DUTIES OF OFFICIALS A Guide For Referees And UNDER THE .

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DUTIESOF OFFICIALSUNDER THE RlJLES OF GOLFA guide forreferees andCommittee members nlike many sports, golf is seldomplayed with referees. Consequently,the opportunity for officiating in thatcapacity is limited, and few golfers arefully qualified to serve as referees. Thisoutline has been written with the hope ofassisting those who may be called uponto officiate.Since the principal duty of a referee isto determine questions both of fact andof golfing law (Definition 26), the manner in which he performs his duties canhave a substantial effect on the resultsof a match. It is not sufficient that herender a correct decision when appealedto; he must also, at all times, be sufficiently alert to observe accurately and tointerpret correctly all the events whichmay occur during a round. Golf beinga perverse game, the careless refereecan be certain that that moment whenhis attention is relaxed will be the samemoment when some difficulty will arise.Further, there is the delicate littlematter of the manner in which a refereeperforms his duties to observe and to interpret. Golf is sometimes played underconsiderable nervous tension, and maintenance of a proper degree of concentration is important. Brusque or officioushandling of a situation can, by upsettinga player, magnify the effect of a penaltyfar beyond the penalty itself. It is important to sense when to talk to a playerand when to be silent.Obviously, a referee must understandthoroughly what he is doing. He is assigned to a match for the purpose ofhelping to ensure that it will be fairlyplayed under sporting conditions.Let us start on the first tee and consider problems that may confront areferee during match play. (The specialproblems of refereeing in stroke playwill be considered later.)Before Play StartsThe procedure of a referee before amatch will depend a great deal on theUUSGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT:experience of the players. If both areseasoned veterans who have often playedbefore large galleries and in matcheswith referees, it is usually sufficient toask each player to identify the ball hewill be using and whether he has countedhis clubs; the referee should note thebrand of ball of each player. If theplayers are inexperienced, it is well toremind them of the duties of a referee,principally that he has not been assignedjust to call penalties but rather to be ofassistance to the players, and that theyshould call on him whenever they maybe doubtful as to the correct procedure.When players are not accustomed toplaying before a gallery, especially alarge gallery, it is well to ask them tocall upon the referee whenever the actions of the gallery may disturb them.Identification of the player's ball canbecome very important and the refereeshould not depend wholly upon the playerto decide this question of fact. Thereshould be no chance for confusion eitherbetween the balls in the match or witha ball outside the match. One of the mostimportant times to guard against confusion is when a player puts a secondball in play under the Rules: the refereeshould always ask whether the playerwill be able to identify the two balls.There should be no difficulty in obtaining the cooperation of players since aball which a player is unable to identifybecomes a lost ball (Definition 6).The ObserverAnother matter requiring the referee'sattention before a match is to reach anunderstanding with his observer (Definition 19), if one has been appointed.Usually it is best for the observer towork ahead of the match as much as possible. The referee should stay close tothe players at all times: he should bereadily available to answer questions andto check on such matters as the purposefor which a second ball may be played.By stationing himself usually in theJULY, 196115

area where the ball may be expected tocome to rest, an observer will be in aposition to determine . important questions of fact which the referee, from hisposition near the players, could not hopeto decide. For example, it is always useful to know before going forwardwhether a player's ball is out of boundsor in a water hazard. Only an officialcan properly determine such facts. (Ona close question of out of bounds, it canbe helpful to stretch a tape measure,string or gallery rope between posts orstakes, on their inside faces near theground.) There is the very importantquestion of knowing whether a ball wasstill in motion when deflected by somesuch outside agency as a spectator (Rule26-la) or whether it had come to restand was moved by an outside agency(Rule 27-la). If it was moved when atrest, there is the further question ofknowing the spot from which it wasmoved.Since the play of each ball should beobserved, when both players are in difficulty on opposite sides of the hole itis desirable for the observer to stationhimself by one of the balls if possible.Preferably, he should watch the ball tobe played first, so that he may have opportunity to resume his normal positionahead of the play.When there is a large gallery, thereare other duties which an observer canperform by placing himself ahead of theplay. To help ensure fair play, it is aduty of a referee to guard against anypossible interference by spectators. Suchinterferenceoccurs mostfrequentlyaround the putting green. An observercan be of great assistance by movingspectators away from places where a ballmay go, asking spectators to stand up andbe alert before shots are played to thegreen, and in guarding a ball which mayhave gone into the gallery. Very oftenan observer is in a better position thanthe referee to work with the marshalsto obtain proper control of the gallery.In an important match, the services ofan alert observer are indispensable tothe referee.On the TeeWhen play starts and on each teethereafter, the referee should stationhimself in a position to determinewhether players have teed within theulimits of the teeing ground. Should anopponent require the player to replay,and the claim be disputed, it would create a difficult situation for the referee ifhe did not know whether the ball hadbeen properly teed. Although a refereecannot initially instruct a player to playfrom within the limits of the teeingground, there is no reason for him towatch a player tee and play his ball fromoutside the limits without giving himsome such warning as "Your ball is alittle ahead of the markers."This brings up the question of thereferee's ethical position when he sees aplayer about to commit an infraction ofthe Rules. As has been said, a referee isassigned to a match for the purpose ofensuring that it will be fairly played under sporting conditions. The referee doesnot have the authority to prevent a willful violation of the Rules. But he certainly does have both the right and theobligation to advise the players with respect to the Rules. To be sure, ignoranceof the Rules is no excuse, and it may beargued that the player who does notknow the Rules should be penalized; butit would be contrary to the spirit of fairplay which pervades golf should a referee fail to inform a player of his rightsand obligations under the Rules, andthen to call a penalty for a violation hecould have prevented. The referee whotries to help players avoid infractionscannot be accused of favoring one playeras against the other since he is still performing his duties impartially.The following are a few of many examples of situations and the suggestedprocedure to which this policy might beapplied:(a) Lifting a loose impediment in ahazard: The referee should advisethe player that his ball is in ahazard.(b) Improper dropping procedure: Thereferee should call attention towhat the player is doing wrong.(c) Play of a second ball withoutstating the purpose: The refereeshould ask whether it is the player'sintention to play the ball provisionally.(d) Incorrect order of play in foursomes: The referee should askwhether the player is playing incorrect order.USGA J O U R N A L A N D T U R F M A N A G E M E N T : J U L Y , 1961

:' ' A tape helps former USGA officials Charles B. Grace (left) and Isaac B. Grainger.One final suggestion for tee procedure.If the gallery is out of position ahead ofplay or if there is noise or movementwhich might disturb the players, the referee should stand between the player'sball and the hole. This will serve to stopplay until satisfactory conditions havebeen restored and will place the refereein a good position to command the attention of the marshals and galleries forthe purpose of giving them any necessary instructions. (On the putting green,if it is not practical for the referee totake such a position, he should speakfirst to the player who is about to play,warning him of his intention to speak tothe gallery.) Generally speaking, it is aduty of the referee to help prevent anyinterference with play by the gallery,and he should not hesitate to stop playand address the gallery whenever theyare disturbing the players or in the eventof an exhibition of undue partiality.Who Is Away?Play having left the tee, the refereeshould proceed to a position between thetwo balls, arriving there ahead of theplayers in order to save time by deciding which ball is away before they areready to play. There are many methodsof deciding which ball is away. One ofthe simplest is to approach the two ballson a line to the hole midway betweenboth balls. If there still is any doubt andthe referee is equipped with a shootingstick or an umbrella, he should stand between the balls and hold the stick orumbrella perpendicular to the line to thehole, and the direction in which the implement points will usually indicate thatone ball is ahead of the other.Around the putting green, the order ofplay can be of great interest to theplayers. Again, to avoid delay, the refereeshould arrive at the green ahead of theplayers, and if there is any doubt heshould proceed at once to the hole to seewho is away. If the matter cannot bedetermined visually, the distance to eachball should be paced off. To resolve anyfurther doubt, the referee should beequipped with a 50-foot tape for accuratemeasurement. For short distances theflagstick may be used but there is lessdanger of doing damage to the puttingsurface by the use of a tape. In any case,measurement should, if possible, be madejust to one side of the line of the player'sputt.Whenever it is impractical to decidewhich ball is away anywhere on thecourse, the matter should be determinedby the tossing of a coin.USGA J O U R N A L A N D T U R F M A N A G E M E N T : J U L Y , 196117

In PositionTo See Ball PlayedAfter the tee shot, one of the very important questions of fact that can ariseto confront a referee is whether a ballhas been moved by the player. To determine this, the referee (or his observer)should always be in a position to obtaina clear view of the ball, before and afteraddress. Golf being the kind of game itis, a referee is not likely to have occasionto call a penalty, but he may very wellhave opportunity of protecting the playerby determining that his ball had merelyoscillated and returned to its originalposition. In such a case, the referee willhave served the interests of fair play byhis alertness.Improvingthe LieThe application of Rule 17 always presents a difficult problem for the referee.If a player has improved his lie bysmoothing out irregularities, as in sandysoil, or by moving anything such as grass,the referee has no choice and must calla penalty. It should be noted that manyof the prohibitions in Rule 17 apply notonly before address but also during theaddress and the backward movement ofthe club for the stroke, which is not apart of the stroke itself (Definition 30).Thus, the scraping away of sand as theclub is moved back for the stroke canconstitute a violation.Occasionally a player may be carelessin his observance of this Rule. If therehas been no actual violation, the wisereferee will caution the player and sominimize the possibility of having tocall an infraction later. The referee canaccomplish this by pointing out to theplayer that although no violation hasoccurred, he wants to assure himself thatthe player is familiar with the Rule.There are other situations in which thereferee may not wish or may not haveopportunity to caution a player duringplay but, as a matter of protection, hemay wish to do so later. Obviously, thisprocedure can be followed only when itis the judgment of the referee that noinfraction has taken place.Rule 17-3 can create another headachefor the referee when the ball has foundits way into bushes or small trees. Herethe referee must determine how muchthe player may disturb the interferinggrowth in the process of fairly taking hisstance to play the stroke. Generally18speaking, the referee can be guided bythe principle that anything occupyingthe space in which the player wishes tostand may be moved to one side but notstepped upon or moved more than necessary for the player to take his position.The referee will, of course, watch theplayer and guide him in his actions.In A BunkerAnother unhappy moment for the referee occurs when he must decide whethera player has touched the surface of theground in playing from a bunker. It isdifficult to inflict a penalty when thecontact with the soil has been so slightthat the player could not have gained anyadvantage. However, Rule 33-1 is specificin stating that the ground must not betouched. If the referee observes a fewgrains of sand fall from the top of asandy ridge in the bunker, he may assume that it was caused by the motion ofthe air and not the club; but if the backward movement of the club leaves anymark upon the ground, it must be clearthat a violation has occurred.On the PuttingGreenOn reaching the putting green, thereferee should select a position fromwhich he can watch the play without interference to the gallery. Though thereferee's presence on the putting greenis essential, the gallery does not alwaysappreciate this fact and resents his being in the way.More decisions are apt to be requiredon the putting green than on other partsof the course. If a ball has been displaced, the referee should locate the spotfrom which it has been moved. When aball is lifted for interference with play,the referee should assure himself that itis correctly replaced. A possible difficulty here is the player's failure tomeasure over from a mark placed to oneside of the location of the ball. When aball mark is repaired by a player, thereferee should be sure that it is a ballmark and that the repair does not extend beyond the damage made by the impact. The referee must watch to see thatplayers do not touch the line of theirputt except for the removal of loose impediments or to repair ball marks. Whena ball stops on the lip of the cup, thereferee may have to decide, first,whether it has come to rest, and second,USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1961

what constitutes a momentary delay before the players are called upon to resume play.One especially difficult situation onthe putting green relates to the concession of putts. Important matches havebeen lost when a player, after missing aputt for a win, removes his ball fromnear the hole without holing out andwithout concession by the opponent. Insuch a case the referee should make certain whether the putt has been concededor not. Unfortunately, players seem toenter into a conspiracy to maintainsecrecy on this matter of concession. Butit is a point which the referee cannotignore. If he is certain that a putt has notbeen conceded, rather than calling apenalty at once the referee can bringthe matter to the attention of bothplayers by asking the opponent if it hadbeen his intention to concede the putt.Handling Awkward SituationsSooner or later every referee is certain to be faced with an awkward situation. Aside from the use of tact and goodjudgment, there is no formula which hecan follow. However, a few suggestionsmay be helpful.In the first place, be firm and positivebut take plenty of time. It is always wellto consult your Rule book. A refereewithout pants is better equipped than areferee without a Rule book. Even if youare certain of the Rule, it will help to letthe players read it. Frequently in reaching a decision, the intention of the playercan be of first importance. Before anydiscussion can develop, the first order ofbusiness often should be the determination of this fact. To inquire about theplayer's intention can be very useful asa routine approach to any questionableaction, as, for example, if the playershould appear to test the depth of sandin a bunker or to touch the line of hisputt when there are no visible loose impediments to be removed.Finally, there are the difficult questions of fact raised by casual water andinterference by an obstruction. To bedeemed casual water, a temporary accumulation of water must be visible onthe surface of the ground, or at leastthere must be enough water present tocover the thickness of the sole of a shoeunder normal pressure of the player'sweight. As for interference by an ob.USGAJOURNALANDTURFMANAGEMENT:JULY,struction, the interference must be physical for the player to invoke the Rule.The Rule is not intended to cover mental interference or interference established by wild contortions.Stroke PlayWith two important exceptions, theprocedure which a referee should followfor stroke play is very little differentfrom that for match play. He should workwith his observer, follow play, and callpenalties with the same alertness as formatch play. He is equally interested toensure that the part of the competitionfor which he is responsible is fairlyplayed under sporting conditions. Heshould feel no reluctance to call penalties even though other competitors without referees may not be subjected to thesame critical examinations as those inthe group for whom the referee is responsible. All those in contention for thechampionship probably will be playingwith referees assigned to their groups.The first adjustment which a refereemust make in covering stroke play concerns the difference in the Rules formatch and stroke play. If a referee doesnot know the Rules well enough to befamiliar with these differences, he shouldnot be assigned to officiate. Therefore,there is no need to do more than mention a few of these differences: a strokemust be recalled if the ball is not playedfrom within the teeing ground; determination of the order of play becomesless important; concession of putts iseliminated, and the play of every holemust be completed; etc.The second important point of difference in stroke playascompared withmatch play is that the referee is notburdened with an absolute necessity ofreaching all decisions on the course. Byhaving the player take advantage of theright in stroke play to complete the playof a hole with two balls (Rule 11-5), thereferee is in a position to pass the burden of making a sticky decision to theCommittee in charge of the competition.It is for this reason that the Rules givethe Committee the right to limit a referee's duties in stroke play (Definition26). The Committee may even wish to gofurther and to retain for itself the rightto make all decisions. This might be doneif the Committee questions a referee'sknowledge of the Rules, or if inability196119

to provide referees for all leading competitors may raise the issue of inequalityof supervision, or when the principalreason for having a referee may be toexpedite play and handle galleries. Insuch instances the duties of a refereemay be limited to the determination offacts; his procedure with respect to infractions of the Rules is restricted tocalling them to the attention of the competitor. Any further limitation of theduties of a referee would be tantamountto the elimination of his position as areferee.One final word of caution to referees.When in charge of a play-off for positions in a qualifying round, a refereeshould not overlook the fact that it isconducted under stroke play Rules, evenif only two competitors are involved.The CommitteeSince the referee's authority stemsfrom the Committee in charge of competition, it is well to examine also theresponsibility of the Committee membersas individuals. Their functions as a grouphave already been fairly well outlined inthe references made to their authority,but when they are not referees theirduties and obligations while observingplay or on station assignments on thecourse are another matter.In the first place, it should be clearlyunderstood that a Committee member isin no sense a referee (unless specificallyso designated). When he is present onthe course, either by chance or assignment, he is only a representative of theCommittee. As such he has definite obligations, but they will vary greatly between match play and stroke play competition.In match play without a referee, involvement in the outcome of any particular match is entirely restricted to thoseplaying in it; and since the players involved are present to protect their interests, there is no reason for a Committee member to take any cognizance ofRules infractions which he may observe.His presence on the course is for the solepurpose of being of assistance to theplayers in the event of a claim (Rule11-la and Rule 11-3). When a claim hasbeen presented to a member of the Committee on the course, his handling of thesituation will depend upon the authoritygranted him by the Committee and upon20the exercise of his own judgment. ACommittee may wish to grant the individual members unlimited authority torepresent the Committee by making finaldecisions, or it may wish to limit thisauthority. This is an issue on which aclear decision must be made. However,regardless of the authority extended toindividual members of the Committee,when in doubt they may wish to obtainaction from the full Committee. Suchaction must be arranged for immediatelyunless the players involved are willing tocontinue with their match subject to alater decision. However, deferring a decision should be resorted to only underextraordinary circumstances, since it isa principle of match play that each sideis entitled to know the status of thematch at all times.In a stroke play competition, the position of a Committee representative onthe course is wholly different. Now everycompetitor has direct interest in the playof all other competitors. Since only thosecompetitors playing in a given group canrepresent the interests of the absent competitors, it becomes the obligation ofevery Committee member also to represent the interests of the remainder of thefield. Thus, the Committee member mustact on any probable violation of the Ruleswhich he may observe. This may be accomplished by immediately questioningthe competitor about his procedure. Also, the Committee representative on thecourse will be called upon to make decisions and they should be handled as formatch play, except that the need for immediate decision is less urgent.The Spirit of OfficiatingParticipants in an event are keenly conscious of the spirit in which it is conducted. There is no more certain way toinjure the reputation of a tournamentthan by lax management. It may be difficult and unpleasant to be punctilious inenforcement of Rules, but it is a raregolfer who does not prefer to compete ina well-run event. Players are quick torecognize the official who makes use ofhis position to watch the play better or toinflate his own sense of importance. Authority should be exercised for the solepurpose of helping to ensure that anevent will be fairly played under sportingconditions.USGA J O U R N A L A N D T U R F M A N A G E M E N T : J U L Y , 1961

EQUIPMENT FOR A REFEREERules of Golf booklet.Score card.Local Rules, if any.Pencil.Tape measure or string.Watch.CHECK LIST OF SOME DUTIESOF A REFEREE(a) Introductory:Read Definition 26.Read Rule 11.(b) No.1 Tee:Instruct observer.Identify players' balls.Ask players whether they have countedclubs (Rule 3).Tell players of main duties of refereeand observer.(c) Teeing Ground:Be in position to see balls teed (Definition 32).(d) General:Stay close to players at all times (butdo not chatter).Determine who is away before playersarrive (Rules 20 and 35-2b).Preventspectatorinterference;ifnecessary, stop play and tell playerswhat is being done.Try to help players avoid infractionsby calling attention to Rules whichthey may be about to breach.Do not handle ball or flagstick (exceptin measuring). (Definition 26).Rulings: (1) Determine facts clearly.(2) Try to determine player's intent.(3) Let players read Rule.Be in position to see each player address and play ball.Did ball move after address? (Rule 27Id)Did player strike ball twice duringstroke? (Rule 19-2)Second ball: Why was it played?(Rules 11-5, 30)'Vas ball affected by outside agencywhen:(1) In motion (Rule 26-1a).(2) At rest (Rule 27-1a).Immovable obstructions (Rule 31-2):(1) Is there physical interference?(2) What is nearest point on outsideof obstructions?Is a ball unfit for play? (Rule 28)Casual water: Does it fit Definition 8?(Rule 32)Location of ball: Is it(1) .Within confines of a hazard?(Definition 14, Rule 33)(2) In ground under repair? (Definition 13, Rule 32)(3) Out of bounds? (Definition 21,Rule 29)Out of Bounds: When in doubt,stretch tape measure, string or galleryrope between posts or stakes, on theirinside faces, near the ground. (Definition 21)Hazard:(1) Advise player when ball is inhazard if there can be any question.(2) Was a loose impediment touchedor moved? (Rule 33-1)(3) Did club touch ground beforedownswing? (Rule 33-1)Through the green: Did player improve lie by:(1) Smoothing irregularities(Rule 171)(2) Moving grass (Rule 17-2, 17-3)(3) Improperly moving bush or smalltree (Rule 17-3)Putting green:Ball striking ball-note position of ballmoved. (Rules 35-2c, 35-3c)Ball lifted-ensurereplacementinright place (Rule 22-3)Line of putt: Was it touched except toremove loose impediment or to repair ball mark? (Rule 35-1a)Ball on lip of hole: Is it at rest? (Rule35-1h)Match play: Was putt conceded? (Rule35-2d)(e) Stroke Play:Are referee's duties limited? If so, how?Qualifying play-off: It is at stroke play.( ) Foursome:Warn about incorrect order of play, inadvance (Rule 15)Penalty stroke does not affect rotationof play (Rule 24)COMll'IITTEE MEMBERS ON COURSE(a) Match Play: Do not intervene, evenif infractions are observed.(b) Stroke Play:Take cognizance of any infraction, andnotify player and marker.Try to help players avoid infractionsby calling attention to Rules whichthey may be about to breach.USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUL Y, 196121

portunity to resume his normal position ahead of the play. When there is a large gallery, there are other duties which an observer can perform by placing himself ahead of the play. To help ensure fair play, it is a . pl

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