Laboratory Safety And Hazardous Waste Generator .

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Laboratory Safety and Hazardous Waste GeneratorInformationPart 1 Laboratory SafetyA Introductory Information OSHA Applicable RegulationsChemical Hygiene OfficerChemical Hygiene Plan Page2Laboratory Safety trainingDetermining Employee ExposuresB Identifying/Understanding the Hazards of Your Chemicals Container Labels[Material] Safety Data SheetsOther Information SourcesThe Chemical InventoryUnderstanding the Hazards Present inYOUR laboratory 4Signs and Symptoms of Overexposure to Hazardous ChemicalsPermissible Exposure and AirMonitoringMedical MonitoringDetecting Releases of ChemicalsC Working Safety with Hazardous Materials Fume HoodsProtective EquipmentChemical Purchasing, Handling, StorageHousekeeping and MaintenanceGeneral Rules of WorkD Emergency Response Emergency AwarenessShowers and EyewashesSpill clean-up kits 11Compressed Gas SafetyHandling PHS MaterialsPrior Approval, Working AloneUnattended Operations15Small-scale Spill ResponseFire ExtinguishersPart 2 Hazardous Waste GenerationPageA Introductory Information 17 ApplicabilityThe RegulationsTraining and InstructionB Defining Hazardous Wastes 17 Defining a Hazardous WasteOther Waste ItemsC Accumulating Hazardous Waste 19Satellite Accumulation RequirementsD Removal of Hazardous Waste from the Lab Identification of Hazardous WasteWaste Pick-upsE Waste Minimization Minimizing Waste in a LaboratoryF Other Waste Streams Biological WastesBroken Glass Hazardous Waste Tags Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover Needles, SharpsCompressed Gases 1202223

Laboratory SafetyA. Introductory InformationThis DocumentCarnegie Mellon University provides safety instruction to employees who work inlaboratories with hazardous chemicals. This document supplements the informationprovided in the Lab Safety training class and is designed to be retained and used as asafety reference by university lab workers.The OSHA Applicable Regulations1. The OSHA Lab StandardThe United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) haspromulgated a regulation that is applicable to all employees who work in a laboratorywith hazardous chemicals. It is entitled "Occupational exposure to hazardouschemicals in laboratories" and is generally spoken of as the "Lab Standard". The LabStandard has the following requirements of employers: Prepare a Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) outlining how the employer will complywith the requirements of the regulationMaintain employee exposures below the OSHA permissible exposure levels (PELs)Determine employee exposures to hazardous chemicalsProvide employees with information and training about hazardous chemicals, theiruse and their hazardsOffer medical consultations in cases of potential over-exposures to hazardouschemicalsIdentify the hazards of the chemicals employees work withIdentify respirator use and limitationsInformation on each of these items will be presented in this handout and in the LabSafety training class.2. Emergency ResponseAnother OSHA regulation, "Hazardous waste operations and emergency response",also addresses workers in laboratory areas. All persons who work with hazardouschemicals may have a responsibility in the event of a spill or leak of a hazardouschemical. This regulation requires that such persons be trained in the proper actions,should this occur. These response procedures will be addressed later in this handoutand in the Lab Safety class.2

The Chemical Hygiene OfficerOSHA requires that employers of laboratory workers name a Chemical HygieneOfficer (CHO) to oversee the requirements of the Lab Standard.The CHO for Carnegie Mellon University is:Jeffrey HarrisDepartment of Environmental Health and eduThe Chemical Hygiene PlanOSHA also requires the preparation of a Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) to outline howCarnegie Mellon University will comply with the Lab Standard. It contains procedures andrequirements that all laboratory workers must follow. This document is available toemployees of laboratories in one of two ways: The EH&S website, www.cmu.edu/ehs From the EH&S office, FMS Building, third floorLaboratory Safety TrainingThe Lab Standard mandates that all laboratory workers receive training in the details ofthe Chemical Hygiene Plan and the OSHA Laboratory Standard. The Carnegie MellonUniversity Department of Environmental Health and Safety (EH&S) performs this trainingon a regular basis. It is the responsibility of the individual laboratory supervisors andPrincipal Investigators (PIs) to ensure that all new employees receive this training within30 days of their employment. Check the EH&S website for a schedule of the next labsafety training sessions: www.cmu.edu/ehs/training/index.htmlThis training is REQUIRED once for all new or re-assigned lab employees. Completing arefresher module (performed electronically) is required every three years as well.Determining Employee ExposuresThe laboratory workers at Carnegie Mellon work with hundreds of different chemicals inscores of different ways. It is not practical to perform air monitoring to evaluate each ofthese different potential chemical exposures. To ensure that all laboratory chemicalexposures remain below applicable limits, the university instead requires laboratoryworkers to follow the requirements presented in the Chemical Hygiene Plan and in theLaboratory Safety training class. Adherence to these mandates will ensure that employeeexposures remain at a safe level.3

Laboratory SafetyB. Identifying and Understanding the Hazardsof Your ChemicalsIdentifying a Chemical's HazardsWhen you work with a chemical material in the laboratory, it is important to knowwhether the material is hazardous, and also to know what those hazards are. There are anumber of ways you can obtain this information:Container LabelsOne of the requirements manufacturers have when they supply the chemicals you buy isto put a proper and complete label on the container. By law, they must indicate the nameof the product and list the hazardous ingredients present. The label must also provideinformation regarding the hazards associated with using the material. This is often doneboth with text information as well as with symbols. There are two common symbols usedon labels to quickly provide information of the relative hazards of a material. One is calledthe National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) warning diamond, which appears belowas Figure 1. The other is the Hazard Materials Information System (HMIS) system, whichappears below as Figure 2. Both systems use a numerical rating of hazards in each ofthree colored sections (health hazard, fire/flammability hazard and reactivity hazard).Figure 1Figure 2Numbers in these three sections can range from 0 to 4. Use the following guide to helpyou evaluate the hazard numbers.Health hazard(blue portion)Fire/flammability hazard(red portion)0 - Ordinary combustible hazards in a fire1 - Slightly hazardous2 - Hazardous3 - Extreme danger4 - Deadly0 - Will not burn1 - Will ignite if preheated2 - Will ignite if moderately heated3 - Will ignite at most ambient conditions4 - Burns readily at ambient conditions4

Reactivityhazard(yellow portion)0 - Stable and not reactive with water1 - Unstable if heated2 - Violent chemical change3 - Shock and heat may detonate4 - May detonateThe bottom, white section is used for other hazard warnings. For example:“CORR” means the material is corrosive“OXY” means the material is an oxidizerThere are two applicable rules for us regarding the labeling of chemical containers:1. You are NOT permitted to remove or deface a manufacturer's label from a containeruntil the container has been emptied.2. All secondary chemical containers (such as wash bottles, containers with speciallyprepared dilutions or mixtures, or any different storage container we have placedhazardous materials into) must be labeled. In other words, ALL containers in thelaboratory must be labeled with at least the container contents.In March of 2012, OSHA revised its Hazard Communication Standard. While thisregulation does not DIRECTLY affect laboratory workers, portions of it will impact you.One of these revisions addresses a different set of pictograms or symbols to indicate aparticular hazard of a chemical or other hazardous material. EH&S has prepared a FactSheet that describes the meaning of each of the pictograms. A copy of the Fact Sheetshould have been presented to you in your Lab Safety training class. If you did not getone, it is also available on our web page, at www.cmu.edu/ehs/fact-sheets/index.html.Safety Data Sheets (formerly, Material Safety Data Sheets)A Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is a summary of safety related information for a chemical orother item containing hazardous ingredients. All manufacturers making such products arerequired by OSHA to send you an SDS when you first order the product and forsubsequent orders if the information on the SDS has changed since the previousshipment. [NOTE: as of March 2012, the term “Safety Data Sheet” has replacedthe term “Material Safety Data Sheet,” to make the document compatible withworld-wide systems of hazard information.] OSHA requires that employers save all SDS received and make them available to theapplicable employees. EH&S maintains the SDS that they receive; each individuallaboratory must also do this. Carnegie Mellon further requires the laboratory supervisor or principalinvestigator to ensure that an SDS for all chemicals in the inventory is available to labemployees either through the web or as a paper copy kept in or near the laboratory.SDS links are provided for most manufacturers on the EH&S website,www.cmu.edu/msdslinks.htm. In addition, it is also very easy to locate an SDS bygoing to an internet search engine (such as Google, or Yahoo) and type the name ofthe chemical and “MSDS” in the search box. Employees working with any hazardouschemical are to read its SDS prior to working with the material. One exception: Inthe case of Particularly Hazardous Substances (PHS) materials (see page 14 of thisdocument), a paper copy of the SDS must be in the laboratory where the material isused; you may not rely on the web for these special hazards.5

The SDSs generally contain a lot of information, some of which may not be clear to youwhen you read it. Figure 3 contains some information that should be of help to you inunderstanding the SDS. The 16 sections are standard among all SDS!Figure 3: Globally Harmonized System PictogramsGHS FlammableGHS OxidizingGHS ExplosiveGHS Gas PressureGHS CorrosiveGHS EnvironmentalGHS Severe ToxicGHS Health DangerGHS Acute Toxic6

Figure 3: How to Read an SDSSect1TitleProduct and CompanyInformationHazards Identification 3Composition/Informationon Ingredients 4First-Aid Measures 5Fire Fighting Measures 6Accidental ReleaseMeasuresHandling and Storage 8ExposureControls/PersonalProtection 9Physical and Chemicalproperties 10Stability/Reactivity 11Toxicological Information 12131415Ecological InformationDisposal ConsiderationsTransport InformationRegulatory Information 16Other Information 27 How to Understand This SectionThis is the name of the product you’ve bought.Don’t let this information scare you; you should be able to handle thematerial safely as long as you use the precautions given in section 7.This identifies the hazardous ingredients in the product, bypercentage range, if a mixture. Only hazardous ingredients need beidentified. There may be trade secrets identified, though, in the eventof a medical emergency, this information must be relayed to medicalpersonnel.Don’t perform first aid unless you are trained to do so. Give the SDSto the emergency responder, though.Again, don’t fight the fire unless you are trained to do so. Give theSDS to the Fire Department, though.Once again, don’t attempt a clean-up unless you are trained to do so.If you have training, this should be helpful.This is pretty obvious stuff. And it’s very important to follow it exactly.Very important information that will permit you to handle the materialwithout adverse health effects. Frequently calls for respiratoryprotection--remember, this is not needed at the exposure levels youwill experience.This section is of value to you in understanding the ways you will usethe material; things like boiling point and solubility are probably veryhelpful.Important information about incompatibilities with storage and use.Don’t worry; remember that almost everything forms carbonmonoxide and nitrogen oxides during combustion!Largely a replay of section 3, but in much more frightening detail.Again, be concerned; don’t be too scared to use the material. Properhandling makes the difference! LD50 is lethal dose for 50% of thespecies population. LC50 is the lethal concentration (airborne) for thesame. (We at EH&S just love this section.)Generally this won’t be of much use to you in the lab.Good SDS identify whether the material is a hazardous waste or not.Again, generally not much help to you in the lab.This provides PELs or other standard’s information, and alsoidentifies carcinogenic materials. You do remember what PELs are,don’t you?Just in case you weren’t confused enough, this is one last time theycan accomplish this.Another change arising from the March 2012 revision of theOSHAHazardCommunication Standard is a different and more detailed set of hazard warninginformation. The new system is too complex to describe here, but a Fact Sheet has beenprepared to address this as well. You can locate this at www.cmu.edu/ehs/factsheets/index.html or by contacting EH&S at 8-8182.7

Other Information SourcesIn addition to SDSs and labels, additional information about the hazardous chemicals youuse is present in a number of references available in the EH&S office. These referencesprovide information regarding specific types of hazards, such as carcinogens, reactivesand explosives, compressed gases, as well as for general laboratory safety.You may contact the EH&S office (8-8182) to get further information on these additionalreference materials.Chemical Inventory—ChemtrackerIt is critical that all laboratory employees know which hazardous materials are present intheir workplace.Each laboratory is responsible to prepare and regularly update an inventory of hazardouschemicals in the work area. This inventory is maintained on the web, through a programcalledCHEMTRACKER, locatedat on on the use of this program is available at that same link.When properly prepared, the chemical inventory not only identifies the presence ofhazardous materials, but also their quantities, their locations, and some basic safetyinformation about the chemical.The laboratory should create a system to ensure that the inventory is updated regularly.Some labs choose to keep track of purchases and emptied chemical bottles to accomplishthis. Others keep paper notes and enter them into the CHEMTRACKER system on aregular basis. Each lab can select a system that works best for them. We require that theinventory be reviewed and updated at least once per year and preferably more often,especially for labs with high chemical usage.For information and issues concerning CHEMTRACKER, contact EH&S after you haveread the on-line instructions.Understanding the Hazards Present in YOUR LaboratoryArmed with the information about the chemicals present in your laboratory obtainedfrom the inventory, employees should then review the labels and MSDS for the chemicalsthat they will work with (and near) to determine the specific hazards that may affect them.In the general training supplied by EH&S, you learned about general hazards of certainclasses of chemicals. Some of this information is supplied in Figure 4. You must stillinvestigate information resources (labels, MSDS, etc.) to determine the specific hazards inyour laboratory.8

Figure 4Common carcinogens (cancer-causing agents) with laboratory use:Chromic AcidBenzeneMethylene ChlorideFormaldehydeAcrylamideChloroformEthylene OxideArsenicAcrylonitrileCarbon TetrachlorideStyreneCadmiumBerylliumCommon corrosives (cause acute respiratory, skin or eye damage) with laboratoryuse:Nitric acidSulfuric acidSodium hydroxideHydrochloric acidPhenolPotassium HydroxideAmmoniaHydrogen peroxideCommon solvents (may cause irritation as well as long term organ effects)with laboratory olueneTetrahydrofuranCommon reproductive hazards (may affect reproductive organs or systems)with laboratory use:ArsenicBenzeneEthylene oxideCadmium compoundsLead compoundsMercury compoundsVinyl chlorideXyleneCommon acute toxins (may cause serious, immediate hazards) with laboratory use:AcroleinArsineChlorineCyanidesHydrofluoric acidSodium azideNote: This is not by any means a complete listing of laboratory hazards, but rather ageneral outline of the types of hazards that may be present in a lab.Learning the Signs and Symptoms of Overexposure to Hazardous ChemicalsKnowing the hazards of the materials you work with is important so that you know toseek help if you develop signs of these hazards. If you notice such signs or symptoms ofoverexposure, contact your supervisor IMMEDIATELY.Some signs and symptoms of exposure occur either immediately or in the short term.These are known as "acute" hazards. Corrosive or irritant materials and acute toxins areexamples. Corrosives tend to burn skin or eyes quickly after overexposure. Irritantsproduce respiratory irritation almost immediately as well. Acute toxins cause severe9

damage, perhaps death, in the short term. Acute hazards are generally easier to spot butalso require quick medical responses.Other chemicals produce effects that are hard, if not impossible to detect without medicaltesting. These occur over long periods of overexposure and are called "chronic"hazards. Carcinogenic materials may produce cancer over long periods of time. Otherchemicals may affect brain, lung, heart, liver or other organ function over long periods oftime, though immediate symptoms may not be noticeable.To make matters even more difficult, some materials have both acute and chronichazards. Many solvents fall into this category; (e.g., benzene may produce irritation in theshort term and cancer in the long term.)IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THAT THESE EFFECTSOCCUR WITH OVEREXPOSURES TO HAZARDOUSMATERIALS. WORKING PROPERLY WITH THESECHEMICALS WILL PREVENT OVEREXPOSURES ANDPREVENT THESE EFFECTS FROM OCCURRING TO YOU!Permissible Exposure Limits and Air MonitoringHow do you determine whether you are overexposed to a particular chemical and toknow what is a safe level for a particular chemical?All SDS identify a "safe" exposure level for a chemical, if there is one established. Mostoften, OSHA specifies these "safe" levels as a Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL), the levelto which a person may be exposed for an eight-hour period without expected harm.Other similar standards are also present on the material's SDS. An air test is taken toconfirm whether an employee is below these standards. Past experience with ourlaboratories and their chemicals has indicated that our laboratory exposures are wellbelow these standards provided you follow the protective practices specified forchemical use. These practices are outlined in the next section of this document.If there is reason to believe that any chemical exposure limits is being exceeded, contactEH&S to have the exposure situation evaluated. Air tests may be performed as part of thisevaluation.Medical MonitoringThe OSHA Lab Standard specifies that there are three circumstances in which CarnegieMellon is required to offer you, the employee, a medical evaluation for a possiblechemical overexposure. They are as follows: If you develop any signs or symptoms of overexposure to a hazardous chemical If you were involved in a significant leak or spill of a hazardous chemicals If an air test was taken and the result showed an

whether the material is hazardous, and also to know what those hazards are. There are a number of ways you can obtain this information: Container Labels One of the requirements manufacturers have when they supply the chemicals you buy is to put a proper and complete label on the container. By law, they must indicate the na me of the product and list the hazardous ingredients present. The label .

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