DYNAMIC PROCESSES IN THE CHEMISTRY OF THE UPPER OCEAN

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DYNAMIC PROCESSESIN THE CHEMISTRYOF THE UPPER OCEAN

NATO CONFERENCE SERIESIIIIIIIVVVIEcologySystems ScienceHuman FactorsMarine SciencesAir-Sea InteractionsMaterials ScienceIV MARINE SCIENCESRecent volumes in this seriesVolume 8Structure and Development of the Greenland-Scotland Ridgeedited by Martin H. P. Bott, Svend Saxov,Manik Talwani, and Jarn ThiedeVolume 9Trace Metals in Sea Wateredited by C. S. Wong, Edward Boyle,Kenneth W. Bruland, J. D. Burton, and Edward D. GoldbergVolume 10ACoastal Upwelling: Its Sediment RecordResponses of the Sedimentary Regime toPresent Coastal Upwellingedited by Erwin Suess and Jarn ThiedeVolume 10BCoastal Upwelling: Its Sediment RecordSedimentary Records of Ancient Coastal Upwellingedited by Jarn Thiede and Erwin SuessVolume 11Coastal Oceanographyedited by Herman G. Gade, Anton Edwards, and Harald SvendsenVolume 12Hydrothermal Processes at Seafloor Spreading Centersedited by Peter A. Rona, Kurt Bostrom, Lucien Laubier,and Kenneth L. Smith, Jr.Volume 13Flows of Energy and Materials in Marine Ecosystems: Theoryand Practiceedited by M. J. R. FashamVolume 14Mechanisms of Migration in Fishesedited by James D. McCleave, Geoffrey P. Arnold,Julian J. Dodson, and William H. NeillVolume 15Heterotrophic Activity in the Seaedited by John E. Hobbie and Peter J. IeB. WilliamsVolume 16Ocean Seismo-Acoustics: Low-FrequencyUnderwater Acousticsedited by Tuncay Akal and Jonathan M. BerksonVolume 1 7Dynamic Processes in the Chemistry of the Upper Oceanedited by J. D. Burton, P. G. Brewer, and R. Chesselet

DYNAMIC PROCESSESIN THE CHEMISTRYOF THE UPPER OCEANEdited byJ.D. BurtonUniversity of SouthamptonSouthampton, United KingdomP. G. BrewerWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods Hole, MassachusettsandR. ChesseletCentre des Faibles RadioactivitesLaboratoire Mixte CNR8-CEAGif-sur-Yvette, FrancePublished in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs DivisionPLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK AND LONDON

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataNATO Advanced Research Institute on Dynamic Processes in the Chemistry of theUpper Ocean (1983: Jouy-en-Josas, France)Dynamic processes in the chemistry of the upper ocean.(NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences; v. 17)"Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Institute on Dynamic Processes in theChemistry of the Upper Ocean, held July 6-12, 1983, at Jouy-en-Josas, France"Verso t.p."Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division."Includes bibliographic references and index.1. Chemical oceanography-Congresses. 2. Ocean-atmosphere interactionCongresses. 3. Oceanic mixing-Congresses. I. Burton, J. D. (James Dennis). 1931. II. Chesselet, R. III. Brewer, P. G. IV. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. ScientificAffairs Division. V. Title. VI. Series.GC110.N37 1983551.46 1 0186-22520ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-5217-4e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-5215-0001: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5215-0Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Institute on Dynamic Processesin the Chemistry of the Upper Ocean, held July 6-12, 1983,at Jouy-en-Josas, France 1986 Plenum Press, New YorkSoftcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1 986A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013All rig hts reservedNo part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmittedin any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

PREFACEThe. Advanced Research Inst i tute (ARI) on Dynamic Processes in theChemistry of the Upper OCean had its origins in discussions by the NATOSpecial Programme Panel on Marine Sciences during 1978 when a wide range oftopics for future ARIs was being considered. What was then envisaged was aworkshop on chemical aspects of the oceanic mixed layer, at which consideration would be given to the inputs, cycling and removal of material, andthe problems involved in the quantitative assessment of fluxes. It wasrealised that any attempt to model chemical processes would need the activecollaboration of workers from other fields, especially physical oceanographers concerned with air-sea interaction and turbulence, and biologicaloceano raphers with expertise in primary productivity and the cycling ofparticulate and dissolved organic material.As plans for the ARI developed further a somewhat different emphasisemerged, focused on the question as to how chemists should set aboutobserving an environment as variable and dynamic as the upper ocean andselecting the appropriate scales for the framework of measurements to studya particular process, especially in the light of current knowledge ofphysical processes of transport and mixing. It was plain that the capability of physical oceanographic methods to resolve differences on smallspatial and temporal scales is considerably ahead of the capabilities ofbiologists and chemists who rely upon discrete sampling and complex laboratory manipulations in order to obtain most of their data. The objective of the ARI thus became one of examining critically the status ofobservations and experiments on the upper ocean and evaluating the possibilities for future development in chemical studies of this importantoceanic regime.The Panel was fortunate in persuading Dr R. Chesselet to lead theSteering Committee and to provide the excellent facilities for the workshop, which was held at Jouy-en-Josas, 6-12 July 1983, in warm summersunshine. The other members of the steering Committee were Prof. R.T.Barber, who could not attend the workshop due to seagoing commitments butwho contributed importantly to its development, Dr P.G. Brewer, Dr J.D.Burton and Prof. C.G.H. Rooth.The material presented in the workshop sessions was not grouped on atraditional disciplinary basis but those papers submitted for publicationhave been arranged rather more closely along those lines for easier accessby the reader.Rapporteurs presented summaries of syntheses of each session, and working groups in the areas of gas fluxes, particle fluxes anddissolved species tackled the problem of identifying key points for futureresearch. Revised versions of the reports of the working groups are givenat the beginning of this volume.

The members of the steering committee are grateful to the SCientificAffairs Division of NATO for financial support of this ARI. They thank. theMarine Science Division of the U.S. National Science Foundation and thePrograaae Interdisciplinaire de Recherches en oceanographie (PIRCCEAN)(centre National de la Recherche SCientifique et Direction de la Recherche/Ministere de l'Ec:lucation Nationale) for support of some participants.The excellent organizational support provided the centre des FaiblesRadioactivites/centre National de la Recherche SCientifique - OomBissariat a I ' Bnergie Atomique and the staff of the centre d' BnseignementSuperieur des Affaires, Jouy-en-vosas, is also gratefully acknowledged.The editors are grateful to the authors of the papers and the chainenand rapporteurs of the working groups for their cooperation and patienceduring the preparation of this volume. They wish particularly to thank.Miss S. Driver, Mrs D. Flood and Mrs J. watson for their help in manuscriptproduction, and the editorial staff of Plenum Press for their advice andassistance. The ARI logo was devised Professor J. MeN. Sieburth.J.D.Burtonvi

CONTENTSReport of WOrking Group I: Gases.1Report of WOrking Group II: Particles . . . . . . 11Report of Working Group III: Solutes . . . . . . 23KEYNOTE PAPERSUpper Ocean Chemistry: Space and Time Scales . . . . . . J.H. Steele29The Chemistry of Near-Surface Seawater . . . . . . . . .P.S. Liss41PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN THE UPPER OCEANProcesses Affecting Upper OCean Chemical Structure in anEastern Boundary CUrrent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J.J. Simpson53Structure and Evolution of Gulf Stream Warm-Core Rings:A Physical Characterization . . .T.M. Joyce79TUrbulence in the Upper Layer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .T. Osborn93Convection in the Upper Ocean . . . . . 107T.O. FosterAIR-SEA EXCHANGE OF GASESField Measurements of Gas Exchange . . . . . . 117W. RoetherBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN THE UPPER OCEANPhotochemistry and the Sea-Surface Microlayer: NaturalProcesses and Potential as to Technique . . . 129O.C. Zafiriouvii

Organic Chemical Dynamics of the Mixed Layer: Measurementof Dissolved Hydrophilic Organics at sea . . . 137K. KopperSurface water 234Th/238U Disequilibria: Spatial andTemporal Variations of Scavenging Rates withinthe Pacific OCean . . . . . 159K.W. Bruland and K.H. CoaleDominant Microorganisms of the Upper ocean: Form andFunction, Spatial Distribution and Photoregulationof Biochemical Processes. 173J.MeN. SieburthShort-Term Variations in Primary Productivity . . . . 187R.E. EppleyPerspectives on Ecological Modeling Focused onUpper OCean Processes . . . . . . 197D. KamykowskiSomeCYCLING OF CARBON BETWEEN OCEAN AND ATI« SPHEREWhat COntrols the variability of carbon Dioxide inthe Surface OCean? A Plea for CompleteInformation . . . . . . . . . . . . 215P.G. BrewerA Preliminary Model of the Role of Upper OCean ChemicalDynamics in Determining OCeanic OXygen andAtmospheric carbon Dioxide Levels . . . 233J.L. Sarmiento and J.R. TbggweilerParticipants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243viii

Chemistry of the Upper OCean had its origins in discussions by the NATO Special Programme Panel on Marine Sciences during 1978 when a wide range of topics for future ARIs was being considered. What was then envisaged was a workshop on chemical aspects of the oceanic mixed layer, at which consider ation would be given to the inputs, cycling and removal of material, and the problems involved .

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