The Axial Skeleton - Apchute
ighapmLre10pg155 162 5/12/04 12:57 PM Page 155 impos03 302:bjighapmL:ighapmLrevshts:layouts:NAMELAB TIME/DATEREVIEW SHEETexercise10The Axial SkeletonThe Skull1. The skull is one of the major components of the axial skeleton. Name the other two:vertebral columnand bony thoraxWhat structures do each of these areas protect? The vertebral column protects the spinal cord. The bony thorax protects the heart,lungs, esophagus, and great vessels (aorta and venae cavae) of the thorax. The skull protects the brain.2. Define suture: Fibrous joint between skull bones.3. With one exception, the skull bones are joined by sutures. Name the exception. Joint(s) between the mandible and temporalbones.4. What are the four major sutures of the skull, and what bones do they connect?5.a.Sagittal suture: Parietal bones.b.Coronal suture: Parietal bones and frontal bone.c.Squamous suture: Parietal bone and temporal bone.d.Lambdoidal suture: Parietal bones and occipital bone.Name the eight bones of the cranium.frontaloccipitalright parietalleft parietalsphenoidethmoidright temporalleft temporal6. Give two possible functions of the sinuses. (1) Lighten the skull, (2) resonance chambers for speech.7. What is the orbit? Bony socket for the eye.What bones contribute to the formation of the orbit? Ethmoid, lacrimal, frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxillary, palatine8. Why can the sphenoid bone be called the keystone of the cranial floor? It articulates with all of the other cranial bones.Review Sheet 10155
ighapmLre10pg155 162 5/12/04 12:57 PM Page 156 impos03 302:bjighapmL:ighapmLrevshts:layouts:9. What is a cleft palate? An opening in the palate resulting in a continuity between the oral and nasal cavities due to the failure of thepalatine bones or palatine processes of the maxillary bones to fuse properly.10. Match the bone names in column B with the descriptions in column A.Column Ab; frontal1. forehead bonen; zygomatic2. cheekbonea.ethmoide; mandible3. lower jawb.frontalg; nasal4. bridge of nosec.hyoidi; palatine5. posterior bones of the hard palated.lacrimalj; parietal6. much of the lateral and superior craniume.mandibleh; occipital7. most posterior part of craniumf.maxillak; sphenoid8. single, irregular, bat-shaped bone forming part of the cranial floorg.nasald; lacrimal9. tiny bones bearing tear ductsh.occipitalf; maxilla10. anterior part of hard palatei.palatinea; ethmoid11. superior and medial nasal conchae formed from its projectionsj.parietall; temporal12. site of mastoid processk.sphenoidk; sphenoid13. site of sella turcical.temporala; ethmoid14. site of cribriform platem. vomere; mandible15. site of mental foramenn.l; temporal16. site of styloid processesa; ethmoid, b; frontal, f; maxilla, andk; sphenoid17. four bones containing paranasal sinusesh; occipital18. condyles here articulate with the atlash; occipital19. foramen magnum contained herec; hyoid20. small U-shaped bone in neck, where many tongue muscles attachl; temporal21. middle ear found herem; vomer (a; ethmoid)22. nasal septuma; ethmoid23. bears an upward protrusion, the “cock’s comb,” or crista gallie; mandible156Column BReview Sheet 10, f; maxilla24. contain alveoli bearing teethzygomatic
ighapmLre10pg155 162 5/12/04 12:57 PM Page 157 impos03 302:bjighapmL:ighapmLrevshts:layouts:11. Using choices from the numbered key to the right, identify all bones and bone markings provided with leader lines in the twodiagrams below.1. carotid canal2. coronal suture92923. ethmoid bone234. external occipital protuberance3485. foramen lacerum6. foramen magnum33287. foramen ovale308. frontal bone359. glabella10. incisive fossa31211. inferior nasal concha1512. inferior orbital fissure223713. infraorbital foramen1114. jugular foramen1315. lacrimal bone3616. mandible2017. mandibular fossa2118. mandibular symphysis1619. mastoid process1820. maxilla21. mental foramen1022. middle nasal concha of ethmoid132723. nasal bone202624. occipital bone25. occipital condyle3726. palatine bone827. palatine process of maxilla3828. parietal bone3029. sagittal suture36730. sphenoid bone1753119131. styloid process32. stylomastoid foramen33. superior orbital fissure34. supraorbital foramen3532142535. temporal bone36. vomer37. zygomatic bone28462438. zygomatic process of temporal boneReview Sheet 10157
ighapmLre10pg155 162 5/12/04 12:57 PM Page 158 impos03 302:bjighapmL:ighapmLrevshts:layouts:T h e Ve r t e b r a l C o l u m n12. Using the key, correctly identify the vertebral parts/areas described below. (More than one choice may apply in some cases.)Also use the key letters to correctly identify the vertebral areas in the diagram.Key:a. bodyb. intervertebral foraminac. laminad. pediclee. spinous processf. superior articular processi1. cavity enclosing the nerve corda2. weight-bearing portion of the vertebrae, g3. provide levers against which muscles pulla, g4. provide an articulation point for the ribsb5. openings providing for exit of spinal nervesg. transverse processh. vertebral archi. vertebral foramenega, hchf6. structures that form an enclosure for the spinal cordida13. The distinguishing characteristics of the vertebrae composing the vertebral column are noted below. Correctly identify eachdescribed structure/region by choosing a response from the key.Key:a. atlasb. axisc. cervical vertebra—typicald. coccyxe. lumbar vertebraf. sacrumg. thoracic vertebrac; cervical (also a & b) 1. vertebral type containing foramina in the transverse processes, through which the vertebral ar-teries ascend to reach the brainb; axis2. dens here provides a pivot for rotation of the first cervical vertebra (C1)g; thoracic3. transverse processes faceted for articulation with ribs; spinous process pointing sharply downwardf; sacrum4. composite bone; articulates with the hip bone laterallye; lumbar5. massive vertebrae; weight-sustainingd; coccyx6. “tail bone”; vestigial fused vertebraea; atlas7. supports the head; allows a rocking motion in conjunction with the occipital condylesc; cervical (also a & b) 8. seven components; unfusedg; thoracic158Review Sheet 109. twelve components; unfused
ighapmLre10pg155 162 5/12/04 12:57 PM Page 159 impos03 302:bjighapmL:ighapmLrevshts:layouts:14. Identify specifically each of the vertebra types shown in the diagrams below. Also identify and label the following markingson each: transverse processes, spinous process, body, superior articular Spinousprocessthoracic vertebraSpinousprocesscervical vertebra15. Describe how a spinal nerve exits from the vertebral column. Via the intervertebral foramina found between the pedicles ofadjacent vertebrae.16. Name two factors/structures that allow for flexibility of the vertebral column.Intervertebral discsand curvatures17. What kind of tissue composes the intervertebral discs? Fibrocartilage18. What is a herniated disc? A ruptured disc in which a portion of the disc protrudes outward.What problems might it cause? It might compress a nerve, leading to pain and possibly paralysis.19. Which two spinal curvatures are obvious at birth? ThoracicandsacralUnder what conditions do the secondary curvatures develop? The cervical curvature develops when the baby begins to raise itshead independently. The lumbar curvature forms when the baby begins to walk (assumes upright posture).Review Sheet 10159
ighapmLre10pg155 162 5/12/04 12:57 PM Page 160 impos03 302:bjighapmL:ighapmLrevshts:layouts:20. On this illustration of an articulated vertebral column, identify each curvature indicated and label it as a primary or a secondary curvature. Also identify the structures provided with leader lines, using the letters of the terms listed below.a.b.c.d.e.f.g.atlasaxisa disctwo thoracic vertebraetwo lumbar vertebraesacrumvertebra ure)fSacral–primary(curvature)160Review Sheet 10
ighapmLre10pg155 162 5/12/04 12:57 PM Page 161 impos03 302:bjighapmL:ighapmLrevshts:layouts:21. Diagram the abnormal spinal curvatures named below. (Use posterior or lateral views as necessary and label the views shown.)LordosisScoliosisKyphosisLateral viewPosterior viewLateral viewPAPAArrows indicate area(s) of exaggerated curvatureThe Bony Thorax22. The major components of the thorax (excluding the vertebral column) are the ribsand the sternum.23. Differentiate between a true rib and a false rib. A true rib has its own costal cartilage attachment to the sternum; a false rib attaches indirectly or not at all.Is a floating rib a true or a false rib? False24. What is the general shape of the thoracic cage? Inverted cone shape25. Provide the more scientific name for the following rib types.a. True ribs Vertebrosternal ribsb. False ribs (not including c) Vertebrochondral ribsc. Floating ribs Vertebral ribsReview Sheet 10161
ighapmLre10pg155 162 5/12/04 12:57 PM Page 162 impos03 302:bjighapmL:ighapmLrevshts:layouts:26. Using the terms at the right, identify the regions and landmarks of the bony thorax.a. bodycb. clavicular notchfbc. costal cartilageghd. false ribse. floating ribsjaif. jugular notchg. manubriumlh. sternal anglei. sternumkj. true ribsk. xiphisternal jointdl. xiphoid processeL1 vertebra162Review Sheet 10
156 Review Sheet 10 a. ethmoid b. frontal c. hyoid d. lacrimal e. mandible f. maxilla g. nasal h. occipital i. palatine j. parietal k. sphenoid l. temporal m. vomer n. zygomatic An opening in the palate resulting in a continuity between the oral and nasal cavities due to the failure of the
The appendicular skeleton refers to the parts of the skeleton that are attached to the axial skeleton. It includes the pectoral girdle, the pelvic girdle, and the bones of the arms and legs The Axial Skeleton The axial skeleton is the main, longitudinal part of the skeleton. It consis
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Patella Areas of the skeleton Area of the skeleton Bones Axial Skeleton Is the main core or axis of the skeleton: Cranium Sternum Ribs Vertebral Column Appendicular Skeleton Contains bones that are attached to the axial skeleton Limps Shoulder girdle (
EXERCISE 10 - THE SKELETON When studying the skeletal system, the bones are often sorted into two broad categories: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. This lab focuses on the axial skeleton, which consists of the bones that form the axis of the body. The axial skeleton includes bones in the skull, vertebrae, and thoracic cage, as .
