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GCEHistory AUnit : Y222/01 The Cold War in Asia 1945 - 1993Advanced GCEMark Scheme for June 2018Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations

OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA) is a leading UK awarding body, providing a wide range ofqualifications to meet the needs of candidates of all ages and abilities. OCR qualificationsinclude AS/A Levels, Diplomas, GCSEs, Cambridge Nationals, Cambridge Technicals,Functional Skills, Key Skills, Entry Level qualifications, NVQs and vocational qualifications inareas such as IT, business, languages, teaching/training, administration and secretarial skills.It is also responsible for developing new specifications to meet national requirements and theneeds of students and teachers. OCR is a not-for-profit organisation; any surplus made isinvested back into the establishment to help towards the development of qualifications andsupport, which keep pace with the changing needs of today’s society.This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirementsof the examination. It shows the basis on which marks were awarded by examiners. It does notindicate the details of the discussions which took place at an examiners’ meeting before markingcommenced.All examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches incandidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skillsdemonstrated.Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the published question papers and the reporton the examination. OCR 2018

Y222/01Mark SchemeThese are the annotations, (including abbreviations), including those used in scoris, which are used when markingAnnotationMeaning of annotationBlank PageHighlightOff-page rIllustrates/DescribesIrrelevant, a significant amount of material that does not answer the questionJudgementKnowledge and understandingProvenanceSimple commentUnclearViewHere are the subject specific instructions for this question paperUse the following indicative content mark scheme in conjunction with the generic levels of response in the Appendix.3June 2018

Y222/01Question1 (a)Mark SchemeAnswer/Indicative contentWhich of the following was of greater importance as areason for the involvement of the USA in the war inVietnam?(i) The battle of Dien Bien Phu(ii) The Gulf of Tonkin incidentExplain your answer with reference to both (i) and (ii). In dealing with Dien Bien Phu, answers mightconsider the potential implications for the expansionof communism into Vietnam as a result of Bien DienPhu. Answers might develop this point further and discussthe ‘domino theory’ outlined by Eisenhower in April1954. Answers might consider the subsequent withdrawal ofFrance from Vietnam and the vacuum created whichthe US decided to fill. Answers might consider the fear of the extension ofChinese influence into the area. Answers might consider the personal politicalconcerns of Eisenhower who did not want to be heldresponsible for the loss of Vietnam. In dealing with the Gulf of Tonkin incident,answers might consider the attacks on the Maddoxand the Turner Joy required a US response. Answers might consider the details of the TonkinResolution which effectively gave the President carteblanche to intervene in Vietnam as and how hewanted. Answers might consider the domestic political contextof a presidential election campaign. Answers might consider the pressure for interventioncreated by the reporting of the incident in the press. Answers might consider the optimism about the warfollowing recent successes by the South Vietnameseagainst the DRV.4Mark10June 2018Guidance No set answer is expected. Judgement must be supported by relevant andaccurate material. Only credit material relevant to the question. Answers may deal with each factor in turn, thencompare them to reach a judgement, or may take acontinually comparative approach. Either approach isacceptable. Knowledge must not be credited in isolation; it shouldonly be credited where it is used as the basis foranalysis and evaluation, in line with descriptions in thelevels mark scheme.

Y222/01Question(b)*Mark SchemeAnswer/Indicative content‘Chinese intervention was the only reason North Koreawas not defeated in the Korean War, 1950-53.’ How fardo you agree? In arguing that Chinese intervention wasimportant, answers might point out that when the USled forces reached the Yalu River the Chinese sent150,000 men into North Korea. Answers might assess the importance of the size ofChinese forces which numbered at least 300,000 menagainst the 270,000 men defending the South. Answers might discuss the importance of Chineseforces to the advance of the North into South Koreafor a second time in 1950. Answers might refer to the supply of materials intoNorth Koreas from China. Answers might discuss Chinese military successesagainst US forces, for example at Chosin inNovember 1950. Answers might discuss the divisions Chineseintervention sparked within the US led coalition aboutMacArthur and the strategy to be used. In arguing other factors explain why North Koreawas not defeated, answers might discuss theproblems of co-ordinating a multi-national force. Answers might discuss the support of Stalin for NorthKorea, if only diplomatically. Answers might discuss the inadequacies of SyngmanRhee. Answers might discuss the fragility of morale amongstUS troops. Answers might discuss the problem of the weatherand terrain. Answers might discuss the strength of the communistregime in the North and the exploitation of Koreannationalism.5Mark20June 2018Guidance No set answer is expected. At higher levels, candidates will focus on ‘how far?’etc) but at Level 4 may simply list factors. At Level 5 and above, there will be judgements as tothe relative importance of Chinese intervention. At higher levels, candidates might establish criteriaagainst which to judge the factors that explain whyNorth Korea was not defeated. To be valid judgements, claims must be supported byrelevant and accurate material. If not, they areassertions. Knowledge must not be credited in isolation; it shouldonly be credited where it is used to analyse andevaluate the sources, in line with descriptions in thelevels mark scheme.

Y222/01Question2 (a)Mark SchemeAnswer/Indicative contentWhich of the following bears most responsibility forthe outbreak of the Korean War in 1950?Mark10(i) Kim Il Sung(ii) Syngman RheeExplain your answer with reference to both (i) and (ii). In dealing with Kim Il Sung, answers might considerhis ambition to reunify Korea. Answers might consider the way he courted supportfrom the USSR and China. Answers might consider the attack on South Koreawhich he launched in June 1950 and the advance toPusan. Answers might consider the commitment of Kim IlSung to communism since the late 1930s and hisdetermination to impose communism throughoutKorea.June 2018Guidance No set answer is expected. Judgement must be supported by relevant andaccurate material. Only credit material relevant to the question. Answers may deal with each factor in turn, thencompare them to reach a judgement, or may take acontinually comparative approach. Either approach isacceptable. Knowledge must not be credited in isolation; it shouldonly be credited where it is used as the basis foranalysis and evaluation, in line with descriptions in thelevels mark scheme. In dealing with Syngman Rhee, answers mightconsider his ambition to unify Korea. Answers might consider the way he courted supportfrom the USA. Answers might consider the border clashes initiatedby the South from the summer of 1948, peaking in1949, and that civil war was already a reality. Answers might consider the autocracy of SyngmanRhee which was brutal and unpopular which gave theNorth an excuse to intervene.(b)*‘The US had no alternative but to escalate itsinvolvement in the War in Vietnam from 1965 to 1968.’How far do you agree? In arguing that the US had no alternative but to620 No set answer is expected. At higher levels, candidates will focus on ‘how far?’but at Level 4 may simply list factors. At Level 5 and above, there will be judgements as tothe imperatives behind escalation and the alternative

Y222/01Mark SchemeQuestion Answer/Indicative contentescalate its involvement, answers might discuss thenecessity of defending US air bases in South Vietnamsince the beginning of air strikes from there in 1965.Answers might point out that the South Vietnam wasnot winning the war.Answers might discuss the importance for the US ofcontaining communism and the fear of the ‘dominoeffect’.Answers might assess the influence of academicsand advisors who argued escalation was necessary.Answers might point out that public opinion wassupportive of intervention.Answers might discuss the political support forescalation with Congress voting large sums for thewar.Answers might discuss the need for troops to combatthe gains made by the communists in the countryside. In arguing that there was an alternative toescalation, answers might discuss the debate thatsurrounds the pretext for US involvement, notably, theGulf of Tonkin incident. Answers might argue that LBJ was not obliged toescalate US involvement and might have adopted adifferent strategy. Answers might point out that some leading expertsargued against escalation (George Ball, MikeMansfield). Answers might discuss the opposition of the CIA toescalation. Answers might discuss the legality of escalationespecially in US involvement in Laos and Cambodia.7MarkJune 2018Guidanceoptions. At higher levels, candidates might establish criteriaagainst which to judge the claim that there were noalternatives to escalation. To be valid judgements, claims must be supported byrelevant and accurate material. If not, they areassertions. Knowledge must not be credited in isolation; it shouldonly be credited where it is used to analyse andevaluate the sources, in line with descriptions in thelevels mark scheme.

Y222/01Mark SchemeJune 2018AO1: Demonstrate, organise and communicate knowledge and understanding to analyse and evaluate the key featuresrelated to the periods studied, making substantiated judgements and exploring concepts, as relevant, of cause,consequence, change, continuity, similarity, difference and significance.Generic mark scheme for Question 1(a) and Question 2(a): Which of the following? [10]Level 69–10 marksBoth factors are thoroughly analysed and evaluated using accurate and detailed knowledge and understanding of keyfeatures of the period, in order to reach a developed and substantiated judgement in relation to the question.Level 57–8 marksBoth factors are analysed and evaluated using generally accurate and detailed knowledge and understanding of keyfeatures of the period, in order to reach a substantiated judgement in relation to the question.Level 45–6 marksBoth factors are analysed and evaluated using relevant knowledge and understanding of key features of the period,however treatment of factors may be un-even with analysis and evaluation of one of the two being only partial. Analysis andevaluation is used to support a reasonable judgement in relation to the question.Level 33–4 marksBoth factors are analysed and evaluated in a partial way, using some relevant knowledge of key features of the period, inorder to make a basic judgement in relation to the question.Level 22 marksLimited and generalised knowledge of the period is used to attempt a limited analysis or evaluation of both factors, and thisis linked to a very simplistic judgement.Level 11 markVery limited and generalised knowledge of the period is used to attempt a very limited analysis or evaluation of one of thefactors. The other factor is either not considered or there is very limited information or description of the factor with noattempt to use this knowledge. If there is a judgement, this takes the form of assertion.0 marksNothing of any relevance to the factors.8

Y222/01Mark SchemeJune 2018AO1: Demonstrate, organise and communicate knowledge and understanding to analyse and evaluate the key features relatedto the periods studied, making substantiated judgements and exploring concepts, as relevant, of cause, consequence, change,continuity,similarity, difference and significance.Generic mark scheme for Question 1(b) and Question 2(b): Essay [20]Level 617–20marksLevel 513–16marksLevel 410–12marksLevel 37–9marksLevel 24–6marksLevel 11–3marks0 marksThere is a consistent focus on the question throughout the answer. Accurate and detailed knowledge and understandingis demonstrated throughout the answer and is consistently evaluated and analysed in order to reach substantiated,developed and sustained judgements.There is a well-developed and sustained line of reasoning which is coherent and logically structured. The informationpresented is entirely relevant and substantiated.There is a mostly consistent focus on the question. Generally accurate and detailed knowledge and understanding isdemonstrated through most of the answer and is evaluated and analysed in order to reach substantiated judgements, but theseare not consistently well-developed.There is a well-developed line of reasoning which is clear and logically structured. The information presented is relevant andin the most part substantiated.The question is generally addressed. Generally accurate and sometimes detailed knowledge and understanding is demonstratedthrough most of the answer with evaluation and some analysis, and this is used appropriately to support the judgements that aremade.There is a line of reasoning presented with some structure. The information presented is in the most-part relevant and supportedby some evidence.The question is partially addressed. There is demonstration of some relevant knowledge and understanding, which is evaluatedand analysed in parts of the answer, but in places knowledge is imparted rather than being used. The analysis is appropriatelylinked to the judgements made, though the way in which it supports the judgements may not always be made explicit.The information has some relevance and is presented with limited structure. The information is supported by limited evidence.The focus is more on the topic than the specific demands of the question. Knowledge and understanding is limited and not wellused, with only limited evaluation and analysis, which is only sometimes linked appropriately to the judgements made.The information has some relevance, but is communicated in an unstructured way. The information is supported by limitedevidence and the relationship to the evidence may not be clear.The answer relates to the topic but not the specific question. The answer contains only very limited relevant knowledge which isevaluated and analysed in a very limited way. Judgements are unsupported and are not linked to analysis.Relevant knowledge is limited, generalised and poorly used; attempts at argument are no more than assertion.Information presented is basic and may be ambiguous or unstructured. The information is supported by limitedevidence.No evidence of understanding and no demonstration of any relevant knowledge.9

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Unit: Y222/01 The Cold War in Asia 1945 - 1993 Advanced GCE Mark Scheme for June 2018. OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA) is a leading UK awarding body, providing a wide range of qualifications to meet the needs of candidates of all ages and abilities. OCR qualifications

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