BEGINNING KOREAN: A GRAMMAR GUIDE

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BEGINNING KOREAN:A GRAMMAR GUIDEDAVID J. SILVATHE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTONDEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS AND TESOLDRAFT: AUGUST 2004DO NOT CITE.

Beginning Korean: A Grammar GuideGetting Started in KoreanNote: This material is optional; ask your instructor / tutor if s/he would like toreview these basic phrases during the first week of class.Listen carefully as your instructor teaches you the following greetingsand classroom instructions.Don’t worry about grammar. Rather, listen to how each of these phrasessounds, and associate the sounds with what they mean and then learnhow you should respond in each case.Basic Greetings안녕 하세요?Hello. / Greetings. (lit: Are you at peace?)annyeong haseyo?- 네. 안녕하세요?- Yes. Hello / Greetings.ne. annyeonghaseyo?안녕히 가세요.Goodbye! Go well. (said to one leaving)annyeonghi gaseyo.안녕히 계세요.Goodbye! Stay well. (said to one staying)annyeonghi gyeseyo.Classroom Instructions들으세요.Listen(, please).deureuseyo.잘 들으세요.Listen carefully(, please).jal deureuseyo.따라 하세요.ttaraRepeat (after me).haseyo.대답하세요.Answer(, please).taedaphaseyo.크게 말하세요.Speak up(, please).keuge malhaseyo.더 크게 말하세요.Speak louder(, please).deo keuge malhaseyo.iiAutumn 2004

D.J. Silva일어나세요.Stand up(, please).ireonaseyo.앉으세요.Sit down(, please).anjeuseyo읽으세요.Read(, please).ilgeuseyo.쓰세요.Write (it down, please).sseuseyo.칠판에 쓰세요.chilpaneWrite it on the chalkboard(, please).sseuseyo.나를 보세요.nareulLook at me(, please).boseyo.칠판을 보세요.Look at the chalkboard(, please).chilpaneul boseyo.책을 펴세요.Open (your) book(, please).chaekeul pyeoseyo.네.Yes. ne.아니오.No.aniyo.알겠어요?Do you understand?algesseoyo?- 네, 알겠어요.- Yes, I understand.ne, algesseoyo.- 아니오, 모르겠어요.- No, I don’t understand.aniyo, moreugesseoyo.질문 있어요?Are there any questions?jilmun isseoyo?- 네, 있어요.- Yes, I have a question. (lit: Yes, there is.)ne, isseoyo.- 아니오, 없어요.aniyo, eopseoyo.Draft – Do not cite!- No, I don’t have any questions.(lit: No, there aren’t.)revised 9/18/2004iii

Beginning Korean: A Grammar GuideSome advice on using the course materials1.PREVIEW EACH UNIT so that you have a sense of what you will be learning. Dothis by (a) reading the very brief introductory notes in English (e.g., "Mr. Parktells you about his weekly schedule") and (b) scrolling down to the bottom ofeach unit and clicking on the footnote line entitled "What have you learned inthis unit?" By taking a few moments to put the material in context, you willenhance your learning experience.2.MEMORIZE EACH MONOLOGUE / DIALOGUE (as much as you can manage) beforeattending your class. This level of commitment—i.e., memorizing—isaxiomatic to a language course. What starts off as boring and rote shouldgradually become more automatic and intuitive. As is the case with so manyskills that require the complex union of cognitive organization and associatedphysical response (e.g., music, sport), a disciplined approach to languagelearning should foster your ultimate "ownership" of new linguistic behaviors.3.TAKE TIME TO COPY THE MONOLOGUES / DIALOGUES IN THEIR KOREAN SCRIPT FORM.Doing so will not only help you to become familiar with their content, but willalso give you extra writing practice.4.JUST SAY NO TO ENGLISH. Note that there are few English-basedpronunciation clues to help you; written materials are intentionally veryKoreocentric. Avoid the temptation to write such clues in your notes! Whileit may be tough going at first, try your hardest to learn Korean using Korean.5.WORK DAILY. Invest high-quality time working with the CD. Don't get into thehabit of avoiding or short-changing your time with the material.6.TEST YOURSELF ON A REGULAR BASIS. Use the CD's built-in self-assessmenttools (flashcards, fill-in-the-blank, etc.) to gauge your progress. If you'reusing a textbook, give yourself vocabulary / spelling tests by covering the lefthalf the page in the vocabulary section and then translating the Englishwords into Korean. Take control of your own learning.Additional notes about the CD-ROM MaterialsThe CD materials have been developed such that they can be either usedalone or integrated with a number of college-level Korean textbooks. If you thinkthat having an additional "back up" textbook will help you learn the material, thenby all means, secure one. Multiple sources of information are great.You should see the CD-ROM materials less as a "textbook" in a traditionalsense, but more as an opportunity interact with the language at your ownconvenience. The CD materials allow you listen to the Korean words andphrases as often as you need to – without the inconvenience of having to rewinda tape recording – and to constantly assess your developing skills. More specificguidelines for using the CD can be found by clicking on the link labeled"instructions," which can be found on the title page of each unit.Finally: There are a few minor errors in the CD-ROM's exercises, particularly inunits 1 and 2. These are to be corrected in subsequent editions. Don't let themthrow you off-track though. In fact, see if you can find them!ivAutumn 2004

D.J. SilvaWriting Unit AA Brief Introduction to the Korean Writing System, HangeulThe Korean alphabet, hangeul, is among the most significantachievements of Korean history and culture. Among the world's writingsystems, hangeul is special in several regards.First, hangeul did not arise through happenstance: it was created in themid 15th century through the intentional actions of Korea's Great KingSejong, whose goal was to bring the power of written expression to hissubjects. Until the creation of hangeul, literacy in Korea was limited tothe handful of men who were extended the privilege of attending royalacademies where they studied Chinese literature and letters. As GreatKing Sejong realistically points out in his Hunminjeongeum (CorrectSounds to Teach the People), attempting to use Chinese symbols torepresent the speech of Korean people was not appropriate: the twolanguages are very different from each other.1Second, hangeul characters are not pictographic in origin and use (as areChinese characters), but alphabetic: each letter symbol represents asingle sound in Korean. The alphabetic characters, however, are notsimply arranged side-by-side, but are positioned in syllable-based units:ㅍ p; ㅏ aㄱ g; ㅜ uㅎ h; ㅣ i; ㅁ mㅅ s; ㅗ o; ㄴ n파 pa구 gu힘 him손 son'scallion''nine' or 'district of a city''effort, strength''hand'Third, hangeul was constructed by referencing a variety of linguistic andphilosophical principles. The letter-shapes represent (to varying degrees)the shape of a speaker's tongue and lips as s/he produces the sounds ofKorean. The shape of the letter representing the sound /g/, for example,takes the shape of the tongue as it rises up from the base of the mouth,bends as it makes contact with back portion of the roof of the mouth(near the back teeth) and points forward toward the teeth (withouttouching them): ㄱ. The shape of the letter representing /n/, on the otherhand, roughly corresponds to the shape of the tongue as it lies flat alongthe bottom of the mouth but then points upward toward the back of thefront teeth: ㄴ.1Although modern Korean contains many words that were borrowed from Chinese,Korean and Chinese belong to different language families. In terms of their linguisticstructures, they are extremely dissimilar.Draft – Do not cite!revised 9/18/20041

Beginning Korean: A Grammar GuideFinally, hangeul is uniquely associated with the language, literature, andpeople of the Korean peninsula. No other community uses the hangeulsystem for graphically representing the sounds of their language.Given the cleverness and economy in which hangeul represents thesounds of the Korean language, it has proven an excellent tool forpromoting literacy among the Korean people. Indeed, Korea boasts oneof the world's highest literacy rates.Learning to read and write hangeul is relatively easy. That said, Koreanwriting is not completely "phonetic" in nature. While the writing systemis straightforward, the language's rather complex system of phonologicalrules (processes that predictably shift the pronunciation of a sound in aparticular situation) means that students of Korean need to be carefulwhen it comes to spelling. For example, the sound /n/ is regularlypronounced like an [n] if it is followed by a vowel (or nothing) but ispronounced like an [l] if the following sound is also an /l/:신 shin 라 la Î shilla천 cheon 리 li Î cheolliIn another example, the words for 'the moon' and 'bridge' are bothpronounced "dari"; they are, however, spelled slightly differently:다리달이d-a r-id-a-r idaridari'bridge''the moon'At this point in your relationship with Korean, understanding theintricacies of these processes is not critical. Rather, you need to bemindful of the fact that while the relationship between sounds and lettershapes are very close, they are not absolute. In Korean—as in English—spelling matters, so please be careful.2Autumn 2004

D.J. SilvaWriting Unit BWriting Simple Vowels in HangeulThere are eight graphic symbols in corresponding to the simple vowelsof Korean. Table 1 arrays these vowels in terms of their articulatoryconfiguration. Each cell in the table includes the Korean spelling, itscorresponding Romanization, and an approximate pronunciation as basedon an English word.Table 1: The Eight Simple Vowels of Koreantongue highin the mouth tongue low inthe mouthtongue pushedforward tongue pulledback이으우ieuu“beet” see below “boot”에어오eeoo“bait”“bought”or :1. The English words accompanying each vowel are roughapproximations of the corresponding Korean sounds. It is important tonote that Korean vowels lack the “offglide” often heard in thepronunciation of American English vowels. It’s important to listen to anative speaker produce each sound. Imitate what you hear; don’t besatisfied to produce what’s comfortable to you.2. There is no sound in English that corresponds to Korean 으. The trick itso position your mouth for the vowel 우 ([u]) and then un-round yourlips. Smile!3. In the speech of many Korean speakers, especially those living in andaround Seoul, there is no clear distinction between the vowels 에 and애; the sound often heard is that much like the vowel in English “bet.”Draft – Do not cite!revised 9/18/20043

Beginning Korean: A Grammar GuideIn writing all Korean symbols, the following general principles apply:1. The order of strokes typically proceeds from the top left cornerof an imaginary box, with higher strokes coming before lowerstrokes and left-hand strokes coming before right-hand strokes.2. When drawing horizontal strokes, move your pen from left toright.3. When drawing vertical strokes, move your pen from top tobottom.Practice writing the symbols for the simple vowels. As you do, say eachvowel out loud.Here’s how to decipher each of the script boxes:Official Romanization (from the Korean Ministry of Culture and Tourism, 2000)Phonetic Symbol (from the International Phonetic Alphabet)Representation in Hangeul using two different fonts.Begin by tracing the characters over the gray symbols then a[a]아아아아아아아아 use the아blank boxes아to write on아your own.아아아아아The symbol “ㅇ” represents silence; it is required when no consonantsound precedes the vowel. It is written using a single �아아아아아아아아eo[ç/ Autumn 2004

D.J. �우우우우우eu[ �Practice reading and writing the following words, each of which is madeup of only simple vowels. (Note: You don’t need to worry about whateach word means; the goal is to improve your familiarity with hangeul.)1. 오이2. ⅚ 3. 아우4. 애5. 어이6. ⅚7. 이에8. ғҗ҅Ғғр рҏҎрҐҁ҇҅рёљюрDraft – Do not cite!revised 9/18/20045

Beginning Korean: A Grammar GuideWriting Unit CWriting Diphthongs (Complex Vowels) in HangeulIn addition to the eight simple vowels, Korean includes three sets ofdiphthongs, combinations of a gliding sound (e.g. y) and a simple vowel.Table 2: The Diphthongs of Koreany-diphthongs: 야 yaw-diphthongs: 와 waeu-diphthong: 의 ui얘 yae왜 wae여 yeo워 weo예 ye 요 yo웨 we 외 oe유 yu위 wiThe attentive reader will notice the following: There are no combinations such as yi, yeu, wu, wo and weu.These are not allowed in Korean. There are two versions of we: 웨 and 외. These come from twodifferent historical sources. In modern Korean, however, they aregenerally pronounced identically (along with 왜).To write the diphthongs, follow the general principles of top-to-bottom,left-to-right. Practice writing the symbols for the diphthong. As you do,say each aloud. (In the diagrams below, stroke order is numbered; begineach stroke in the location of its corresponding number.)ya[ja]아 야 야 야 야 야 야야야야 야 아 아 아 아 아yeo[jç/j ]어 여 여 여 여 여 여여여여 여 어 어 어 어 어yae[je/jE]애 얘 얘 야 얘 얘 얘얘얘얘 얘 애 애 애 애 애6Autumn 2004

D.J. Silva341ye[je]에 예 예 예 예 예 예예예예 예 에 에 에 에 에yo[yo]오 요 요 요 요 요 요요요요 요 오 오 오 오 오yu[yu]우 유 유 유 유 유 유유유유 유 우 우 우 우 우wa[wa]으 와 와 와 와 와 와와와와 와 으 으 으 으 으weo [wç/w ]]워워wae [we/wE]231123234124이 워 워 워 워 워 워12 3워 워 이 이 이 이 이3 5이 왜 왜 왜 왜 왜 왜412왜왜왜 왜 이 이 이 이 이we[we]이 웨 웨 웨 웨 웨 웨웨웨웨 웨 이 이 이 이 이oe[we]이 외 외 외 외 외 외외외외 외 이 이 이 이 이Draft – Do not cite!4512 3321revised 9/18/20047

Beginning Korean: A Grammar Guide3wi[wi]위위ui[ 9i]이 의 의 의 의 의 의의의의 의 이 이 이 이 이이 위 위 위 위 위 위12위 위 이 이 이 이 이21Practice reading and writing the following words, each of which is madeup of simple vowels and diphthongs. (Note: You don’t need to worryabout what each word means; the goal is to improve your familiarity withhangeul.)81. 여우2. 외위3. 우유4. 5. 이유6. 아예7. 야8. 예9. 아이10. 유예11. 이외12.위요Autumn 2004

D.J. SilvaWriting Unit DWriting Simple Consonants in HangeulThere are fourteen simple consonants in Korean. Each of these consonantsounds can be described along two dimensions:1. place of articulation: where it is produced in the mouth2. manner of articulation: how the air escapes from

Korean and Chinese belong to different language families. In terms of their linguistic structures, they are extremely dissimilar. Beginning Korean: A Grammar Guide 2 Autumn 2004 Finally, hangeul is uniquely associated with the language, literature, and people of the Korean peninsula. No other community uses the hangeul system for graphically representing the sounds of their language. Given the .

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