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m/channel/UCpoccbCX9GEIwaiIe4HLjwAUPSC CSE MAINS 2019GENERAL STUDIESPAPER I1. Highlight the Central Asian and Greco Bactrian elements in the Gandhara art.(Answer in150 words)10Gandhara style of art was an amalgamation of Greek- Roman, Central Asian and indigenousart. The Gandhara style of art developed and spread in Afghanistan, Central Asia and northwestern part of India from the 1st Century BCE to the 4th Century CE. The subject matter ofGandhara art was the depiction of various Buddhist concepts. Political, socio-economic andcultural structure of Gandhara has been studied in its Buddhist Art.In Gandhara art, a number of compositional traits were adapted from Roman mortuary art,while the divine attributes and decorative elements from Greek ,Central Asian and Iranianroots due to control of this region by Greco bactrians, Mauryans, Sakas to Kushanas at differenttimesCentral Asian elements in the Gandhara art: Architectural elements: Drapery of Buddha statues similar to Parthian (modern Iran)drapery in Hellenisticcultures. Curly hair of Buddha statue also resembles similarity with parthian style. Disc shaped halo around Buddha head similar to Persian culture of reverence to sun.Script: Kharosti letters are found in Buddhist inscription in Gandhara.Music: A number of miniature terracotta monkey figures from Yotkan, of the 4th-5thcenturies CE, are found playing various musical instrumentslike flute, harp, syrinx, flute,cymbals, drums and so on.Greco Bactrian elements in the Gandhara art: Sensuous description of Hellenistic art along with Natural and Artistic beauty : The Greek artisans of the Bactrian Kingdom brought about an artistic renaissancethat led to the creation of Greco-Buddhist art. Statues and other depictions of the Buddha at the time show him wearing a Greekstyle toga and having curly Mediterranean hair. Decorative motifs such as fruit garland , scrolls , images of Buddha in Gandhararesembles to Greek traditionThe Buddha also appears in a multitude of Greek Corinthian-style columns that have beenfound in the area, some of which have the Buddha standing alongside traditional Greekmythological characters such as Heracles.The first representations of the Buddha in human form like other Greek .COM
m/channel/UCpoccbCX9GEIwaiIe4HLjwAThus the innovative anthropomorphic Buddha image immediately reached a very high levelof sculptural sophistication, naturally inspired by the sculptural styles of Hellenistic Greek andCentral Asian style.2. The 1857 uprising was the culmination of the recurrent, big and small local rebellions thathad occurred in the preceding hundred years of British rule. Elucidate. (Answer in 150words)10IntroductionThe Revolt of 1857 was the result of imperialist and capitalistic nature of the EIC rule. Thehigh rate of land revenues, subjugation of the grievances of the locals, involvement in thecultural traditions, impact of Christian missionaries and mistreatment of the tribals byoutsiders.BodyThe following 'People's resistance and rebellion' culminated in 1857 Uprising, which canbe categorized into three broad forms:Civil Rebellion and Peasant Movement SanyasiRevolt (1763-1800) Revolt of Raja of Vizianagaram(1794) Poligars’Revolt (1795-1805) Paika(1817)Rebellion The Harsh Economic order and Disastrousfamine of 1770 inspired the group of Sanyasisin Eastern India to fight BritishPeasants, joined by dispossessed Zamindars,Soldiers raided company factories andtreasuriesThe characteristic feature of this revolt, wasthe equal participation of Hindus and MuslimsThe treaty between Ruler of Vizianagaram andthe English, to oust the French, resulted in theBritish demanding a tribute from the rulersThis angered the Raja and rose up in revoltIn 1781, the Nawab of Arcot gavemanagement and control of Carnaticprovinces to the East India Company causingresentment among Poligars.The Poligars revolted against British for theirtaxation rulesThe Paiks of Odisha were the traditionallanded militia and enjoyed rent free COM
m/channel/UCpoccbCX9GEIwaiIe4HLjwA Moplah Uprisingstenures for their military service and policingfunctions on a hereditary basisThe extortionist Land revenue policy ledPaikas to force the company to retreat.Hike in revenue demand and reduction of fieldsize, coupled with the oppression of officials,resulted in widespread peasant unrest among theMoplahs of MalabarTribal Uprisings Pahariyas’ Rebellion Caused by the British Expansion of theterritory of Pahariyas Chuar Uprising Famine, enhanced land revenue demandsand economic distress caused theaboriginal tribesman to take up arms HoandMunda This organized rebellion was against theUprisings (1820-1837) newly introduced farming revenue policy The Santhal Rebellion (1855-56)The oppression of the Santhals, who wereagricultural people, had fled to settle inthe plains of the Rajmahal hills (Bihar) ledto the Santhal rebellion against thezamindars Ramosi Risings The Ramosis, the hill tribes of the WesternGhats resented British Policy ofAnnexationThey rose and plundered country aroundSatara Khasi Uprising The Khasis, Garos, Khamptis and theSingphos organized themselves underTirath Singh to drive away the strangersfrom the plainsMilitary revolts Vellore Mutiny 1806 Sepoys protested against interference by the British in their social and religiouspractices Other important Sepoy mutinies were: The mutiny of the sepoys in Bengal in 1764 The mutiny of the sepoys of the 47th Native InfantryUnit in COM
m/channel/UCpoccbCX9GEIwaiIe4HLjwAConclusionAll the localized movements, inspired by local grievances gave way for a major 'Nationalimpulse', in 1857, which is called as the 'First War of Independence', that shook the foundationof British rule in India.3. Examine the linkages between the nineteenth century’s ‘Indian Renaissance’ and theemergence of national identity.(Answer in 150 words)10IntroductionNational Identity is related to the sense of belongingness shared by Individuals to aNation, represented as cohesion of tradition, culture, language and Politics. Various factors likereligious and social ills, depressing position of women, segregation and hierarchy in castesystem and awareness among the enlightened Indians let to renaissance.BodyLinking the Indian Renaissance movements and National Identity emergence: The Renaissance movements' ideological unity wascentered around Rationalism, ReligiousUniversalism and Humanism. These ideologies evaluated the contemporary socio-religiouspractices from standpoint of social utility, which was important to repose faith amongIndians, in the way of National identity Examples: Swami Vivekananda's legacy reflected the ideal of 'VasudaivaKutumbakam' - meaning the whole world is one single family' left a deep imprint ofunity among Indians Raja Rammohun Roy's consideration of different religions as national embodiments ofUniversal theism, was a uniting factor among different religions in India The movements carried a new Humanitarian morality, which included the notion thatHumanity can progress, with a special emphasis on Individual rights; These Humanisticideals made people realize the equal worth of all individuals This movements linked to social ills like untouchability and gender-based inequalityderived legitimacy in the Humanitarian direction Measures taken in the direction of Gender equality include : Efforts to Abolish Sati by RR Roy Preventing Female Infanticide Measures in favour of Untouchables The Brahmo Samaj, Prarthana Samaj, Arya Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission, theTheosophists, the Social Conference and individuals worked to spread educationamong the untouchables and remove restrictions imposed on them fromentering temples or using ponds, tanks, etc. In Maharashtra, Jyotiba Phule, born in a low caste Mali family, led a movementagainst the brahminical domination of Hindu society, through IGHTSONINDIA.COM
https://t.me/insightsIAStips 4HLjwAThe Renaissance process focused on worldly existence and issues of Salvation/otherworldliness; This was needed at a time to take Indians away from the grips of Ill socialpractices and to further undertake social actions, in direction of Social Integrity This was evident in the way the Brahmo Samaj, discarded faith in Divine Avataras andalso denying that any scripture could enjoy the status of ultimate authoritytranscending human reason and conscienceThe movements took into consideration evolution of an alternative cultural-ideologicalsystem and the regeneration of traditional institutions, to arouse a sense of commonbelongingness in the flourishing past These manifested in form of attempts to construct traditional knowledge, the use anddevelopment of vernacular languages, creation of an alternative system of education,defence of religion, efforts to regenerate Indian art and literature, the emphasis onIndian dress and food, attempts to revitalize the Indian systems of medicine and toresearch the pre-colonial technology for its potentialThe later Socio-Religious movements penetrated the lower strata of society torevolutionalise and reconstruct social sphere; This was in the way of an effort to bridge thegap between different communities to fight for a common causeRenaissance also strived to bring together Indians to fight against common enemy, therebyimparting National Identity to them This was seen in efforts of 'The Servants of India Society', by Gopal Krishna Gokhalewhich aimed to train national missionaries for the service of IndiaConclusionThese movements carried the common good for all, which brought different sections ofpeople together in way of fighting common National Opposition. The rise of Renaissance can beattributed to the Intellectual and Cultural efflorescence, as it marked a period of transition invalues, transformation in social sensibilities and rebirth in cultural creativity. These Social andReligious struggles, preceded the political struggles, which have been considered the necessaryprecursors to the coming of Nationalism. Hence, Nationalism is conceptualized as naturaloutcome of the renaissance.4. Assess the impact of global warming on the coral life system with examples.(Answer in 150 words)10Introduction:Global warming is a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmospheregenerally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide,CFCs, and other pollutants.Climate change is the greatest global threat to coral reefecosystems, which are symbiotic association between coral polyps and NINDIA.COM
m/channel/UCpoccbCX9GEIwaiIe4HLjwAImpacts of global warming on coral life system: As temperature rises, mass coral bleaching events occurs leading to more frequentinfectious disease outbreaks.Ocean acidification: carbon dioxide absorbed into the ocean from the atmosphere hasalready begun to reduce calcification rates in coral reef-building and reef-associatedorganisms by altering seawater chemistry through decrease in pH.Due to global warming there are increasing changes to the frequency and intensity oftropical storms, which adversely affect coral reef.Rapid dilution of reef waters from storm-generated precipitation and runoff has beendemonstrated to cause coral reef bleaching.Global warming and rise of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events lead to increase inbleaching.Coral bleaching events occur during sudden temperature drops accompanying intenseupwelling episodes.Instances of coral bleaching: According to UNESCO, the coral reefs in all 29 reef-containing World Heritage sites wouldcease to exist by the end of this century if we continue to emit greenhouse gases under abusiness-as-usual scenario. (Clive Wilkinson report).Nearly all of the world’s major coral reef regions (Caribbean/ western Atlantic, easternPacific, central and western Pacific, Indian Ocean, Arabian Gulf, Red Sea) experienced coralbleaching and mortality.The bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef in 2016 and 2017, for instance, killed around 50% ofits corals.Conclusion:As Coral reefs harbour the highest biodiversity and support over 500 million peopleworldwide, mostly in poor countries. Its bleaching would also have adverse effect on them.Alliances and organizations like Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, International Coral ReefInitiative (ICRI), are involved in preventing damage to healthy reefs and restoring damagedones through assessment, conservation and restoration programs world-wide involving localcommunities should push forward for conserving the IA.COM
m/channel/UCpoccbCX9GEIwaiIe4HLjwA5. Discuss the causes of depletion of mangroves and explain their importance in maintainingcoastal ecology.(Answer in 150 words) 10Introduction:Mangroves are salt tolerant trees, also called halophytes, which survive high salinity,tidal regimes, strong wind velocity, high temperature and muddy anaerobic soil – acombination of conditions hostile for other plants. The mangrove ecosystems constitute asymbiotic link or bridge between terrestrial and marine ecosystems. They are found in theinter-tidal zones of sheltered shore, estuaries, creeks, backwaters, lagoons, marshes and TSONINDIA.COM
m/channel/UCpoccbCX9GEIwaiIe4HLjwACauses of depletion of mangrovesA scientific study reported that 100 per cent of mangrove species, 92 per cent ofmangrove associates, 60.8 per cent of algae, 23.8 per cent of invertebrates and 21.1 per cent offish are under threat.Natural forces due to climate change: Sea-level rise: Mangrove systems do not keep pace with changing sea-level rise and fall.Extreme high water events: affect the position and health including through alteredsediment elevation and sulphide soil toxicityStorms: increase damage to mangroves through defoliation and tree mortality and theycollapsePrecipitation: decreased rainfall and increased evaporation will increase salinity, decreasingnet primary productivity, growthTemperature: Changing species composition, Changing phenological patterns (e.g., timingof flowering and fruiting)Ocean circulation patterns: affect mangrove propagule dispersal and the genetic structureof mangrove populations, with concomitant effects on mangrove community structure.Anthropogenic activities: Mangroves are being destroyed and facing severe threats due to urbanisation,industrialization, and discharge of domestic sewage, industrial effluents and pesticides.Saltpans and aquaculture also pose major threat to the mangroves.40 per cent of mangrove forests in West Coast of India have been converted into farmlandsand housing colonies over the last three decades.Some of the mangrove species like Bruguieracylindrica and Sonneratiaacida are at the vergeof extinction.Due to shrimp farming, about 35,000 ha of mangroves have been lost in A.COM
m/channel/UCpoccbCX9GEIwaiIe4HLjwAImportance in coastal ecology Mangrove plants have (additional) special roots such as prop roots, pneumatophores whichhelp to impede water flow and thereby enhance the deposition of sediment in areas (whereit is already occurring), stabilize the coastal shores, provide breeding ground for fishes.Mangroves moderate monsoonal tidal floods and reduce inundation of coastal lowlands.They prevent coastal soil erosion.They protect coastal lands from tsunami, hurricanes and floods.Mangroves enhance natural recycling of nutrients.Mangrove supports numerous flora, avifauna and wild life.Provide a safe and favourable environment for breeding, spawning, rearing of severalfishes.They supply timber, fire wood, medicinal plants and edible plants to local people.They provide numerous employment opportunities to local communities and augment theirlivelihood.Conclusion: The impact of environmental and human interference on marine flora and fauna needs tobe assessed.The traditional rights of coastal communities to use the natural resources in theirsurrounding natural habitats for their livelihood should also be recognized on priority basis.initiatives like Ramsar convention, marine protected areas, CRZ under EPA,1986 etc must beimplemented to conserve NINDIA.COM
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m/channel/UCpoccbCX9GEIwaiIe4HLjwA6. Can the strategy of regional resource-based manufacturing help in promotingemployment in India?(Answer in 150 words) 10Introduction:India is a land of rich natural resources and diversely so. However, while some regionsare ahead in their resources and development, other regions lag behind. For example, stateslike Rajasthan, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh, are blessed with minerals and metal ores.However, they largely lack proper infrastructure and urban resources.Body:The development of natural resources has played a significant role in the expansion ofmany regional economies around the world. Despite this important role, research on therelationship between regional resources and regional development has been identified as theneglected area in economic geography.In such cases, we need to consider resource planning at national, state, regional and even locallevels. Regional Resource planning involves Identifying and documenting the availableresources, Designing a structured plan and matching the resources and development plans withthose of the nation.Advantages of regional resource based manufacturing: Bottom Up ApproachEfficient Use of Local resourceBalanced Development (Reduces Regional Imbalance)Helps Sustainable migrationCentre-State coordinationProduct and Service specialization in diverse areas.Note: You can mention one of the examplesPotential for Regional resource based manufacturing:1. Hugli Basin : Jute growing regions: Jute millsPotential Factors: Proximity to jute producing areas , inexpensive water transport,supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movementof raw materials to the mills, abundant water for processing raw jute, cheap labour fromWest Bengal, and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa, and UP.Potential for Employment: India is the largest producer of jute goods and this sectorsupports 40 lack farm families and provides direct and indirect employment to 4 lakhworkers.2. Ahmedabad- Mumbai region: Cotton growing regions: Cotton Textile A.COM
m/channel/UCpoccbCX9GEIwaiIe4HLjwAPotential Factors: Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible portfacilities, labor, moist climate, etc. contributed towards its localization.Potential for Employment:Textile sector provides employment to 45 million persons inIndia alone. Textile is one of India’s oldest industries and has a formidable presence in thenational economy as it contributes to about 14 percent of manufacturing value-addition,accounts for around one-thir
WWW.MAINS.INSIGHTSIAS.COM WWW.INSIGHTSONINDIA.COM UPSC CSE MAINS 2019 GENERAL STUDIES PAPER I 1. (Answer in Highlight the Central Asian and Greco Bactrian elements in the Gandhara art. 150 words) 10 . Civil Rebellion and Peasant Movement
CURRENT AFFAIRS DECEMBER 2018 www.insightsias.com www.insightsonindia.com . www.insightsonindia.com 1 InsightsIAS Table of Contents GENERAL STUDIES -I _ 6 Topic: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to . Prayagraj Kumbh Mela 2019_8 7.
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Constitutional Bodies. . 30 1. River Boards: .30 2. How Election Commission decides on party . 2. Now, outsiders can buy land in J&K:.39. www.insightsonindia.com 2 InsightsIAS Topics: Development processes and the development . Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and
Communism as it had evolved by 1917 was an amalgam of 19th-century European Marxism, indigenous Russian revolutionary tradition, and the organizational and revolutionary ideas of the Bolshevik leader Lenin. Marxism held that history was propelled by class struggles. Social
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INSIGHTS PT 2020 EXCLUSIVE (ART AND CULTURE) NOTES World Hindi Day vs National Hindi Diwas: National Hindi Diwas is celebrated every year on September 14. On that day in 1949, the constituent assembly adopted Hindi, written in Devanagari script, as the official language of the Union.
up and as a follow-up to the 11th World Trade Organization (WTO) Ministerial Conference (MC11) in December 2017. At MC11 in Buenos Aires, differences on digital commerce could not be bridged. Views were signifi- cantly opposed. Discussions were heated. While negotiators cannot reach compromise let alone consensus, the digital economy continues to grow very fast, with major economic and .
