Living Things And The Environment - Augusta County Public .

Prentice HallChapter 21LIVING THINGS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

DEFINE HABITAT.INCLUDE THREE BASIC THINGSORGANISMS GET FROM THEIR HABITAT AND TELLWHY THEY NEED THOSE THINGS. Habitat: the environment (forest, grassland,desert, tundra, etc.) where living thingsobtain what they need to live, grow, andreproduce. BASICS:1. food to live & grow2. water to live & grow3. shelter to live and reproduce

DEFINE BIOTIC FACTORS AND DESCRIBETHE BIOTIC FACTORS FOUND IN THE HABITAT OFA PRAIRIE DOG.The living parts of a habitat – the organisms,populations, and communities. In a prairie grassland, this includes grassand other plants; seeds and berries; hawks,ferrets, sage grouse, bison, rattlesnakes,badgers, and eagles. Worms, fungi, and bacteria are also bioticfactors found in the prairie dog habitat.

LIST AND DESCRIBE THE FIVE MAINABIOTIC FACTORS OF AN ECOSYSTEM. WATER makes up 65% of the bodies of most organisms and is SUNLIGHT provides the energy for photosynthesis, and therefore OXYGEN is required by most living things to carry out life TEMPERATURE has a major impact on ecosystems. SOIL is a mixture of rock fragments, nutrients, air, water, and theneeded to carry out life processes including photosynthesis andcellular respiration.helps begin most food chainsprocesses. For land animals, it is obtained from the air which isabout 20% O2. Aquatic organisms require dissolved oxygen.Thedegree of heat or cold partly determines which plants and animalscan survive in an area.decaying remains of living things- along with bacteria and fungi.The type of soil largely determines which plants can grow in an area.

SUMMARIZE THE TWO PARTS OF EVERYENVIRONMENT:1. BIOTIC: all the LIVING factors in anenvironment2. ABIOTIC: all the NON-LIVING factors in anenvironment (physical factors - such as water,soil, light, and temperature that affectorganisms living in a particular area)

HOW IS AN ENVIRONMENT ORGANIZED?WHAT ARE THE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION?ORGANISMS- Individual living thingsPOPULATIONS – same species living together in the same place at thesame timeCOMMUNITY – all the Living populations in a regionECOSYSTEM – living communities along with their non-living (abiotic)surroundingsBIOME – group of land ecosystems with similar climate and organisms.Ex.: Rainforest, Desert, Prairie, Deciduous Forest, Tundra. See p. 758.BIOSPHERE - the global sum of all ecosystems.It can also be called the ZONE of LIFE on EARTH* 1-3 are strictly BIOTIC; Interactions between biotic and abiotic components occur at levels 4-6 of an environment

HOW ARE THE LEVELS OF THE ENVIRONMENTCONNECTED?As we move to higher levels of organization,the levels include more and more livingthings, types of habitats, and complexity.

DEFINE POPULATION: A population is a group of individuals of thesame species that live together in the samearea at the same time. Examples: a population of Great Horned Owls,prairie dogs, sage grouse, bison, etc.

DEFINE COMMUNITY:Consists of all the populations of differentspecies (plants, animals, protists, bacteria,fungi) that live and interact in an area

DEFINE ECOSYSTEM:Is made up of a community of organisms alongwith abiotic factors

DEFINE ECOLOGY:the study of how living things interact with eachother and with their environmentECOLOGY

LIST AND DESCRIBE FIVE METHODS OFDETERMINING THE SIZE OF A POPULATION.1.Direct Observation: Locate, count, and tally organisms you2.Indirect Observation: Calculate numbers by signs of3.4.5.are studyingorganisms, such as nests, tracks, scat (droppings), or sounds(bird or whale vocalizations)Sampling: Calculate an estimate based on a sample densityof organisms in a small area (Ex: 1 m2), and multiply times thenumber of these units in the study area.Mark-and-Recapture: Mathematical calculation ofpopulation size based on capturing, marking, and later recapturing organismsPHOTOGRAPHY: WEB CAMS, MOTION SENSOR REMOTECAMERAS (trail cameras), STILL PHOTOS

CHANGES IN POPULATION SIZE If birth rate›(is greater than) death rate,population size increases.- ---------------------------------- If death rate›(is greater than) birth rate,population size decreases.

DEFINE IMMIGRATION: Moving into a population SomeCanada geese which used to migrate northfor the summer now stay in locations farther southyear round, And additional former migrants might immigrate tojoin these local populations

DEFINE EMIGRATION:Leaving a population If food is scarce, members of an antelope herdmay wander off in search of better grasslandfor grazing. If they are permanently separatedfrom the original herd, they will no longer bemembers of that population. They will haveemigrated to a new territory.

DEFINE POPULATION DENSITY AND INCLUDETHE EQUATION TO ILLUSTRATE.Number of individuals of a species in a given area:POPULATIONDENSITY NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALSUNIT AREAExample: If you counted 20 monarch butterflies in agarden measuring 10 square meters, the populationdensity would be 20 monarchs per 10 m 2 ,or2 per sq. meter.

DEFINE LIMITING FACTORS AND DESCRIBE FIVEEXAMPLES. Definition: environmental factors that cause a population to decrease; any neededresources that can become scarce and result in competition–OR- abiotic conditions that can influence the size of a --------------------------1.FOOD- Lack of food could mean starvation for some2.WATER- Dehydration is deadly!3.LIVING SPACE – Loss or reduction of space or territory makes it less likely that organismswill reproduce4. WEATHER – Extremes of temperatures can be deadly, and floods can wash away nests and burrows.5. HUMANS often impact animal and plant populations. When humans develop land for houses andbuildings, they cut down trees and change animal and plant habitats. Some animals, like the raccoonand the skunk, can adapt, but other animals can't adapt and their populations are affected.6. COMPETITION for resources, PREDATION, or DISEASES

EXPLAIN CARRYING CAPACITY:the largest population an area cansustain over a long period of time

NATURAL SELECTIONANY CHARACTERISTICTHAT MAKES ANINDIVIDUAL BETTERSUITED TO ITSENVIRONMENT MAYEVENTUALLY BECOMEA COMMON TRAITTHROUGH THISPROCESS.

NICHE – is the role of an organism in itshabitat, or how it makes its “living,”– this includes the type of food it eats, how itobtains the food, and which other organismsuse it as food- is its . . .A niche is the role of a particular species -what it does -- within its habitat. No twospecies perform precisely the same role in aparticular habitat, at least not for long. If theydo, competition for food and a place to liveresults, and one species eventually excludesthe other.

EXPLAIN HOW THREE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF WARBLERS CANHAVE 3 DIFFERENT NICHES ALL IN ONE TREE.By feeding in different areas of a spruce tree,the birds avoid competing for food. The Cape May Warbler feeds at the top;the Bay-Breasted Warbler feeds in the middle;the Yellow-Rumped Warbler feeds in the lower part and the bases of themiddle branches.

DEFINE COMPETITION.INCLUDE EXAMPLES OF COMPETITION FOR FOOD, WATER, SHELTER, SPACE, OR SUNLIGHT. One of the three major types of interactions among livingthings,competition is the struggle between organisms tosurvive as they attempt to use the same limitedresource.

DEFINE PREDATION. INCLUDE “PREY” IN YOUREXPLANATION. interaction in which one organism (thepredator) kills another for food (the prey)

HOW DOES PREDATION AFFECT POPULATION SIZES? Populations of predators and prey rise and fall inrelated cycles.Too many predators drop in prey populations.Lack of food then causes predators to decline.Too few predators increase of prey populations.

LIST AND ILLUSTRATE EFFECTIVE ADAPTATIONSUSED BY PREDATORS AS STRATEGIES TOLOCATE &/OR KILL PREY. Speed – to out-run, out-swim, or out-fly prey(cheetah)Poison – to stun, immobilize, or kill preySticky substances to snare insectsLight-sensitive eyes that see well in low light (owls)Echolocation: Bats, whales, & dolphins use soundwaves to pinpoint location of preyCamouflage to avoid being noticed by preyGroup cooperation for hunting

LIST AND ILLUSTRATE EFFECTIVEADAPTATIONS USED BY PREY ANIMALS ASDEFENSE STRATEGIES.Speed Poisons (stinging tentacles of jellyfish) Offensive smells (skunk spray) Mimicry – caterpillar that looks like viper False coloring – False eyespots on wings ofmoth Protective covering – pangolins, armadillos Camouflage – walking leaf insect Warning coloration – the bright colors ofcertain insects, reptiles, and amphibianswarn that they are poisonous

DEFINE SYMBIOSIS: A very close long-term association between two ormore species. Thousands of these relationshipsare found in nature and they are classifiedaccording to the impact the association has onthe species involved.

DEFINEMUTUALISM,COMMENSALISM& PARASITISM INTHE SPACEPROVIDED ON THECHART.MARK A “ ” “-“ OR “0”IN EACH SPACE UNDERTHE HEADINGS FORSPECIES A ANDSPECIES B TOINDICATE HOW EACHIS AFFECTED.NEXT, PROVIDECLEAREXAMPLES FOREACH OF THE THREETYPES OFSYMBIOSIS.THREE TYPES OF SYMBIOSISRELATIONSHIP DEFINITION -TYPE OF SYMBIOSISMutualism:both species benefitCommensalism:SPECIESA“”SPECIES “B”& EXAMPLES& EXAMPLES SaguaroCactusgets pollinated Long-eared batGets food 0one species benefits; the 2ndRed-tailed hawkspecies is neither helped nor Gets good nest siteharmedin region withouttreesSaguaroCactusNot affectedParasitism: -the parasite benefitsand the host isharmed(parasite)(host)Tapeworm or tickGets foodDog or humanIs weakened ormade sick

DEFINE SUCCESSION: (NATURAL SUCCESSION)the series of predictable changes in vegetationthat occur in a natural community over time

DEFINE PRIMARY SUCCESSIONPrimary succession is the slow series ofchanges in plant life that occurs in areaswhere . . . no soil or organisms are present,such as a new island formed by the eruption ofan undersea volcano or an area of rockuncovered by a melting sheet of ice (retreatingglacier).

DESCRIBE AND ILLUSTRATE THE STAGES OFPRIMARY SUCCESSION.

WHAT ARE PIONEER SPECIES AND HOWDO THEY ARRIVE AT THE LOCATIONS THEYCOLONIZE?Pioneer species are the first organisms topopulate a bare area. They are often carried by wind or water. Lichens and mosses are often among thefirst to colonize

WHAT ARE LICHENS ?AND HOW DO THEY MANAGE TO LIVE ON THE SURFACE OFROCKS? Lichens are acombination of fungiand algae growing in asymbiotic partnership.The fungal partdissolves the mineralson rocks to extractnutrients.The algal partphotosynthesizes tomake food for thelichen.Observe LICHENS at stereoscope andmake a detailed, colored drawing ABOVEat 10x or 20x magnification.

EVENTUALLY, SUCCESSION MAY LEAD TOA STABLE COMMUNITY THAT DOES NOTCHANGE SIGNIFICANTLY UNLESS . . . the ecosystem is disturbed(by nature or by human actions)

WITH PRIMARY SUCCESSION, HOW LONGMIGHT IT TAKE TO REACH A CLIMAXCOMMUNITY OF ORGANISMS GROWING INFERTILE SOIL WITH MATURE PLANTS? It can take centuries to mature to this state—often called a climax community!

DEFINE SECONDARY SUCCESSION: The series of changes that occur in an areaafter the ecosystem has been disturbed. Unlike primary succession, secondarysuccession occurs in a place where anecosystem currently exists.

DESCRIBE EXAMPLES OF NATURALEVENTS THAT MAY DISTURB ANESTABLISHED COMMUNITY AND LEADTO SECONDARY SUCCESSION.Fires caused by lightning, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, mudslides, tsunamis, earthquakes

WHAT KINDS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES CANDISTURB AND ALTER ECOSYSTEMS? Human activities such as farming, housingdevelopment, clear-cut logging, strip-mining , mountain top removal mining– or even abandoning fields that were oncecultivated – can set the stage for secondary succession.

DESCRIBE SECONDARY SUCCESSION.INCLUDEDIAGRAMS, EXPLANATIONS, AND EXAMPLES AT EACH STAGE.

WHAT TWO “INGREDIENTS” ARE NECESSARYFOR SECONDARY SUCCESSION TO OCCUR?1.SoiL2.Organisms

HOW IS AN ENVIRONMENT ORGANIZED? WHAT ARE THE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION? ORGANISMS- Individual living things POPULATIONS – same species living together in the same place at the same time COMMUNITY – all the Living populations in a region ECOSYSTEM – living communities along with their non-living (abiotic) surroundings BIOME – group of land ecosystems with similar climate and organisms.