbore at that time to exercise this right.Since that time, these encroachments have continued toincrease, and further forbearance ceases to be a virtue.And now the State of South Carolina having resumedher separate and equal place among nations, deems itdue to herself, to the remaining United States ofAmerica, and to the nations of the world, that sheshould declare the immediate causes which have led tothis act.In the year 1765, that portion of the British Empireembracing Great Britain, undertook to make laws forthe government of that portion composed of thethirteen American Colonies. A struggle for the right ofself-government ensued, which resulted, on the 4th ofJuly, 1776, in a Declaration [of Independence] In pursuance of this Declaration of Independence, eachof the thirteen States proceeded to exercise its separatesovereignty; adopted for itself a Constitution Forpurposes of defense they entered into a Leagueknown as the Articles of Confederation In 1787, Deputies were appointed by the States torevise the Articles of Confederation, and recommended for the adoption of the Constitutionof the United States By this Constitution, certain duties were imposed uponthe several States, and the exercise of certain of theirpowers was restrained, which necessarily implied theircontinued existence as sovereign States. But to removeall doubt, an amendment was added, which declaredthat the powers not delegated to the United States bythe Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, arereserved to the States, respectively, or to the people We hold that the Government thus established issubject to the two great principles asserted in theDeclaration of Independence; and we hold further, thatthe mode of its formation subjects it to a thirdfundamental principle, namely: the law of compact. Wemaintain that in every compact between two or moreparties, the obligation is mutual; that the failure of oneof the contracting parties to perform a material part ofthe agreement, entirely releases the obligation of theother; and that where no arbiter is provided, each partyis remitted to his own judgment to determine the factof failure, with all its consequences.In the present case, that fact is established withcertainty. We assert that fourteen of the States havedeliberately refused, for years past, to fulfill theirconstitutional obligations, and we refer to their ownStatutes for the proof.The Constitution of the United States, in its fourthArticle, provides as follows: “No person held to serviceor labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escapinginto another, shall, in consequence of any law orregulation therein, be discharged from such service orlabor, but shall be delivered up, on claim of the party towhom such service or labor may be due ”The same article of the Constitution stipulates also forrendition by the several States of fugitives from justicefrom the other States.The General Government, as the common agent,passed laws to carry into effect these stipulations of theStates. For many years these laws were executed. Butan increasing hostility on the part of the nonslaveholding States to the institution of slavery, has ledto a disregard of their obligations, and the laws of theGeneral Government have ceased to effect the objectsof the Constitution. The States of Maine, NewHampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut,

Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois,Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa, have enactedlaws which either nullify the Acts of Congress orrender useless any attempt to execute them Those States have assumed the right of deciding uponthe propriety of our domestic institutions; and havedenied the rights of property established in fifteen ofthe States and recognized by the Constitution; theyhave denounced as sinful the institution of slavery; theyhave permitted open establishment among them ofsocieties, whose avowed object is to disturb the peaceand to eloign the property of the citizens of otherStates. They have encouraged and assisted thousands ofour slaves to leave their homes; and those who remain,have been incited by emissaries, books and pictures toservile insurrection.For twenty-five years this agitation has been steadilyincreasing, until it has now secured to its aid the powerof the common Government. Observing the forms ofthe Constitution, a sectional party has found within thatArticle establishing the Executive Department, themeans of subverting the Constitution itself. Ageographical line has been drawn across the Union, andall the States north of that line have united in theelection of a man to the high office of President of theUnited States, whose opinions and purposes are hostileto slavery. He is to be entrusted with the administrationof the common Government, because he has declaredthat that “Government cannot endure permanently halfslave, half free,” and that the public mind must rest inthe belief that slavery is in the course of ultimateextinction We, therefore, the People of South Carolina, by ourdelegates in Convention assembled, appealing to theSupreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of ourintentions, have solemnly declared that the Unionheretofore existing between this State and the otherStates of North America, is dissolved, and that theState of South Carolina has resumed her positionamong the nations of the world, as a separate andindependent State; with full power to levy war,conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce,and to do all other acts and things which independentStates may of right do.Adopted December 24, 1860Questions:Paragraphs 1-2: What is the purpose of this document?Paragraphs 3-8: Why does South Carolina retrace U.S.history in this document? Do you agree with itscharacterization of American history?Paragraphs 9-13: What specific grievances does SouthCarolina have against the northern states and thefederal government? Do you agree that thesegrievances are just cause for secession?Final question: Some modern sympathizers of theConfederacy argue something to the effect that “theCivil War wasn’t about slavery, it was about states’rights.” Based on what you have read in thisdocument, how would you address this claim?

Civil War, 1861-1865Advantages & DisadvantagesLeadersUnion y sStrategiesLong TermUnionShort Term/”Spark”ConfederacyTurning SignificanceNon-Treaty Results

Civil War LegislationProvisionsMorrill Tariff Act,1861Homestead Act,1862Morrill LandGrant Act, 1862Pacific RailwayAct, 1862National BankActs, 1863-64 &Greenbacks13th Amendment,186414th Amendment,186515th Amendment,1866Impact on WarOther Impact

Lincoln’s War MeasuresWar MeasureMartial law in Maryland& “supervised”elections in border statesSuspension of habeascorpusUnion military draftMilitary tribunals(Ex parte Milligan)EmancipationProclamationSherman’s MarchWhat was its purpose?How effective was it?What criticisms did itface?Your opinion on themeasure

Key Points of the Civil WarBattleDate1st Battle of Manassas/BullRunJuly 1861Battle of Hampton RoadsMarch1862Peninsula CampaignMarchJuly 1862Battle of AntietamSept. 1862Siege of VicksburgMay-July1863Battle of GettysburgJuly 1863Battle of Atlanta &Sherman’s March to 1864-65Appomattox Court ce

Reconstruction StationsAnswer in complete and detailed sentences.Station One: Reconstruction Amendments1.Name and Describe the three Reconstruction Amendments.2.Which one do you believe is the most significant?Station Two: Reconstruction Plans3.What was Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan?4.What was the Radical Reconstruction Plan?5.Which one does you believe was the most appropriate?Station Three: Sharecropping6.What is sharecropping?7.What were the negative and positive consequences of sharecropping?Station Four: Freedmen’s Bureau8.What was the purpose of the Freedmen’s Bureau?9.What kind of opposition did the Freedmen’s Bureau face?Station Five: Black Codes10. What were Black Codes? What was the purpose of Black Codes?11. Look at the Black Codes and select one that you believe was particularly harsh and why.Station Six: KKK12. Why was the KKK formed?13. Describe the violent tactics used by the KKK.Station Seven:14. What bargain was made during the election of 1876?15. What was the Compromise of 1877 in ending Reconstruction?

NameReconstruction Plans, Laws, Amendments, and EffectsLincoln’sReconstruction PlanCongress’Wade-Davis BillAndrew Johnson’sPlan truction” PlanProposed: 1863Rejected by CongressProposed: 1864Vetoed by s:Conditions:Conditions:Conditions:Programs passed byCongress to itical Impact ofReconstructionEconomic Impact ofReconstruction 13. 14. 15. Negative Effectives of Reconstruction 1. Which Reconstruction Plan was the most appropriate for the nation after the Civil War? Explain.2. Did the positive effects of Reconstruction outweigh the negative effects? Explain.3. What unanswered questions remain regarding “fixing” something that is “broken” in America?

Southern Secession & the Civil WarI. Session & the Outbreak of the Civil WarA. Lincoln’s election in 1860 led to secession but secession did not necessarily mean a civil war:1. Dec 20, 1860, South Carolina seceded, followed by 6 other states in the Deep South by Feb 18612. The Upper South did not immediately secede & “lame-duck” Buchanan did nothing3. The South justified secession on old arguments: states’ rights & protection of liberty4. On Feb 4, 1861, Confederate States of America (CSA) was formed & Jefferson Davis was elected president5. Moderate Republicans offered the Crittenden Compromise but it was rejectedB. And the War Came1. On April 13,1861, shots at Fort Sumter, SC convinced the slave-holding border states to secede2. The Civil War was not technically between the slave & free states because of the slave-holding border statesII. Advantages & Disadvantages of the North & South at the Beginning of the Civil WarA. Northern advantages included more people, more industry, more railroads but had to invade the South to winB. Southern advantages included using a defensive strategy, better military leaders, & possible allies in EuropeC. Plans & Expectations1. Jefferson Davis chose an “offensive defense” strategy for South with strategic attacks into the North2. Northern “Anaconda Plan” employed a naval blockade, take Mississippi River, divide the West from SouthD. Political Leadership1. Northern Success—Lincoln expanded his executive powers to keep order2. Southern Failures—Davis focused on military, neglected the economy, & was opposed by governorsE. South hoped “cotton diplomacy” would get England & France to join the Southern cause; but it did not workIII. Fighting the Civil WarA. From 1861 to 1862, the South won due to better leadership under Lee & its defensive strategyB. Key early battles:1. 1st Bull Run (Manassas, VA) in July 1861 was the first battle of the Civil War2. Antietam in Sept 1862 convinced England & France not to support the CSA

3. The Civil War was the 1st “total war”: new weapons, new roles for women, & new battle plans4. Both North & South used conscription by 1862 & faced inflation due to excessiv

Civil War and Reconstruction – Period 5 – APUSH. Period 5 Homework Identifications: Define the terms and their significance to the current unit of study. All terms must be hand written on a separate sheet of paper. . President under our National Constitution. During that period fifteen different and greatly distinguished

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