DOCUMENT RESUME SO 008 469 Heitzmann, Wm. Ray Two If

5the theories of Thor Hyerdahl (The Ra Expeditions).(9) Ashort unit on pirates - -contemporary (drug pirates) and historic--(pirates of the Caribbean) can prove not only to be of highstudent interest but a springboard into additional related topics.Additional mini-units could be built around some of themore exotic topics related to Oceanic education ferry boats,whaling, smuggling, lighthouses, and underwater tunnels.Thesesuggested units and mini-units are flexible and can be easilyintegrated in single or multi-disciplinary courses.The subject matter is approwiate for many social studies coursesU.S. History, American Government, Problems of American Democracy, American Studies or Cultures, American Minorities or avariety of mini-courses (as well.as courses in music, literature and art).METHODOLOGYAmerican maritime heritage offers opportunities for allteachers-regardless of the preference of instructional stratey.Fbr teachers interested in using inquiry or discoverystrategies or for those desiring to,emphasize historiographymaritime studies offers unlimited opportunities.The conflict-ing analyses of the reasons for the Pearl Harbor incident pro-vides an example of an event that the social studies teacher00007

6can use to involve students in a critical thinking discussionrequiring evaluative judgments.The readings, excerpts fromRear Admiral Robert A. Theobald's, USN, The Final Secret ofPearl Harbor and selected passages from Samuel Eliot Morison'sThe Two-Ocean War proyide contrasting explanations for theevent; Theobald in.defense of Admiral Kimmel tries to build a,case for President Roosevelt encouraging the attack by Japanand Morison defending the President.Another example that can be used as basis for teachingabout historiography is the recent book Lusitiania'(by ColinSimpson) which subscribes to the minority view that the BritishIntelligence encouraged and welcomed such an attack and disaster to bring America into the War against Germany (ProfessorThomas Bailey of Stanford University has a work in progress"contradicting Simpson's thesis).Similarly, Alfred Thayer MA/han's theories (The Influence of Sea Power Upon History) can beContrasted with the theories, philosophies and interpretationsof others (Spangler, Marx, Tbynbee).Classic maritime history primary sources such as Dana'sTwo Year's Before the Mast or the both humorous and seriousfirst person account Of the attack upon Pearl Harbor by TaiSing Lao, "How Happen I Were In Pearl Harbor" (Shipmate, December 1972, reprint attached) provide valuable insights into theera in which they were written; in addition, contrasting accounts of an event serve as a focal point for an examination of()WS.

7the writing of history.Battle of Manila Bay.One such example is the account of theLieutenant Carlos G. Calkins, a partici-pant, write his version of the battle for the U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings (see annotated bibliography); following publication Admiral Dewey quickly responded;\the article has appeared in a publication whichis understood to have the official sanction oft1 Department, and as it contains as factsconPlicting with my official reports, I consider its necessary that the Department will request the Naval Institute to publish in itsnext issue my official report of the Battle ofMhnila Bay, which is absolutely correct in allessentials.Admiral Dewey's letter and official account of the bat/tle appeared in the next issue of the Proceedings (September1899).Surely these accounts such as these form the basis ofnot only an interesting but useful lesson in the'study of therecording of hiStory and the value of primary sources to thehistorian.America's rich maritime heritage provides content forthe teaching approach and inclination of every social studiesclassroom teacher.We have already seen examples for those in-terested in inquiry and discovery learning; import export datacan be used by students to develop generalizations concerningchanging trade relationships of U.S. global interdependence.For the teacher wishing to illustrate a lecturette or use aspringboard *nto a discussion, an abundance of political car-00009

toons exist.For the teacher emphasizing current affairs the recentexpedition investigating the location of the Monitor providesinteresting content.Shipyards, ports, naval installations,maritime museums (see annotated bibliography) are convenientlyspaced throughout the nation providing field trip opportunities(field trips to naval facilities may be arranged through one'sCongressman); thematic investigations may also be undertakensuch as the development of the submarine from the drawingboards of Archimedes, daVinci, through the early prototypes,the Hunley (first to sink a ship), the U-boats to the sophisticated nuclear powered ships of today.FOr the teacher or school emphasizing career educationit should be noted that th,re exist many opportunities in maltrine, maritime and related fields; the merchant marine industryalone employs over 60,000 persons (Occupational Outlook Handbook, 1974-75).Any program of career education cannot affordto overlook this potential source of employment for students.America's maritime heritage not only provides the appropriate content to develop important social studies processskills but provides content to motivate students, a concern ofall teachers.14t only does the romantic lure of the sea havea natural appeal to students but there are many incidents,events, and stories that can stimulate students toward reading,research and study.Obvious examples are biographies--pirates,00010

9naval officers, explorers and adventurers; however, one shouldnot overlook the histories of successful ships, certain timeperiods (canalvera, Mississippi steamboats, clipper ships), 10cal maritime interests (lighthouses, ferry boats) as well asmaritime and naval disasters (Andrea Doria), sunken treasureships, tug boats, commercial fishing and recreational boating,to mention a few.INIERDISCIPLINARYPOSSIBIL1TIRSMaritime studies offers opportunities to combine manydisciplinesin the study of a particular topic.Teachers wishing to emphasize\anthropology can share\with their students the accounts of the early exploring expeditions of the U.S. Navy.The first major U.S. Exploing Expedi-.Ition, under Commander Charles Wilkes, provides an abundance ofinformation about life among the peoples of the South Pacific(The Narrative of the U.S.'Ekploring Expedition) (Perry's Nar%rative provides similar informatipn on Japan).The vast literature of sea is rich taking the form ofpoetry, biography, fictional novels and short stories, non-fictional accounts, ballads and song6.So too is art of the seaabundant; the skillful and creative teacher of American studiescan build.a multi-disciplinary unit integrating the humanities--maritime-literature, art, architectUre and history and thesocial sciences--economics of maritime trade, international and00011

9,10maritime law, the development of social justice in the U.S.Navy, the effect of geography upon maritime grade, the psychology of leadership aboard ship, and within political science naval diplomacy.Likewise, the marine physical sciences can contributeto an understanding of America's maritime heritage.One ap-proacp might investigate mariculture as related to the fishingofindustry, career education, water polution and thethe-oceans.Naturally many students Will be interested in moreexotic aspects of maritime-studiesoceanography, surfing,ocean engineering, scuba and deep sea diving which can be work)ed in nicely with a unit integrating the physical sciences, thehumanities and the social Sciences.SUMMARYAmerica has a rich, colorful, and significant maritimeheritage.With the approach of the bicentennial and the pres-ent interest in and importance of the sea, maritime studieSjustifiably should occupy a place in the curriculum.spectrum of maritime studies can provide c-The broadicular for variedemphasis whether process or product oriented.Presently materials for the teaching of maritime studies while noticeably lacking are beginning to became available.An annotated bibliography otmaterials, sources and referencesfollows.401012

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR THETEACHING OF AMERICAN MARITIME STUDTFSAmerican Neptune --a scholarlyPeabody Museum. Containing interesting arrnature, this journal provides information c.history.the Salem1.c.1 researchidea's maritimeOceans--publication of the Oceanic Society, "an educational and charitable non-profit.membership organization."This Journal that treats currentand historical topics relatedto maritime affairs in a readable comprehensive fashion (illustrated).Annual membership is 12.50.06eans, 125 Independence Drive, Menlo Park, California 94025.Sea Frontiers--a short bi-imonthly magazine with articles (illustrated),concerning advances,' explorations and discoveries related to the marine sciences. Published by International Oceano-Graphic Foundation, 10 Rickenbacker Causeway,Virginia Key, Miami, Florida 33149. This'organization alsopublishes Sea Secrets. Annual membership in the organizationis 7.50.Sea Power--a publication of the Navy League, "an independent, non-profit, civilian education organization." Recenteditions have contained articles,(illustrated) on'various aspects of maritime lifefiShing industry, oceanography, ship 5.50 for subscription -Sea Power, 818 18th Streetbuilding.N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036.Shipmatea publication of the U.S. Naval Academy Alumni Association which along with articles relative to the Alumnicontains general features on naval problems, naval developmentsand naval history: U.S. Naval Academy Alumni Association,Alumni House, Annapolis, Maryland 21402. Subscription, 12.Steamboat Bill--a quarterly publication of the, Steamship Historical Society of America: This journal containsshort, interesting, Well illustrated features on topics such asferry boats;-MississipPl-show boats and other non-naval steam139 Kenyon Street, Hartford, Connecticut 06105. Subships-.scription, 7.01)013

United States Naval Institute Proceedingspublicationof the U.S. Naval Institute, "a private, professional societyfor all who are interested in naval and maritime affairs."Past issues of thiS journal constitute an excellent primarysource of maritime (especially naval) history as the periodicalj,st celebrated its centennial anniversary. More. recent,ues deal with curren. maritime and naval problems. The Inocitute also publishes books related to naval and maritime afThe.Naval Review, an annual (yearbook), reviews thefairs.year's developments and suggests future directions for theNavy, Coast Guard and Marines and related maritime life (illustrated). MemberPhip, 15. U.S. Naval Institute, Annapolis,Maryland 21402.Jlaited States Naval War College Review--a scholarlypublication with articles relating not only to the Navy but also ,t6 America's maritime industry. Published at the U.S. NavalWar College, NewpOrt, R.I. 02480. Useful for a history of theNavy as well as current thinking on naval problemsstrategy,race relations, women in the Navy, etc. Limited distribution;however, available at many libraries.Warship Internationala magazine dealing with navalships of all types, from various nations and time periods.This periodical is highly illustrated with sketches, pictures,and plans.of ships. Appearing quarterly, it is published bythe Naval Records Club ( 6.00 per year), 726 North ReynoldsRoad, Toledo, Ohio 43615.Additional periodicals while not devoted to maritimestudies frequently contain articles on the topic. Examples.are: American Heritage, National Geographic, state historicaljournals (particularly those states with a Maritime tradition),Illustrated History, Smithsonian, and similiar journals.00014

Naval and Maritime Museums:The following is a list of the location of museums thatcan provide valuable field trip learning expefliences for socialstudies teachers and students.% Individual museums should becontacted, for brochures describing holdings and procedures.(Source: U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings [October, 1966]).AlabamaMobile: USS AlabamaCaliforniaChina Lake: Michelson Museum, NaVal OrdnanceTest Station.Los Angeles: California Museum of Science andIndustry, 700 State DrivePort Hueneme: Seabee MuseumSan.Diego: Naval Training-Center Hi orical,Museum, Building 30; Ship Star of Indi.1;an Francisco: San Francisco Maritime MUseSan Francisco Maritime State Historical Mbnu- N,ment, Schooner C. A. Thayer, Steam-SchoonerWapama, Scow Schooner Alma, Ferry Eureka,2905 Hyde'Street; Sloop Gjoa, GoldenlGatePark; Spreckles Museum, Treasure IslandSan Pedro: Cabrillo Marine MuseumVallejo: Mare Island Naval Shipyard MuseumConnecticutGroton: Midget submarine type Seehund II, HU75; two Japanese midget submarines, U.S. Naval Submarine Base; The Submarine Library,U.S. Naval Submarine BaseHartford: Marine Room, Wadsworth AthenaeumMystic: Marine Historical Association andMystic Seaport, Whaleship Charles W. Morgan,/Ship Joseph Conrad, Schooner L.A. Denton,Sandbagger Annie, Cutter Fox, Sloop EstellaA., Schooner Bowdoin, Bugeye Dorothy Parso sl ,//Pinky Regina M., Schooner Pleione

District of 0OlumbiaSanta Maria, Maine Avenue; Smithsonian Institution, Constitution Avenue; Truxtun-DecaturNaval Museum, 1610 H Street, N.W.; U.S. NavalHistorical Display Center, Washington NavyYards; Washington National Archives, Pennsylvania Avenue at 8th Street, N.W.FloridaPensacola: Naval Aviation Museum, U.S. NavalAir StationStuart: House of Refuge, Hutchinson IslandTavernier: Fortress of sunken treasureGeorgiaColumbus: Confederate Naval Museum; CSS Muscogee.Savannah: Savannah Maritime Museum on boardthe Cruz Del SurHawaiiHonolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Falls ofClydePearl Harbor: USS Arizona Memorial; USS Utah;Japanese midget submarineIllinoisChicago: Chicago Historical Society, ClarkStreet and North Avenue; George F. HardingMuseum, Randolph and Michigan Avenue; Museumof Science and, Industry, Submarine U-505,57th Streit and Lake Shore Drive; Replica ofViking ship in Lincoln ParkIndianaJeffersonville: Howard National Steamboat MuseumIowaKeokuk: Keokuk River Museum on Board theGeorge M. VerityKentuckyLouisville: Steamer Belle of Louisville00016q

LouisianaNew Orleans: Pioneer, Louisiana. State MuseumMaineBath: Bath Marine Museum, 963 WashingtonStreetPortland: Maine Historical SocietySearsport: Penobscot Marine MuseumMarylandAnnapolis: Historic Annapolis, Inc., SlicerShiplap House, 18 Pinkney Street; U.S. NavalAcademy Museum; U.S. Naval Academy Library.Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, Marine Wing, 201 W. Monument Street; USS ConstellationLandover Hills: Nautical Research GuildSt. Michaels: Chesapeake Bay Maritime MuseumMassachusettsAndover: Addison Gallery of American Art,Phillips AcademyBarnstable: The Donald G. Trayser MemorialMuseumBoston: Boston Marine Society; Museum of FineArts; Old State House; Museum of Science,Science Park; State Street Trust Company;Stebbins Marine Collection, Harrison GreyOtis House; USS Constitution, Boston NavalShipyardCambridge: Francis Russell Hart Nautical Museum, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,77 Massachusetts AvenueChatham: Whaling MuseumCohasset: Maritime MuseumEdgartown: Dukes County Historical Society,Martha's VineyardFall River: Fall River Historical Society Museum; USS Massachusetts, State PierGloucester: Gloucester Art/InstituteMattapoisett: Mattapoisett historical Society,.00017-

Nantuciket: Nantucket Whaling MuseumNantufket Island: Nantucket Historical AssociationNew ,Bedford: Whaling Museum and Old DartmouthHistorical Society, 18 Johnny Cake HillNewburyport: Newburyport Historical SocietyPlymouth: Mayflowe)IISalem: Peabody Museum 161 Essex Street;Salem Maritime National Historic Sites, Custom House, 168 Derby Street, and Derby House,172 Derby Street; Essex Institute, EssexStreetSharon: Kendall Whaling MuseumMichiganDearborn: Greenfield Village, Steamer SuwaneeDetroit: Detroit Historical Society; DossinMuseum of Great Lakes History, Belle IsleMinnesotaWinona: Transportation Museum on board theJulius C. WilkieMississippiVicksburg: Mississippi River Museum and Hallof Fame on board the Steamer Sprague; USSCairoMissouriHannihal: Steamer Mark TwainHermann: Historic HerMann Museum, includingRiverboat RoomSt. Louis: Missouri Historical Society, RiverRoom, Lindell, at De Baliviere StreetsNew JerseyBeach Haven: Schooner Lucy EvelynPaterson: City of Paterson Museum; Fenian RamNew YorkBuffalo: Buffalo & Erie County Historical Society()(10.1.8

Cold Spring Harbor, L.I.: Whaling MuseumFast Hampton: East Hampton Town Marine MuseumGlen Cove, L.I.: Webb Institute of Naval ArchitectureHuntington, L.I.: Vanderbilt Marine Museum\Hyde Park: Franklin D. Roosevelt Library and\MuseumLake Champlain: Fort Ticionderoga Museumfew York City: India House, Hanover Square;Metropolitan Museum tr; MUeum of Sciencesportation Section,and Industry, MarineRockefeller Center; M6seum of the City of Ne14,York, Maritime Museum, 1220 Fifth Avenue; NewYork Historical Society, 170 Central ParkWest at 77th Street; Seamen's Bank for Savings, 30 Wall Street; Seamen's Church Institute, 25 South Street; New York Public Library, Fifth Aven6e at 42nd Street;. New YorkPublic Library, St. George Branch, StatenIsland; New Yorli Yacht Club, 37 West 44thStreet; Steams p Historical Society of America, 4 Broad StreetSag Harbor: Spiffolk County Whaling MuseumStaten Island: Staten Island Museum; TheSteamship Hystorical Society ofAmerica LibrarySyracuse:iiihe Canal Museum, Eric Boulevard:\FastWest Brighton, Staten Island: SaiiWs SnugHarbor,WhitehailLSkenesborough MuseumNorth CarolinaBeaufort: Alphonso Whaling MuseumKingston: CSS Neuse, Govenor Richard Caswell*morial,Wilmington: USS North C.lingOhioCleveland: Great Lakes Historical SocietyFairport Harbor: Fairport Marine Museum

Marietta: Riverren's Museum; Steamboat W. P.SnyderVermillion: Great Lakes Historical SocietyMuseum, 142 Main StreetOregonAstoria: Columbia River Maritime MuseumHood River: .USS BanningPennsylvaniaDoylestown: Marine Room, Bucks County Historical SocietyErie: The Flagship NiagaraPhiladelphia: Franklin Institute; Philadelphia M

DOCUMENT RESUME. SO 008 469. Heitzmann, Wm. Ray. Two if by Sea: America's Maritime Heritage and the Social Studies Teacher. 74 32p.; Paper presented at the state convention of the Pennsylvania Council for the Social Studies (Hershey, Pennsylvania, April 16, 1975) AVAILABLE FROM Wm. Ray Heitzmann, Villanova