COLD WAR BULLETIN INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT
COLD WARINTERNATIONALHISTORY PROJECTIssue 11BULLETINWoodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C.Cold War FlashpointsFeaturing New Evidence on:The Polish Crisis 1980-1981Poland in the Early Cold WarThe Sino-American OpeningThe Korean WarThe Berlin Crisis 1958-1962Winter 1998
COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN 11WOODROW WILSONINTERNATIONAL CENTERFOR SCHOLARSCold War International History ProjectLee H. Hamilton, DirectorEDITOR: C HRISTIAN F. O STERMANNBOARD OF TRUSTEESADVISING EDITOR : JAMES G. H ERSHBERGJoseph A. Cari, Jr., ChairmanSteven Alan Bennett, Vice ChairmanEX OFFICIO MEMBERS: The Secretary of StateMadeleine K. Albright, The Librarian ofCongress James H. Billington, The Archivist ofthe United States John W. Carlin, TheDirector of the U.S. Information Agency PennKemble, The Chairman of the NationalEndowment for the Humanities William R.Ferris, The Secretary of the SmithsonianInstitution I. Michael Heyman, The Secretaryof Education Richard W. Riley, The Secretaryof Health & Human Services Donna E. Shalala.PRIVATE CITIZEN MEMBERS: Daniel L.Doctoroff, Jean L. Hennessey, Daniel L.Lamaute, Paul Hae Park, Thomas R. Reedy,S. Dillion Ripley.DESIGNATED BY THE PRESIDENT: Samuel R.BergerTHE WILSON COUNCILAlbert Abramson, J. Burchenal Ault, CharlesF. Barber, Theodore C. Barreaux, Joseph C.Bell, John L. Bryant, Jr., Conrad Cafritz,Nicola L. Caiola, Albert V. Casey, Peter B.Clark, William T. Coleman, Jr., Michael D.DiGiacomo, Frank P. Doyle, Donald G.Drapkin, F. Samuel Eberts III, I. StevenEdelson, Barbara Hackman Franklin, AlmaGildenhorn, Joseph B. Gildenhorn, DavidF. Girard-diCarlo, Michael B. Goldberg,Raymond A. Guenter, Robert R. Harlin, EricHotung, Frances Humphrey Howard, JohnL. Howard, Dennis D. Jorgensen,Christopher Kennan, Steven Kotler, WilliamH. Kremer, Kathleen D. Lacey, Donald S.Lamm, Harold Levy, Edwin S. Marks, C.Peter McColough, James D. McDonald,Michael W. Mitchell, Jeremiah L. Murphy,Martha T. Muse, Gerald L. Parsky, L.Richardson Preyer, Edward V. Regan, J.Steven Rhodes, Edwin Robbins, Philip E.Rollhaus, Jr., George P. Shultz, Raja W.Sidawi, Ron Silver, William A. Slaughter,Timothy E. Stapleford, Linda BryantValentine, Deborah Wince-Smith, Herbert S.Winokur, Jr.ASSISTANT EDITOR /PRODUCTION MANAGER: K ARIN I. MUELLERASSISTANT EDITOR /BULLETIN A DMINISTRATOR: NANCY L. MEYERSThe Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) was established at the Woodrow Wilson InternationalCenter for Scholars in Washington, D.C., in 1991 with the help of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthurFoundation and receives major support from the MacArthur Foundation and the Smith RichardsonFoundation. The Project supports the full and prompt release of historical materials by governments onall sides of the Cold War, and seeks to disseminate new information and perspectives on Cold War historyemerging from previously inaccessible sources on “the other side”—the former Communist bloc—throughpublications, fellowships, and scholarly meetings and conferences. Within the Wilson Center, CWIHP isunder the Division of International Studies, headed by Dr. Robert S. Litwak. The Director of the Cold WarInternational History Project is Christian F. Ostermann and the Project’s Administrator is Nancy L. Meyers.CWIHP is overseen by an advisory committee chaired by Prof. William Taubman (Amherst College) andconsisting of Michael Beschloss; Dr. James Billington (Librarian of Congress); Prof. Warren I. Cohen(University of Maryland-Baltimore); Prof. John Lewis Gaddis (Yale University); Dr. Samuel F. Wells, Jr.( Woodrow Wilson Center); and Prof. Sharon Wolchik (George Washington University). Readers are invitedto submit articles, documents, letters, and other items to the Bulletin. Publication of articles does notconstitute CWIHP’s endorsement of authors’ views. Copies are available free upon request, or bydownloading them at cwihp.si.edu.SPECIAL THANKS TO RESEARCH ASSISTANTS:GREG DOMBER, RYAN GINGERAS, CHRISTINA HARTMAN,CHRISTIAAN HETZNER, ALINA LI, ADAM KUTCHER, LENA SIROTA, AND JOHN TENTSPECIAL THANKS ALSO TO: JORDAN BAEV, TOM BLANTON, MALCOLM BYRNE, MICHELE CARUS-CHRISTIAN, RAYMONDGARTHOFF, CHEN JIAN, MARK KRAMER, JOHN MARTINEZ, VOJTECH MASTNY, KRZYSZTOF PERSAK, DANIEL ROZAS,KATHRYN WEATHERSBY, VLADISLAV ZUBOK.Photograph: Francois Lochon—Gamma Liason: Warsaw Pact Maneuvers in Poland, March 1981. From left to right:East German Defense Minister Heinz Hoffmann, Polish Premier General Wojciech Jaruzelski, Warsaw Pact Commanderin Chief Viktor Kulikov, and Czechoslovak Defense Minister Martin Dzdr.
NEW EVIDENCE ON THE POLISH CRISIS 1980-19821Editor’s NoteThis issue of the Cold War International HistoryProject Bulletin presents new evidence from theRussian, Eastern European and Chinese archives on keySoviet “Flashpoints” from Europe to Asia. Focal point ofthis issue are documents prepared for or obtained at theNovember 1997 oral history conference “Poland 1980-82:Internal Crisis, International Dimensions,” co-sponsoredby the National Security Archive, CWIHP and the Instituteof Political Studies at the Polish Academy of Sciences.Many of the documents and essays—including thetelegrams by CIA source Col. Ryzard Kuklinski (introducedby Mark Kramer) and documents provided by OldrichTuma and Janos Tischler—in this issue were initiallyprepared for this conference; others, such as the so-called“Anoshkin notebook” and the articles by Jordan Baev andMichael Kubina, were obtained during or after theconference. Given his pivotal role in the 1980/81 crisis—and the documents featured in this section, CWIHP askedformer Polish Prime Minister General Wojciech Jaruzelski toprovide Bulletin readers with an initial reaction to the newmaterials. The contribution by former U.S. ambassador toPoland Francis Meehan, eyewitness to the Polish eventsfrom the fall of 1980 to martial law, provides further contextto the documents featured in this issue.The section on “Poland in the Early Cold War,”—withcontributions by Andrzej Werblan, Andrzej Paczkowskiand Krzysztof Persak—continues CWIHP’s efforts todocument Stalin’s role in the formative period of the ColdWar. As an initial step in its “Stalin Project,” inaugurated in1997/98 with workshops in Budapest (October 1997),Beijing (October 1997), and Moscow (March 1998), CWIHPhas been seeking to document as comprehensively aspossible Stalin’s conversations with foreign leaders as wellas his communications with Molotov and other foreignpolicy advisors. Future issues of the CWIHP Bulletin willpresent additional materials as they become available.In the section on the “Sino-American Rapprochement1968/1969,” Chen Jian and David L. Wilson present newChinese materials on the Sino-American opening, just asthe first American documents on the issue are becomingavailable.1 In the coming months, CWIHP will increasinglyfocus on the international history of the late 1960s andearly 1970s as documents from both sides of the Cold Warbecome available. The section on the Korean War,featuring documents and commentaries by KathrynWeathersby and Milton Leitenberg on the allegations ofU.S. bacteriological warfare during the Korean Warcontinue CWIHP’s path-breaking efforts on that first major“hot war” of the Cold War.2 Beyond the biological warfareissue, these documents shed also new light on SinoSoviet-Korean relations as well the still murky history ofthe “Beria Interregnum” in 1953. CWIHP welcomes thediscussion of these new findings and encourages therelease of the originals and additional materials fromRussian, Chinese, Korean and U.S. archives on the issueNikita Khrushchev’s conversations with Ulbricht andGomulka, translated and introduced by Hope Harrison andDouglas Selvage, provide us an opportunity to be a “flyon-the-wall” at key meetings during the 1958-1962 BerlinCrisis. The transcripts do not only provide fascinatinginsights into Moscow’s relationship with key allies in amoment of crisis, but also into Khrushchev’s personality.Similarly, Raymond Garthoff’s translations of Russiandocuments from the Volkogonov Collection at the Libraryof Congress continue the debate about the role of nuclearmissiles Khrushchev’s thinking during the Cuban MissileCrisis.Vojtech’s Mastny’s introduction and (in part)translation of Polish and Czech documents opens anotherfrontier in Cold War history—the military history of the“other side.” Jointly with the National Security Archiveand the Center for Conflict Studies and the TechncalUniversity of Zurich, CWIHP has launched a largerdocumentation project on the history of the Warsaw Pact.Documents deriving from this project will be featured infuture CWIHP Bulletin issues, the CWIHP websitedatabase (cwihp.si.edu) as well as at CWIHP conferences.The documents featured in this Bulletin are only thehighlights of a much larger corpus of documents whichhave been translated for CWIHP, most of which will beaccessible through the CWIHP website. Since September1998, the CWIHP website database (“Virtual Library”)contains more document translations than we havepublished in print. Beyond documents, the CWIHP websitenow contains updates on publications and events. Specialwebsite segments with information on archives, literatureare “under construction.”CWIHP activities and publications have always been ateam-effort, and this Bulletin issue is no exception. Toomany people have contributed to this production to allowme to name them all, but I would like to express specialthanks Robert Litwak, Nancy Meyers, Karin Mueller, HopeHarrison, Ray Garthoff, Mark Kramer, Chen Jian, MalcolmByrne and Jim Hershberg.- Christian Ostermann, Editor—————1William Burr, The Kissinger Transcripts: Top Secret Talkswith Beijing and Moscow (New York: The New Press, 1999).2See See Kathryn Weathersby, “New Findings on the KoreanWar,” CWIHP Bulletin 3 (Fall 1993), 1, 14-18; “To Attack orNot to Attack? Stalin, Kim Il Sung and the Prelude to War,”CWIHP Bulletin 5 (Spring 1995), 1,2-9; “The Soviet Role in theEarly Phase of the Korean War: New Documentary Evidence,”The Journal of American-East Asian Relations 2:4 (Winter 1993),425-458; “New Russian Documents on the Korean War,” CWIHPBulletin 6/7 (Winter 1995/96), pp. 30-84.
2COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN 11Table of ContentsNew Evidence on the Polish Crisis 1980-1982Introduction By Malcolm Byrne . 3Jaruzelski, the Soviet Union, and the Imposition of Martial Law in Poland:New Light on the Mystery of December 1981 By Mark Kramer . 5The Anoshkin Notebook on the Polish Crisis, December 1981 Translation and annotation by Mark Kramer . 17Commentary By Wojciech Jaruzelski . 32“The Assistance Of Warsaw Pact Forces Is Not Ruled Out.” By Pawel Machcewicz . 40Reflections on the Polish Crisis By Francis J. Meehan . 43Colonel Kuklinski and the Polish Crisis, 1980-81 By Mark Kramer . 48The Czechoslovak Communist Regime and The Polish Crisis 1980-1981 By Oldrich Tuma . 60The Hungarian Party Leadership and the Polish Crisis of 1980-1981 By J nos Tischler . 77Moscow’s Man in the SED Politburo and the Crisis in Poland in Autumn of 1980 By Michael Kubina . 90Bulgaria and the Political Crises in Czechoslovakia - 1968 and Poland - 1980/1981 By Jordan Baev . 96“In Case Military Assistance Is Provided To Poland”: Soviet Preparations for MilitaryContingencies, August 1980 introduced and translated By Mark Kramer . 102More Documents on the Polish Crisis, 1980-1982 . 110New Evidence on Poland in the Cold WarThe Conversation between W»»adys»»aw Gomu»»ka and Jozef Stalin on 14 November 1945 By Andrzej Werblan . 134The Polish Contribution to the Victory of the “Prague Upheaval” in February 1948 By Andrzej Paczkowski . 141Stalin As Editor: The Soviet Dictator’s Secret Changes to the Polish Constitution of 1952 By Krzysztof Persak . 149New Evidence on Sino-Soviet Rapprochment“All Under the Heaven Is Great Chaos”: Beijing, the Sino-Soviet Border Clashes, and the Turn TowardSino-American Rapprochement, 1968-69 Introduction and annotation by Chen Jian and David L. Wilson . 155New Evidence on the Korean WarDeceiving the Deceivers: Moscow, Beijing, Pyongyang, and the Allegations of Bacteriological WeaponsUse in Korea By Kathryn Weathersby . 176New Russian Evidence on tshe Korean War Biological Warfare Allegations: Background and AnalysisBy Milton Leitenberg . 185New Evidence on the Berlin Crisis 1958-1962Khrushchov’s Berlin Ultimatum: New Evidence from the Polish Archives Introduction, translation,and annotation by Douglas Selvage . 200The Berlin Crisis and the Khrushchev-Ulbricht Summits in Moscow, 9 and 18 June 1959Introduction, translation, and annotation by Hope M. Harrison . 204The End of the Berlin Crisis: New Evidence From the Polish and East German Archives Introduction,translation, and annotation by Douglas Selvage . 218Research Notes“We Are in a Bind”: Polish and Czechoslovak Attempts at Reforming the Warsaw Pact, 1956-1969By Vojtech Mastny . 230New Evidence on the Cuban Missile Crisis: Khrushchev, Nuclear Weapons, and the Cuban Missile CrisisBy Raymond L. Garthoff . 251Soviet Moldavia and the 1968 Czechoslovak Crisis: A Report on the Political “Spill-Over”Introduction and translation by Mark Kramer . 263Microfilm Projects in East European Military Archives By Ronald D. Landa . 264“Pacifistic Blowback”? By Nigel Gould-Davies . 267Between Solidarity and Neutrality: The Nordic Countries and the Cold War 1945-1991By Valur Ingimundarson . 269New from Hanoi Archives: Summer 1998 By David Wolff . 275Conference on Understanding the End of the Cold War By Nina Tannenwald . 277
NEW EVIDENCE ON THE POLISH CRISIS 1980-19823New Evidence on the Polish Crisis 1980-1982IntroductionBy Malcolm ByrneIn November 1997, an extraordinary multinationalgathering took place of personalities who figured inthe tumultuous 1980-81 Solidarity crisis. For twoand-a-half days two dozen Poles, Americans, andRussians, one-time allies and adversaries alike, met in thevillage of Jachranka just outside Warsaw, to revisit theevents of that crucial period.On the Polish Communist Party and government side,former Party leaders Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski andStanis»aw Kania, former Prime Minister Mieczys»awRakowski, and several of their colleagues sat across fromex-Solidarity figures Tadeusz Mazowiecki (later thecountry’s first post-Communist prime minister), KarolModzelewski, Zbigniew Bujak, and others. Filling out thespaces at the large, square meeting table wererepresentatives of the two superpowers whoseinvolvement in the crisis (albeit in very different forms)ensured its global impact. From the American side:Zbigniew Brzezinski, President Carter’s National SecurityAdviser; Richard Pipes, a senior member of PresidentReagan’s National Security Council (NSC) staff; Gen.William Odom, NSC military aide in 1980 and head ofU.S. Army Intelligence in 1981-82; Jan Nowak, formerlyof Radio Free Europe and a consultant on Poland to theCarter and Reagan administrations; and Carter NSC staffaide, Stephen Larrabee, were present. From the formerSoviet side: Marshal Viktor Kulikov, Commander-inChief of Warsaw Pact forces; Gen. Anatolii Gribkov,Warsaw Pact chief of staff; Central Committee expertGeorgi Shakhnazarov; and Valerii Moussatov of theForeign Ministry.The conference, “Poland 1980-1982: Internal Crisis,International Dimensions,” was one of a series of meetingsorganized by the National Security Archive in partnershipwith scholars and institutions in Russia and EasternEurope—and in close cooperation with the Cold WarInternational History Project—aimed at expanding thehistorical record and informing the public debate over keycrises in the Cold War.1 Shouldering most of theresponsibility for the Jachranka event were AndrzejPaczkowski, Ryszard Zelichowski, Pawel Machcewicz,Darius Stola, Krzysztof Persak, Ewa Balcerek and theircolleagues at the Institute of Political Studies of the PolishAcademy of Sciences.Highlights of the conference were numerous, andhave been written about elsewhere.2 The discussionsbrought out new facts and perspectives on the internaldynamics of the crisis, the roles of Kania and Jaruzelski,the question of whether the Soviets intended to invade,and the impact of American efforts to forestall such anoutcome. One issue that came under intense scrutiny waswhether Jaruzelski was a hero or a traitor: Did he declaremartial law on 13 December 1981, as a patriotic act toprevent the slaughter of tens of thousands of Poles thatwould surely have followed from a Soviet/Warsaw Pactinvasion? Or was he simply doing Moscow’s bidding,using the threat (spurious in this view) of an invasion as apretext and/or justification for martial law, and thussparing the Soviets the multiple costs of intervention?As with all Archive/CWIHP conferences, documentsplayed a crucial part. For several years before theJachranka gathering, directed research had been underwayin the archives of the former Soviet bloc and the UnitedStates specifically geared toward preparation of a “briefingbook” for each of the participants. Over 100 top-leveldocuments were selected, ranging from Soviet and Polishpolitburo minutes and Warsaw Pact meeting transcripts, toSolidarity National Coordination Commission materials, toU.S. National Security Council records and DefenseIntelligence Agency reports.3 The goal was not only tobolster the public record but also to help jog the memoriesof participants a
The Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) was established at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C., in 1991 with the help of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and receives major support from the MacArthur Foundation and the Smith Richardson
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Cold War, academic debates on the origins and characteristics of the Cold War have dominated the field of contemporary history. As the Cold War proceeded, the histori-ography of the Cold War developed its own dynamics. In the early phases of the Cold War academic discourse was ideologically partisan, fiercely divergent and even combat- ive. Indeed historians and their works were part of the .
Cold War: Soviet Leaders from Stalin to Khrushchev (Cam-bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, March 1996). Translations of the documents were performed for CWIHP by Danny Rozas, with additional assistance from Kathryn Weathersby and Chen Jian. —Jim Hershberg, Editor, CWIHP Bulletin. COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN 5 WITH CHINESE LEADERS I: Conversation between Stalin and Mao .
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The Cold War: Crash Course US History #37 1. Why is the old War cold _ AND to what extent is it appropriate to refer to it as a war? 2. What were the actual wars during the Cold War, what was sought by the 2, AND what are the dates? 3. What did the Cold War give us that was growing _ AND w
