Networking Basics - Class Presentation

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NetworkingBasicsRaj JainThe Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH ate.edu/ jain/Raj Jain1

OverviewqqqqqqqStandards OrganizationsISO/OSI and TCP/IP Reference ModelFlow and Error ControlEthernet, HDLC, PPPInternet Protocol (IP), IPv6TCPDomain Name SystemRaj Jain2

International Standards OrganizationsqqqISO: International Standards OrganizationChartered by United NationsITU: International Telecommunications Unionm ITU-T: Consultative Committee on InternationalTelephone and Telegraph (CCITT)m ITU-R: Consultative Committee on InternationalRadio (CCIR)m Example Standards: G.724, X.25, Q.931m www.itu.chIEC: International Electrotechnical CommissionRaj Jain3

National Standards OrganizationsqANSI: American National Standards Institutem www.ansi.orgm Non-governmental, nonprofit, over 300 committeesm ANSI T1.105-1995 SONETANSI X3.131-1994 SCSI-2m Represents USA in ITU, IEC, and ISORaj Jain4

Professional AssociationsqqqqqIEEE: Inst of Electrical and Electronic Engineers,m standards.ieee.orgm IEEE ISO (via ANSI)m Ethernet IEEE 802.3 ISO 8802-3:1998EIA: Electronic Industries Association, www.eia.orgm Example: EIA-232 (RS-232)TIA: Telecommunications Industries Association,m www.tiaonline.orgATM Forum, www.atmforum.comFrame Relay Forum, www.frforum.comRaj Jain5

Professional CommunitiesqIETF:m Internet Engineering Task Force, www.ietf.orgm Originated by DARPA for TCP/IP protocoldevelopmentm Now chartered by Internet Societym Request for Comments (RFC),E.g., www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc0793.txt TCPm Internet Drafts: ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/q draft-ietf-diffserv-framework-02.txtq draft-bhani-mpls-te-eval-00.txtRaj Jain6

ISO/OSI Reference workDatalinkPhysicalFile transfer, Email, Remote LoginASCII Text, SoundEstablish/manage connectionEnd-to-end communication: TCPRouting, Addressing: IPTwo party communication: EthernetHow to transmit signal: CodingRaj Jain7

TCP/IP Reference ModelqqTCP Transport Control ProtocolIP Internet Protocol (Routing)TCP/IP Ref ModelApplicationTransportTCP/IP ProtocolsFTPTelnet HTTPTCPUDPOSI Ref etworkIPNetworkHost toNetworkEther Packet Point-tonet Radio PointDatalinkPhysicalRaj Jain8

Layered Packet FormatqNth layer control info ispassed as N-1th layerdata.FTPFTP DataHeaderTCPHeaderTCP DataIPHeaderEthernetHeaderIP DataEthernet DataEthernetTrailerRaj Jain9

Flow ControlqqqFlow Control Sender does not flood thereceiver, but maximizes throughputSender throttled until receiver grants permissionMethods: Stop and wait, Sliding ckDataAckAckRaj Jain10

Error ControlqqqError Control Deliver frames withouterror, in the proper order to network layerError Detection: Cyclic Redundancy Check, SequenceNumbers, Ack/Nak, Time-outError Recovery: Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)Stop and Wait, Go back n Selective Reject11Timeout1Ack 22Ack 33Srej 332Ack 5Ack 5Raj Jain11

Connection-Oriented vsConnectionlessqqConnection-Oriented: Telephone Systemm Path setup before data is sentm Data need not have address. Circuit number issufficient.Connectionless: Postal System.m Complete address on each packetm The address decides the next hop at each routerRaj Jain12

Multiple Access Protocols(a) Multiple Access(b) Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision DetectionRaj Jain13

Multiple Access ProtocolsqqqqAloha at University of Hawaii:Transmit whenever you likeWorst case utilization 1/(2e) 18%CSMA: Carrier Sense Multiple AccessListen before you transmitCSMA/CD: CSMA with Collision DetectionListen while transmitting.Stop if you hear someone else.Ethernet uses CSMA/CD.Standardized by IEEE 802.3 committee.Raj Jain14

Ethernet Standardsqqqqqqq10BASE5: 10 Mb/s over coaxial cable (ThickWire)10BROAD36: 10 Mb/s over broadband cable, 3600 mmax segments1BASE5: 1 Mb/s over 2 pairs of UTP10BASE2: 10 Mb/s over thin RG58 coaxial cable(ThinWire), 185 m max segments10BASE-T: 10 Mb/s over 2 pairs of UTP10BASE-FL: 10 Mb/s fiber optic point-to-point link10BASE-FB: 10 Mb/s fiber optic backbone (betweenrepeaters). Also, known as synchronous Ethernet.Raj Jain15

HDLC FamilyqqqqqqqqqqSynchronous Data Link Control (SDLC): IBMHigh-Level Data Link Control (HDLC): ISOLink Access Procedure-Balanced (LAPB): X.25Link Access Procedure for the D channel (LAPD):ISDNLink Access Procedure for modems (LAPM): V.42Link Access Procedure for half-duplex links (LAPX):TeletexPoint-to-Point Protocol (PPP): InternetLogical Link Control (LLC): IEEEAdvanced Data Comm Control Proc (ADCCP): ANSIV.120 and Frame relay also use HDLCRaj Jain16

HDLCqqqqqqqqPrimary station: Issue commandsSecondary Station:Issue responsesCombined Station: Both primary and secondaryUnbalanced Configuration: One or more secondaryBalanced Configuration: Two combined stationNormal Response Mode (NRM): Response fromsecondaryAsynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM): CombinedStationAsynchronous Response Mode (ARM): Secondarymay respond before commandRaj Jain17

HDLC Framing: Bit StuffingqqqHDLC frames are delimited by flags: 01111110Stuff bits if pattern appears in dataRemove stuffed bits at destination0 11111 11111 11111 10010Transmitter01111110 0 111110 111110 111110 10010 01111110FlagReceiver0 11111 11111 11111 10010Raj Jain18

HDLC FramesqqqInformation Frames: User datam Piggybacked Acks: Next frame expectedm Poll/Final Command/ResponseSupervisory Frames: Flow and error controlm Go back N and Selective Rejectm Final No more data to sendUnnumbered Frames: Controlm Mode setting commands and responsesm Information transfer commands and responsesm Recovery commands and responsesm Miscellaneous commands and responsesRaj Jain19

PPP: IntroductionqqqqqqqPoint-to-point ProtocolOriginally for User-network connectionNow being used for router-router connection alsoPPP is used when you connect to an internet serviceprovider (ISP) via modemPPP is a variation of HDLCUses flags like HDLCUses byte stuffing in stead of bit stuffingRaj Jain20

PPP in HDLC-LikeFramingFlagAddressControl Protocol01111110 11111111 00000011Info Padding CRC FlagqqFlag 0111 1110 7EByte Stuffing:7E 7D 5E7D 7D 5DRaj Jain21

Internet Protocol (IP)qqqqqConnectionless service. Variable size datagramsBest-effort delivery: Delay, out-of-order, corruption,and loss possible. Higher layers should handle these.Handles only data forwardingUses routing tables prepared by other protocols, e.g.,Open Shortest Path First (OSPF),Routing Information Protocol (RIP)Provides only “Send” and “Delivery” servicesError and control messages generated byInternet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)IP address: 32-bit 4 decimal #s, e.g., 164.107.61.210Raj Jain22

IP Addressing: An 0.0.1 erRouter192.5.48.3RouterRouter192.5.48192.5.48All hosts on a network have the same network prefixFig 14.623Raj Jain

SubnetworkqqqqqNetwork Multiple subnets connected via routersGenerally each subnet is one EthernetAll hosts on the subnet have the same address prefixMask .AND. Address PrefixExample: First 23 bits subnetAddress: 10010100 10101000 00010000 11110001Mask:11111111 11111111 11111110 00000000.AND.10010100 10101000 00010000 00000000NetworkRSubnet 1RSubnet 2RSubnet nRaj Jain24

Forwarding an IP DatagramqqqDelivers datagrams to destination network (subnet)Routers maintain a “routing table” of “next hops”Next Hop field does not appear in the datagramNetNet 11R1R1Table at R2:NetNet 22R2R2NetNet 33R3R3NetNet 44Destination Next HopNet 1 Forward to R1Net 2 Deliver DirectNet 3 Deliver DirectNet 4 Forward to R3Fig 16.225Raj Jain

IPv6: How Many Addresses?qqqqqqq10 Billion people by 2020Each person will be served by more than one computerAssuming 100 computers per person 1012 computersMore addresses may be required sincem Multiple interfaces per nodem Multiple addresses per interfaceSome believe 26 to 28 addresses per hostSafety margin 1015 addressesIPng Requirements 1012 end systems and 109networks. Desirable 1012 to 1015 networksRaj Jain26

IPv6 Addressesqqqqqqqqq128-bit long. Fixed size2128 3.4 1038 addresses 665 1021 addresses per sq. m of earth surfaceIf assigned at the rate of 106/µs, it would take 20 yearsExpected to support 8 1017 to 2 1033 addresses8 1017 1,564 address per sq. mAllows multiple interfaces per host.Allows multiple addresses per interfaceAllows unicast, multicast, anycastAllows provider based, site-local, link-local85% of the space is unassignedRaj Jain27

Colon-Hex NotationqqDot-Decimal: 0:0000:ABCDm Can skip leading zeros of each wordm Can skip one sequence of zero words, Dm Can leave the last 32 bits in dot-decimal, e.g.,::127.23.45.88m Can specify a prefix by /length, e.g.,2345:BA23:7::/40Raj Jain28

IPv6 vs IPv4qqqqqqq1995 vs 1975IPv6 only twice the size of IPv4 headerOnly version number has the same position andmeaning as in IPv4Added: Priority and flow labelAll fixed size fields.No optional fields. Replaced by extension headers.Allows “Plug and Play” as well as “Secure” addressassignmentRaj Jain29

Dentist’s OfficeDentistRaj Jain30

1000 Computers on the DockRaj Jain31

TCP: Key FeaturesqqqqqqqConnection orientedPoint-to-point communication: Two end-pointsReliable transfer: Data is delivered in orderFull duplex communicationStream interface: Continuous sequence of octetsReliable connection startup: Data on old connectiondoes not confuse new connectionsGraceful connection shutdown: Data sent beforeclosing a connection is not lost.Raj Jain32

TCP HeaderSource Dest Seq Ack DataResvd Control WindowPort Port No No Offset1616 32 3264616CheckUrgent Options Pad DatasumSize in bits1616xyq Port (16 bits): Identifies source user process20 FTP, 23 Telnet, 53 DNS, 80 HTTP, .q Ack number (32 bits): Next byte expectedq Window Number bytes allowed to sendRaj Jain33

Domain Name System: HierarchyUnnamed stoncobraq.cnriExample: cobra.netlab.ohio-state.eduRaj Jain34

Name tabaseCacheQueryQueryNameUserResponse Resolver eDatabaseRaj Jain

SummaryqqqqqqqIETF’s RFCs and I-Ds are key sources for recentdevelopmentsHDLC uses 01111110 flag and requires bit-stuffingEthernet uses CSMA/CDIP is a connectionless forwarding protocol with 32-bitaddressesIPv6 extends addresses to 128 bitsTCP is a connection-oriented reliable stream protocolDNS allows name to address resolutionRaj Jain36

Networking Basics: Key ReferencesqqqW. Stallings, “Data and Computer Communications,”5th Ed, Prentice Hall, 1997M. W. Murhammer, et al, “TCP/IP Tutorial andTechnical Overview,” 6th Ed, Prentice Hall, 1998A. S. Tanenbaum, “Computer Networks,” 3rd Ed,Prentice Hall, 1996Raj Jain37

Raj Jain 15 Ethernet Standards q 10BASE5: 10 Mb/s over coaxial cable (ThickWire) q 10BROAD36: 10 Mb/s over broadband cable, 3600 m max segments q 1BASE5: 1 Mb/s over 2 pairs of UTP q 10BASE2: 10 Mb/s over thin RG58 coaxial cable (ThinWire), 185 m max segments q 10BASE-T: 10 Mb/s over 2 pairs of UTP q 10BASE-FL: 10 Mb/s fiber optic point-to-point link q 10BASE-FB: 10 Mb/s fiber optic backbone .

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