FUNDAMENTALS OF CLASSICAL ARABIC

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AFUNDAMENTALS OFCLASSICAL ARABICVOLUME I:CONJUGATING REGULAR VERBSAND DERIVED NOUNS

IITo the Ulam of Deoband and the Mash ikh of Naqshband

IIIFUNDAMENTALS OFCLASSICAL ARABICVOLUME I:CONJUGATING REGULAR VERBSAND DERIVED NOUNSHUSAIN ABDUL SATTARFAQIR PUBLICATIONSCHICAGO

IV 2002 FAQIR PUBLICATIONS .All rights reserved.No part of this book may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any form byany means, electronic or otherwise, including photocopying, recording,Internet, or by any storage and retrieval system without written permissionfrom FAQIR PUBLICATIONS .First EditionPrinted in the United States of AmericaISBN: 0-9712761-1-0Published by:FAQIR PUBLICATIONS P.O. Box 597104Chicago, Illinois cations.com

CONTENTSPrologue7Lesson 1Mapping the Arabic Language9Lesson 2Introducing Arabic Words13Lesson 3The Past Tense Verb [Lesson 4The Present Tense Verb [Lesson 5The Present Tense Verb in the State of Rafa [Lesson 6The Present Tense Verb in the State of Nasb [Lesson 7The Present Tense Verb in the State of Jazm [Lesson 8The Emphatic [Lesson 9The Command [Lesson 10The Prohibition [Lesson 11The Active Participle [Lesson 12The Passive Participle [Lesson 13The Noun of Time and Place [Lesson 14The Noun of Usage [Lesson 15The Superlative Noun [Lesson 16The Six Types of Verb Form 7585

VIIPrologueAll praise is due to Allah (u), Creator of the universe. Peace andblessings be upon His final and noble messenger, Muhammad (s).Traditionally students of sacred knowledge began by learning the tenetsof Arabic verb conjugation. Each independent lesson was masteredbefore a teacher allowed students to advance. Once proficient, studentsthen focused on the principles of Arabic grammar.I was blessed to attend a school of religious learning in Pakistan that stillemploys traditional methods. My instructors studied under sincereteachers and carried themselves with similar devotion. Furthermore, theyled their students, step by step, along a trail softened by fourteenhundred years of scholarship. Although I was able to spend only a fewyears in the company of such guides, my progress was rapid. Such is thefortune of the debris that manages to land itself on a rapidly flowing,pristine river.Few Arabic textbooks in English are modeled after traditional Islamiceducational methodologies. In this book, I have combined the notes andresources used by my teachers to present an overview of Arabic verband noun conjugation. Insha llah (God willing), future volumes willaddress other principles of classical Arabic grammar.My fear in compiling this work is that I have soiled a pure chain. Myteachers sacrificed their lives, wealth, and families to achieve perfectionin their respective fields. I was permitted to sit in, and eat from, theirvast gardens despite my obvious deficiencies and lack of commitment.This is the mercy of a teacher toward his student. I pray that Allah (u)overlooks this last link and allows the seeker to benefit from the

8FUNDAMENTALS OF CLASSICAL ARABICdevotion of the great scholars of the past. Please pray for me, myteachers, and all those who transmitted this tradition from onegeneration to the next.A servant of the scholarsHusain Abdul SattarSafar 1423 April 2002

Lesson One: Mapping the Arabic LanguageFigure 1.1 presents a map of the Arabic language. This chart provides anoverview of the task at hand and establishes a framework for futurelearning.PRINCIPLE ONEThe term articulation ()1 refers to all words that are produced by thetongue. Articulations () are divided into (1) words that are meaningful) and (2) words that are meaningless ((). Meaningful ()articulations have established, understood meanings. For example, theArabic word kitabmeaningless (() means, a book. On the other hand,) articulations lack established meanings. Consider, forexample, the word Pepsi. If articulated five hundred years ago, beforethe advent of this now famous beverage, this word would have had nomeaning.PRINCIPLE TWOMeaningful (() articulations can be further divided into (1) single) and (2) compound (word, it is called single(). If an articulation is composed of one); whereas, if it is composed of more thanone word, it is called compound (() is single (), while the phrase rasul-Allah (two words, is compound (1Lafad (). For example, the word kitab), 2 made up of).) is derived from the verbal noun to throw. Arabic grammarians use this term torefer to articulations because speech involves throwing sounds from the tongue.2means, Messenger of Allah.

FUNDAMENTALS OF CLASSICAL ARABIC10PRINCIPLE THREEAll single () words are classified into one of three types:1) noun ()2) verb ()3) particle ()Stated otherwise, every word in the Arabic dictionary fits into one ofthese three categories.PRINCIPLE FOURCompound () articulations are made up of two or more words. Suchcombinations are either beneficial (() or non-beneficial (). Beneficial) groups of words express a complete idea and join together to forma complete sentence. Non-beneficial () groups of words express anincomplete idea and join together to form a phrase, 3 or an incompletesentence.This volume deals with single () words and emphasizes conjugatingverbs and nouns.3A phrase is defined as two or more words that form a syntactic unit that is less than acomplete sentence.

Mapping the Arabic URE 1.1A MAP OF THE ARABIC LANGUAGE

Lesson Two: Introducing Arabic WordsPRINCIPLE ONEThe Arabic alphabet consists of twenty-nine letters and three shortvowels (figure 2.1). This text assumes that the reader is familiar with thealphabet and its short vowels.PRINCIPLE TWOMost Arabic words are formed from three base letters. These threeletters join together to establish a meaning. For example, the base letters- - (read from right to left) express the meaning of to write. PRINCIPLE THREEThe letters- -are used as model base letters. 4 The first letter iscalled the f () position. The second is called the ain (position. The third is called the l m (- -)) position. The base lettersexpress the meaning of to do. PRINCIPLE FOURMost Arabic nouns and verbs are derived by placing the three baseletters on designated patterns. These patterns involve voweling5 the baseletters and often require the addition of non-base letters. Each of thesepatterns reflects the meaning of the base letters in a unique way. Forexample, the patterndescribes a person who enacts the meaning ofthe base letters.6 This pattern involves voweling the fa () position4The letters - -5Voweling refers to the addition of the short vowels: dammah, fathah, and kasrah.6The English language also makes use of patterns. Consider, for example, the word teacher. are used throughout the text to illustrate verb and noun patterns.Adding the suffix er to the verb teach produces the word teacher. This pattern describes aperson who enacts the meaning of the verb (i.e., one who teaches). Similarly, consideradditional English words that follow this pattern, such as builder (one who builds) and thinker (one who thinks).

FUNDAMENTALS OF CLASSICAL ARABIC14with a fathah, adding an alif, and voweling the ain (kasrah. If the base letters(), and l m () position with a- - (to write) replace the f () positions in this pattern, the wordwrites) is formed (figure 2.2). Similarly, replacing the f (and l m () positions with the base lettersthe word(one who worships).), ain(one who), ain (),- - (to worship) forms

Introducing Arabic Words15THE ARABIC ALPHABETJMTH T B ALIFR DH LD LKH H DH DS DSH NSNZ F GHAIN AINZH TH N NMML MK FQ FNHAMZAHY W WH THE ARABIC SHORT VOWELSKASRAHFATHAHDAMMAHFIGURE 2.1THE ARABIC ALPHABET AND ITS SHORT VOWELS

16FUNDAMENTALS OF CLASSICAL ARABICONE WHO DOESStep One: Separate the lettersof the patternStep Two: Replace the base letters ( - - )with corresponding new letters ( - - )Step Three: Reattach the lettersto form the new wordONE WHO WRITES or A WRITERFIGURE 2.2FORMING WORDS FROM BASE LETTERS

Lesson Three: The Past Tense Verb[]The past tense verb () describes actions or events that havealready occurred.PRINCIPLE ONEThe pattern(he did) is used as a model for the past tense verb. In thispattern each of the base letters is voweled with a fathah.7PRINCIPLE TWOVerbs in the English language are conjugated to reflect the subject8 ofthe verb. For example, he did and we did. Here, the pronouns he and we indicate the subject. Arabic verbs are conjugated in a similarmanner. In particular, the Arabic verb is conjugated to reflect threeaspects of its subject:1) person9 (first, second, third)2) gender10 (masculine, feminine)3) plurality11 (singular, dual, plural)7The patternis one of several patterns used for the past tense verb. Others are presented inLesson Sixteen.8The subject denotes the doer of the action described by a verb.9The first person is used to refer to the speaker. For example, I did or we did. The secondperson is used to refer to the individual spoken to. For example, you did. The third person isused to refer to the individual spoken of. For example, he did or they did. 10The masculine is used to refer to male beings or masculine objects. For example, he did or itdid. The feminine is used to refer to female beings or feminine objects. For example, she did or it did. 11The singular is used to refer to an individual. For example, he did. The dual is used to referto two individuals. For example, both of them did. The plural is used to refer to a group. Forexample, they did.

18FUNDAMENTALS OF CLASSICAL ARABICPRINCIPLE THREEWhile English verbs are conjugated by placing a noun or pronounbefore the verb, Arabic verbs are conjugated by adding designated lettersto the end of the verb. Carefully study the past tense verb conjugations(table 3.1), noting the changes in person, gender, and plurality.PRINCIPLE FOUREnglish verbs may express either the active or the passive voice. Theactive voice is used when the subject of the sentence performs the actionexpressed by the verb. For example, Zaid wrote a book. Here, theverb wrote is in the active voice because Zaid is indicated as thewriter. The passive voice, on the other hand, is used when the subject ofthe verb is not indicated. For example, A book was written. Here, theverb was written is in the passive voice because, although a book waswritten, the writer is not indicated.Arabic verbs also express either the active or the passive voice. Earlier,principle one illustratedas a model for the active voice of the past tenseverb. The pattern for the passive voice of the past tense verb is formed fromthe active voice by (1) changing the voweling of the first letter to adammah and (2) changing the voweling of the second to last letter to akasrah. Thus(he did) becomes(it was done).PRINCIPLE FIVEPrinciple two established that verbs in the active voice are conjugated toreflect the subject of the verb. When conjugating verbs in the passivevoice, each conjugation reflects the person, gender, and plurality of theobject, 12 and not the subject, of the verb. For example, consider thestatement(he was hit). Here, the object of the verb is stated (i.e.,he), but the subject is not indicated. Therefore, the verb is conjugated to12The object denotes the noun that receives the action of a verb.

19The Past Tense Verbreflect the object of the verb. As illustrated in table 3.2, active and passivevoice conjugations use the same endings.PRINCIPLE SIXPlacing the word before both the active and passive voice negatesthe past tense verb (table 3.2). For example,(he did) becomesdid not do), and(it was not done).(it was done) becomes(heESSENTIAL NOTEThe conjugations of the past tense verb must be memorized (table 3.2)before moving to the next lesson.

20FUNDAMENTALS OF CLASSICAL ARABICTABLE 3.1CONJUGATING THE PAST TENSE UFFIXACTIVEVOICEHe/It (S/M) did3rdMasculine DualThey (D/M) did3rdMasculine Plural13They (P/M) did3rdFeminine SingularShe/It (S/F) did3rdFeminine DualThey (D/F) did3rdFeminine PluralThey (P/F) did2ndMasculine SingularYou (S/M) did2ndMasculine DualYou (D/M) did2ndMasculine PluralYou (P/M) did2ndFeminine SingularYou (S/F) did2ndFeminine DualYou (D/F) did2ndFeminine PluralYou (P/F) did1stMasculine andFeminine SingularI did1stMasculine andFeminine PluralWe didM Masculine13F FeminineS SingularThe alif ( ) at the end of this conjugation is not pronounced.D DualP Plural

21The Past Tense VerbTABLE 3.2THE PAST TENSE VERBPASSIVE VOICENEGATIONACTIVE VOICENEGATIONPASSIVE VOICEACTIVE VOICEHe/It (S/M) was not doneHe/It (S/M) did not doHe/It (S/M) was doneHe/It (S/M) didThey (D/M) were not doneThey (D/M) did not doThey (D/M) were doneThey (D/M) didThey (P/M) were not doneThey (P/M) did not doThey (P/M) were done1 4They (P/M) didShe/It (S/F) was not doneShe/It (S/F) did not doShe/It (S/F) was doneShe/It (S/F) didThey (D/F) were not doneThey (D/F) did not doThey (D/F) were doneThey (D/F) didThey (P/F) were not doneThey (P/F) did not doThey (P/F) were doneThey (P/F) didYou (S/M) were not doneYou (S/M) did not doYou (S/M) were doneYou (S/M) didYou (D/M) were not doneYou (D/M) did not doYou (D/M) were doneYou (D/M) didYou (P/M) were not doneYou (P/M) did not doYou (P/M) were doneYou (P/M) didYou (S/F) were not doneYou (S/F) did not doYou (S/F) were doneYou (S/F) didYou (D/F) were not doneYou (D/F) did not doYou (D/F) were doneYou (D/F) didYou (P/F) were not doneYou (P/F) did not doYou (P/F) were doneYou (P/F) didI was not doneI did not doI was doneI didWe were not doneM Masculine14We did not doF FeminineWe were doneS SingularD DualWe didP Plural They were done, implies several acts were performed. Recall that the passive verb isconjugated to reflect its object.

Lesson Four: The Present Tense Verb[]The present tense verb () describes actions or events that areongoing.15 Present tense verbs are conjugated using prefixes and suffixes.PRINCIPLE ONEThe pattern(he does) is used as a model for the active voice of thepresent tense verb. Depending on the particular conjugation, one of fourletters (y , t , n n, or hamzah) is always prefixed to the three base letters(table 4.1).PRINCIPLE TWOThe active voice of the present tense verb is conjugated by addingdesignated letters to the end of the verb. Like the past tense, theseconjugations reflect three aspects of the verb s subject: person, gender,and plurality. Carefully study table 4.1, noting the differences between thevarious conjugations.PRINCIPLE THREEThe present tense verb may express either the active or the passive voice.The pattern for the passive voice of the present tense verb is formed fromthe active voice by (1) changing the voweling of the first letter to adammah and (2) changing the voweling of the second to last letter to afathah.16 Thus15(he does) becomes(it is being done).The present tense verb includes both the continuous present tense (e.g., he is doing) and thehabitual present tense (e.g., he does).16This second step is only necessary if the active voice of the present tense verb has a dammah or akasrah on its second to last letter. Such patterns are covered in Lesson Sixteen.

24FUNDAMENTALS OF CLASSICAL ARABICPRINCIPLE FOURThe designated suffixes used for the active voice of the present tense verbare also used for the passive voice. However, the conjugations of thepassive voice reflect the person, gender, and plurality of the object, andnot the subject, of the verb. Table 4.2 illustrates both active and passiveconjugations of the present tense verb.PRINCIPLE FIVEPlacing the word before both the active and the passive voiceconjugations negates the present tense verb (table 4.2). For example,does) becomes(he does not do), and(he(it is being done) becomes(it is not being done).PRINCIPLE SIXThe present tense verb may also describe a future event or action. 17 Forexample, may be translated as, he will do. Placing either the letter or the word before active and passive voice conjugationsof the present tense verb explicitly indicates future meaning (table 4.3). Forexample,andare both translated as, he will do. ESSENTIAL NOTEThe conjugations of the present tense verb must be memorized (table 4.2)before moving to the next lesson.17Throughout this book,has been translated as the present tense verb. Moreaccurately, however, this Arabic term refers to the imperfect tense. Imperfect implies that theactions referred to are not yet complete. Thus, it includes both the present tense, he does, and the future tense, he will do.

25The Present Tense VerbTABLE 4.1CONJUGATING THE PRESENT TENSE VERBPERSONGENDER & PLURALITY3rdMasculineSUFFIXBASEPREFIXACTIVEVOICE SingularHe/It (S/M) does3rdMasculineDual They (D/M) do3rdMasculinePlural They (P/M) do3rdFeminine SingularShe/It (S/F) does3rdFeminineDual They (D/F) do3rdFemininePlural They (P/F) do2ndMasculine SingularYou (S/M) do2ndMasculineDual You (D/M) do2ndMasculinePlural You (P/M) do2ndFeminineSingular You (S/F) do2ndFeminineDual You (D/F) do2ndFemininePlural You (P/F) mininePluralM Masculine I do We doF FeminineS SingularD DualP Plural

26FUNDAMENTALS OF CLASSICAL ARABICTABLE 4.2THE PRESENT TENSE VERBPASSIVE VOICENEGATIONACTIVE VOICENEGATIONPASSIVE VOICEACTIVE VOICEHe/It (S/M) is not being doneHe/It (S/M) does not doHe/It (S/M) is being doneHe/It (S/M) doesThey (D/M) are not being doneThey (D/M) do not doThey (D/M) are being doneThey (D/M) doThey (P/M) are not being doneThey (P/M) do not doThey (P/M) are being doneThey (P/M) doShe/It (S/F) is not being doneShe/It (S/F) does not doShe/It (S/F) is being doneShe/It (S/F) doesThey (D/F) are not being doneThey (D/F) do not doThey (D/F) are being doneThey (D/F) doThey (P/F) are not being doneThey (P/F) do not doThey (P/F) are being doneThey (P/F) doYou (S/M) are not being doneYou (S/M) do not doYou (S/M) are being doneYou (S/M) doYou (D/M) are not being doneYou (D/M) do not doYou (D/M) are being doneYou (D/M) doYou (P/M) are not being doneYou (P/M) do not doYou (P/M) are being doneYou (P/M) doYou (S/F) are not being doneYou (S/F) do not doYou (S/F) are being doneYou (S/F) doYou (D/F) are not being doneYou (D/F) do not doYou (D/F) are being doneYou (D/F) doYou (P/F) are not being doneYou (P/F) do not doYou (P/F) are being doneYou (P/F) doI am not being doneI do not doI am being doneI doWe are not being doneWe do not doWe are being doneWe doM MasculineF FeminineS SingularD DualP Plural

27The Present Tense VerbTABLE 4.3THE FUTURE TENSEPASSIVE VOICEFUTUREACTIVE VOICEFUTUREPASSIVE VOICEFUTUREACTIVE VOICEFUTUREHe/It (S/M) will be doneHe/It (S/M) will doHe/It (S/M) will be doneHe/It (S/M) will doThey (D/M) will be doneThey (D/M) will doThey (D/M) will be doneThey (D/M) will doThey (P/M) will be doneThey (P/M) will doThey (P/M) will be doneThey (P/M) will doShe/It (S/F) will be doneShe/It (S/F) will doShe/It (S/F) will be doneShe/It (S/F) will doThey (D/F) will be doneThey (D/F) will doThey (D/F) will be doneThey (D/F) will doThey (P/F) will be doneThey (P/F) will doThey (P/F) will be doneThey (P/F) will doYou (S/M) will be doneYou (S/M) will doYou (S/M) will be doneYou (S/M) will doYou (D/M) will be doneYou (D/M) will doYou (D/M) will be doneYou (D/M) will doYou (P/M) will be doneYou (P/M) will doYou (P/M) will be doneYou (P/M) will doYou (S/F) will be doneYou (S/F) will doYou (S/F) will be doneYou (S/F) will doYou (D/F) will be doneYou (D/F) will doYou (D/F) will be doneYou (D/F) will doYou (P/F) will be doneYou (P/F) will doYou (P/F) will be doneYou (P/F) will doI will be doneI will doI will be doneI will doWe will be doneWe will doWe will be doneWe will doM MasculineF FeminineS SingularD DualP Plural

Lesson Five: The Present Tens

Few Arabic textbooks in English are modeled after traditional Islamic educational methodologies. In this book, I have combined the notes and resources used by my teachers to present an overview of Arabic verb and noun conjugation. Insha llah (God willing), future volumes will address other principles of classical Arabic grammar.

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