Sunflowers Grown For Dove Hunting FSA2150

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DIVISION OF AGRICULTURERESEARCH & EXTENSIONUniversity of Arkansas SystemAgriculture and Natural ResourcesFSA2150Sunflowers Grown forDove HuntingThomas R. ButtsAssistant Professor,Extension Weed ScientistRobert C. ScottDirector, Rice Researchand Extension CenterTrenton L. RobertsAssociate Professor,Soil FertilityTravis FaskeAssociate Professor,Extension PlantPathologistGus LorenzProfessor, ExtensionEntomologistBen C. ThrashAssistant Professor,Extension EntomologistNick R. BatemanAssistant Professor,Extension EntomologistArkansas IsOur CampusVisit our website at:http://www.uaex.eduSunflower is a crop that has limitedcommercial production in Arkansas.Potential markets are limited, andfarm-to-market transportation maybe cost prohibitive.Most producers in Arkansas aremarketing seed locally as birdseed orgrowing sunflowers for dove hunting(Figure 1). Sunflowers grown for dovehunting can be a recreational andprofitable undertaking when fieldsare leased for guided dove huntingventures. Proper planning and theimplementation of best managementpractices will enhance sunflowerproduction. Key considerations forgrowing sunflowers for dove huntinginclude variety selection, plantingdate, fertilization, and weed control.Suitable Soilsand Site PreparationSunflower production is best suited onwell to moderately-drained sandy andsilt loam soils, but sunflowers can begrown on a variety of soil textures.Field drainage is a primary concernwhen selecting a suitable site assunflowers are easily damaged byprolonged waterlogged conditions.Therefore, poorly drained soils thatare prone to flooding or experienceprolonged waterlogging followingprecipitation events should be avoided.Sunflower can be produced on heavytextured clay loam soils with adequatedrainage, and these soils can be advantageous during droughty years withlower than average summer precipitation. In fields with heavier texturedsoils or fields with poor drainage,Figure 1. Doves attracted to a sunflower field.(Courtesy of T9E /).implementing a bedded productionsystem similar to furrow-irrigated rowcrops may facilitate adequate drainageand allow both wide and narrow rowproduction options.Establishment of sunflower can besuccessful using both conventional andno-till planting practices. With conventional tillage the seedbed should befirm with adequate moisture for rapidgermination. Field preparation using conventional tillage equipment may includedisking and rolling prior to planting. Ifseedbed firming (roller or bedder-roller)is not available or used, it is best to complete tillage operations at least 2 weeksprior to sunflower planting to allow thesoil to settle and provide a good, firm seedbed for adequate seed-to-soil contactand germination. In no-till productionsystems a burndown herbicide may beapplied 2 to 4 weeks prior to plantingdepending on weed pressure and growth.Planting DateSunflowers can be planted from lateMarch to early July, with the optimumUniversity of Arkansas, United States Department of Agriculture, and County Governments Cooperating

date being from mid-April to mid-May. Planting dateshould be based on relative maturity of the varietyselected and considering that seed maturity should coincide with desired hunting window. For a 100-120 daysunflower, a mid-April planting date will mature nearmid-August providing 2-3 weeks for field preparationprior to opening day. Soil temperature should be at least50 F for planting. Sunflower germination requires a soiltemperature near 55 F with a soil temperature at orabove 65 F being ideal. Extended periods of soil temperatures below 50 F will delay germination and extendthe period of susceptibility to seedling diseases. Whengrowing sunflowers for dove, early planting dates helpensure that sunflowers are mature for the opening weekend of dove season. Care should be taken to follow currentregulations available from the Arkansas Game and FishCommission concerning baiting and crop manipulation.These regulations can change from year to year.Sunflower Varietiesand Other Planting DetailsSunflowers are not typically bred for production insouthern states. However, most varieties carried by thelocal seed dealer or co-op will suffice for dove hunting.A black oilseed type variety is typically preferred for itsgood production and earliness characteristics.Sunflowers should be planted 1 to 2 inches deep in moistsoil. It is not advisable to plant more than 3 inches deepsince many of the newer hybrids have a short hypocotylthat cannot emerge from deep planting.Sunflowers may be rotary hoed to aid emergence shouldsoil crust from compacting rains. Best results are withrow- or drill-seeded sunflowers; however, broadcastincorporation is used by many growers, especially sportsmen. Care should be taken to cover seed with at least 1inch of soil to provide sunflower the best opportunity foremergence and establishment. The likelihood of successincreases greatly if a roller can be used following broadcast and incorporation to firm the seedbed. This will helpprevent losses from bird damage and limit damage frompreemergence herbicides.The use of conventional planting and tillage equipmentand row spacings of 30 to 38 inches (or whatever is usedwith other crops being grown) is best for establishinga successful stand. These row widths also allow for useof interrow cultivation as a weed control measure.Narrower rows, 15 to 18 inches, do not have a significantyield advantage over conventional row spacing whenplant populations are the same, and wider rows areoften desired for dove hunting.A final stand of between 14,000 and 26,000 plants peracre is adequate for oil-type hybrids. This normallyrequires 3 to 5 pounds of seed per acre. The number ofsunflower seed per pound varies considerably, dependingupon the variety and seed size. The seed size is identifiedon the bag. The seed bag information will indicate theplanter plates and setting needed to get a desired plantingrate. The plant population with non-oil types (confectionary and birdseed) can be reduced to between 12,000 and18,000 plants per acre. A larger seedhead and increasedseed size are promoted by reducing plant population. Plantpopulation per acre should remain the same regardlessof row spacing. The seed spacing must be proportionatelydecreased with lower-germinating seed, but the number ofseeds per foot of row is increased. A good rule of thumb touse for adjusting seeding rates is to allow for 90 percentgermination and 90 percent seedling survival. Additionally,if possible, planting in the north-south direction willprovide sunflower seedheads more space as they trackthe sun. This can help reduce seedhead contact and earlyseed shattering. Achieving the proper seeding rate withbroadcast seeding is difficult and oftentimes broadcastseeding will result in stands that are too dense leadingto increased drought potential, smaller seedheads, smallerseed and overall poor performance.FertilizationFertilization for sunflower production should follow soiltest recommendations for phosphorus (P) and potassium(K). Although there is no current crop code for sunflowerproduction, using the current crop code for wildlife foodplots with legumes (Crop Code 118) will provide adequateP, K, and potential lime needs but some adjustments willneed to be made for nitrogen (N). Boron (B) is also a criticalmicronutrient for sunflower production and may benefitfrom B applications to sandy or silt loam soils with highpH and a history of B deficiency. Generally, soils withmoderate to low levels of P and K will need nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium (NPK) at a rate of 60, 30 and60 pounds per acre, respectively. These nutrients can beapplied preplant incorporated, but sidedress applicationsof N in-season when the plants are at least 8 inches tallcan enhance production and performance. For simplicity,producers can apply and incorporate 200 to 300 poundsper acre of triple 19 or triple 13 prior to planting orapply to dry ground ahead of a rain.Weed ControlConsult the “Sunflower” section under the Wildlife FoodPlot tab in Extension publication MP44, RecommendedChemicals for Weed and Brush Control, for specificherbicide rates and timings. (See Table 1.)A combination of tillage, early planting and herbicidesprovides the best weed control program for sunflowers.Sunflowers are highly competitive plants, so early-seasonweed control (up to at least three weeks following sunflower emergence) is the most critical to allow the cropto gain that competitive advantage (Figure 2).

Table 1. Sunflower Herbicides, Rates and Application RecommendationsCrop, Situation, andActive Chemical PerBroadcast AcreWeeds ControlledFormulated MaterialPer Broadcast AcreTime of ApplicationMethod of Applicationand PrecautionsSUNFLOWERS (Grown for Doves)Note: Sunflower recommendations are based on drilled or planted sunflowers with adequate seed coverage. Broadcast seeding may resultin an increased risk of herbicide injury.Preplant IncorporatedAnnual grasses, nutsedge, andsmall-seeded broadleaf weeds.Dual Magnum1.33 pt/A.Prior to planting.pendimethalin @ 0.5 to 1.5 lb/AAnnual grasses and smallseeded broadleaf weeds.Prowl 3.3 EC or Pendimax 3.3 EC1.2 to 3.6 pt/A.Up to 14 days prior toplanting.ethalfluralin @ 0.56 to 1.125 lb/AAnnual grasses and smallseeded broadleaf weeds.Sonalan HFP1.5 to 3 pt/A.Prior to planting.trifluralin @ 0.5 to 1.0 lb/AAnnual grasses and smallseeded broadleaf weeds.Treflan, Trilin, Trifluralin 4 EC1.0 to 2.0 pt/A.Up to 14 days prior toplanting.S-metolachlor @ 1.27 lb/AAnnual grasses and smallseeded broadleaf weeds.Dual Magnum1.33 pt/A.Immediately after planting.Do not apply POST. Avoid highrates.pendimethalin @ 0.5 to1.5 lb/AAnnual grasses and smallseeded broadleaf weeds.Prowl or Pendimax 3.31.2 to 3.6 pt/A.Immediately after planting.Must receive activating rainfallwithin 7 days. Do not apply POST.S-metolachlor @ 1.27 lb/AAvoid high rates.Incorporate within 7 days.Use low rate on sandy soils.Incorporate with two passesin opposite directions no morethan 48 hours after application.See label for improved groundcherry control program.Incorporate immediately.Use 1 pt/A on sandy soils.PreemergenceZidua 0.85 WG or Zidua 4.17 SCZidua may be applied prePre-plant/PREplant surface, preemergence1.0 to 4.0 oz/A or 1.75 to 6.50 oz/Aor early postemergencePOSTto sunflower for residual1.0 to 2.0 oz/A or 1.75 to 3.25preemergence weed control.oz/A See label for specifics.Do not exceed 1.5 oz on sandysoils or 5.0 oz on other soils.Do not apply PPI, or at crack/cotyledon stages. Do not tankmix POST with Beyond on CLsunflowers. 60 day PHI.pyroxasulfone@ 0.05 to 0.2 lb/AGrasses and broadleaves,including pigweed.sulfentrazone carfentrazone@ 0.12 0.014 to 0.15 to 0.016 lb/AAnnual broadleaf weeds.Spartan Charge5 to 6 oz/A.Up to 3 days after planting.Do not use POST. Tank mixtures ofProwl or Dual with Spartan haveperformed well in University trials.sulfentrazone S-metolachlor@ 0.13 1.2 lb/AGrass and broadleaf weeds.BroadAxe 7 EC or Authority Elite24 oz/A.Immediately after planting.Do not apply POST.sulfentrazone pyroxasulfone@ 0.1 0.1 to 0.21 0.21 lb/AGrasses and broadleaves,including pigweed.Authority Supreme6 to 13 oz/A.Up to 3 days after planting.Do not apply POST.Annual grasses,johnsongrass and red rice.Select Max 0.97 EC16 oz/A. Use 1 qt/A or 1.0% v/vcrop oil concentrate.2 to 6 inch tall grassweeds.Must add crop oil concentrate.Avoid applications during periodsof drought.Annual grasses, suppressionof johnsongrass and certainbroadleaf weeds. Good onbroadleaf signalgrass andfoxtail.Beyond 1 AS5 oz/A. Surfactant and liquidnitrogen are required as adjuvants.3 to 4 inch weeds andgrass.Avoid applications during dryperiods. Preliminary research hasshown that a soil-applied programis needed prior to making POSTBeyond applications in Arkansas.Use on Clearfield hybrids only!Postemergenceclethodim @ 0.125 lb/AClearfield Sunflowersimazamox @0.039 lb/AFigure 2. Nontreated control (left) versus recommended weed control strategies (right) such as plantinginto a clean seed bed, using a preemergence residual herbicide, and implementing interrow cultivation.

Plant in a clean, tilled seedbed or use a burndownapplication of glyphosate or paraquat to remove existingvegetation in no-till sunflowers. Prior to planting, apreplant-incorporated treatment of Treflan, Prowl orSonalan can be used to provide residual grass control.After planting, a preemergence application of Prowl,Dual Magnum, or Zidua can be used for residual grasscontrol. Spartan, BroadAxe, Authority Elite, or AuthoritySupreme can be applied preemergence (immediatelyafter planting) for residual broadleaf weed control insunflowers. However, PPO-inhibitor-resistant Palmeramaranth is now widespread across Arkansas, so expectreduced control (shortened residual) with the Spartanherbicide products on this weed species. Do not applySpartan preplant incorporated or directly to sunflowersafter they have emerged. Additionally, Zidua can beapplied early-postemergence and is an excellent optionas an overlapping residual to manage grasses and smallseeded broadleaves such as Palmer amaranth. All soilapplied herbicides mentioned above will require arainfall after application to activate them.There are currently no post-applied broadleaf herbicidesfor sunflowers with the exception of Beyond for Clearfield sunflowers (see below). For annual grass andjohnsongrass control, a POST application of Select orother Group 1, ACCase-inhibiting herbicides can beused. Crop oil concentrate should be included with theseherbicides and avoiding applications during periods ofdrought is necessary for optimum activity.One or two early cultivations in combination with herbicides may be beneficial; however, cultivation shouldbe delayed if preemergence herbicides are activated byrainfall and good weed control is established. Lategerminating morning glories can cause severe lodginglate in the season in heavily infested fields. The use ofPOST-direct shielded sprayers or spot spraying withparaquat (Gramoxone) would help control these lategerminating morning glories or Palmer amaranth.However, care must be taken to prevent any contact withthe sunflower plants or extreme crop injury will occur.Clearfield SunflowersThere are multiple Clearfield sunflower varieties availablefor production. The term “Clearfield” refers to a plant thathas been selected and bred for tolerance to the imidazolinone family of herbicides. These include Scepter,Pursuit, Beyond, Newpath and several others. However,Beyond herbicide is currently the only imidazolinoneherbicide registered for use on Clearfield sunflowers. Inuniversity trials, Beyond herbicide has performed fairlywell on broadleaf signalgrass, johnsongrass and certainbroadleaf weeds. It has not performed well on nutsedge,barnyardgrass, crabgrass and many other weeds commonlyfound in areas where sunflowers are grown for dove. Inaddition, excellent moisture and growing conditions arerequired prior to making postemergence applications ofBeyond for optimum activity. These conditions are notalways present in dryland sunflower production. Due tothe increased seed and chemical costs associated withgrowing Clearfield sunflowers and the weed controlspectrum, their use in growing sunflowers for dove inArkansas may be cost prohibitive.A tank-mix of Dual Magnum or Zidua plus Spartan(Authority Elite, BroadAxe, Authority Supreme) appliedpreemergence followed by a postemergence applicationof Beyond is a good herbicide program for Clearfieldsunflowers.DiseasesGeneral recommendations for all diseases include plantingresistant hybrids, rotating to a grass crop every otheryear, using four-year rotations where diseases are prevalent, using treated seed, planting after soil warmsadequately, planting on well-drained soil, destroying oldcrop residue and maintaining good soil fertility.There are several diseases of commercial sunflowers, buttheir importance varies greatly by region and the intensity (and frequency) of production. Important diseaseshistorically include seed rots/seedling blights, Sunflowerrust, downy mildew, stalk rot and head rots (especiallyRhizopus head rot), while charcoal rot, southern blight,Alternaria and other leaf spots, Verticillium wilt andPhomopsis stem canker may become important in localsituations. Descriptions and pictures of these diseasescan be found at http://sunflowernsa.com/growers/diseases.Growers who repeatedly plant on the same spot yearafter year are asking for trouble as diseases will buildup over time, then – combined with the right environment – can take out an entire planting. So, rotationwith a grass crop and destruction of old sunflower stalksand residue are good practices.Seed rots and seedling diseases of sunflowers are commonin the South, especially when the crop is planted earlybefore soil temperatures are warm enough to sustainconsistent germination and growth of the seedlings.Fungicide-treated seed will probably help where standestablishment tends to be erratic or difficult. Fungicideseed treatments labeled for use on sunflower seed includemetalaxyl (Allegiance ) or mefenoxam (Apron XL ) forPythium seed rot and damping off control; captan (Captan and other products) for general seed protection; and azoxystrobin (Dynasty ) for Rhizoctonia seedling blight control.Downy mildew can be a major problem on poorly drainedsoils, so planting in well-drained seedbeds when soiltemperatures are warm will help avoid this problem.Metalaxyl and mefenoxam seed treatments may alsohelp minimize downy mildew. Resistant hybrids shouldalways be planted although new races of the fungusmay negate this option in certain regions.

Table 2. Sunflower Foliar Fungicides, Rates and Application Recommendations.DiseaseFungicideActive IngredientFRAC CodeRate/ADays toHarvestCommentsAlternaria leaf spot(Alternaria spp.),Rust (Puccinia helianthi),Powdery mildew(Erysiphe cichroacearum)Quadris 2.08 SC(multiple generics)Azoxystrobin116-15.5 fl oz/A30Max of 27 fl oz/A/yrHeadline 2.09 SCPyraclostrobin116-12 fl oz/A21Max of 24 fl oz/A/yrTebuconazole 3.6F(multiple generics)Tebuconazole36 fl oz/A50Max of 16 fl oz/A/yrLuna ExperienceFluopyarm tebuconazole7 39.0-12.8 fl oz/A50Max of 34 fl oz/A/yrFoliar diseases can be mostly managed using resistanthybrids and crop rotation. However, in some areas, rustand leaf spots may become important and warrant a fungicide (Table 2). Few fungicides are registered for use onsunflower and do not provide protection against soilbornediseases such as southern blight (Sclerotium rolfsii), charcoal rot (Macrophominia phaseolina) or southern root-knotnematode (Meloidogyne incognita), which are commondiseases and nematodes of row crops in Arkansas.Insect ControlCutworms/ArmywormsInsect damage to sunflowers in Arkansas is sporadic.Cutworm and armyworm larvae are occasionally damagingto newly germinated plantings, thus close monitoringearly in the season is warranted. Early signs of infestationoften appear as “window paning” on young leaves causedby small larvae not eating through the entire leaf. Notcheson cotyledons are also a sign of larval infestations. Aslarvae develop, the damage will turn to wilted and dyingseedlings. Under cool, wet conditions, stand reduction dueto delayed plant development and pest feeding can occur.Cutworm larvae feed at night and stay concealed duringthe day underground within a few inches of damagedplants. The threshold for stand loss is the presence of cutplants, one or more larva per square foot and plant standshave been reduced by 15 percent or greater.Sunflower Head MothThe most common and the most damaging pest ofsunflower in Arkansas is the sunflower head moth,Homoesoma electellum; however, they seldom causedamage to healthy early plantings. Late plantings cansustain economic damage. Adults are grayish in color,3/8 to 5/8 inch long. At rest, the wings are kept close tothe body, giving the moth a cylindrical o

seed and overall poor performance. Sunflowers are not typically bred for production in southern states. However, most varieties carried by the . Fertilization . local seed dealer or co-op will suffice for dove hunting. A black oilseed type variety is typically preferred for its Fertilization for sunflower production should follow soil

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