Ecological Surveying Techniques For Protected Flora And .
NRA Ecological Survey maciek3/19/0911:55 AMPage iEcological Surveying Techniquesfor Protected Flora and Faunaduring the Planningof National Road Schemes
NRA Ecological Survey maciek3/19/0911:55 AMPage iiEcological Surveying Techniques for Protected Flora and Faunaduring the Planning of National Road Schemesii
NRA Ecological Survey maciek3/19/0911:55 AMPage iiiCONTENTSChapter 1Chapter 2Chapter 33.13.23.33.43.53.63.7Chapter 44.14.24.3Introduction .1Structure of the ‘Survey Guidelines’.2Survey considerations.3Recognising and dealing with key potential constraints/limitations33.1.1 Seasonal constraints .33.1.2 Climatic conditions .33.1.3 Inter-annual variation .33.1.4 Access limitations .3Survey effort .3Survey standards.5Establishing baseline conditions.5Monitoring.5Future use of survey information.6Health and Safety Considerations .6Survey techniques.7Desk studies .7Multi-disciplinary walkover surveys .7Group-specific and species-specific surveys .7Group Specific Guidance Notes and Key Cards:Habitats, Plants and Fungi – Group Specific Guidance Note .9General characteristics of the group.10Potential impacts of road projects .10Survey techniques .10Surveys to be undertaken as part of multidisciplinary walkover.11Habitat Survey .11Species composition assessment.11Hedgerow survey .11Surveys to be undertaken of particular sites or features .11Species-specific surveys .12Plant and fungal community surveys to assess conservation importance .12River Habitat Surveys (RHS) and River Corridor Surveys (RCS) .13Mitigation, compensation and enhancement.13Key reference .14KEY CARD: Varnished hook-moss (Hamatocaulis vernicosus) .15KEY CARD: Killarney fern (Trichomanes speciosum) .17KEY CARD: Sedges and GrassesSlender Cottongrass (Eriophorum gracile) .19KEY CARD: Marsh Saxifrage (Saxifraga hirculus) .23KEY CARD: Orchids Irish lady’s-tresses (Spiranthes romanzoffiana) .25TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES.29Group-specific Guidance Note: Terrestrial Invertebrates.30General characteristics of the group.30Potential impacts of road projects .30Survey techniques .31Mitigation, compensation, enhancement .31KEY CARD: Marsh Snails (Vertigo spp.) .33KEY CARD: Kerry Slug (Geomalacus maculosus) .37KEY CARD: Marsh Fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia) .41iii
NRA Ecological Survey maciek3/19/0911:55 AMPage ivEcological Surveying Techniques for Protected Flora and Faunaduring the Planning of National Road SchemesAQUATIC INVERTEBRATES .45Group-specific Guidance Note: Aquatic Invertebrates .46General characteristics of the group.46Potential impacts of road projects .46Survey techniques .46Mitigation, Compensation, Enhancement.48KEY CARD: Freshwater Pearl Mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) .49KEY CARD: White-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes).53FISH .57Group-specific Guidance Note: Fish .58General characteristics of the group.58Potential impacts of road projects .58Survey techniques .59Mitigation, compensation and enhancement.60Key reference .61KEY CARD: Lamprey Species .63KEY CARD: Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) .67KEY CARD: Shad Species .71ivAMPHIBIANS.75Group-specific Guidance Note: Amphibians.76General characteristics of the group.76Potential impacts of road projects .76Survey techniques .76Mitigation, compensation and enhancement .76KEY CARD: Smooth newt (Triturus (Lissotriton) vulgaris) .79KEY CARD: Common frog (Rana temporaria) .83REPTILES.85Group-specific Guidance Note: Reptiles .86General Characteristics .86Potential Impacts of Road Projects .86Survey Techniques .86Mitigation, compensation and enhancement .87KEY CARD: Viviparous lizard (Lacerta (Zootoca) vivipara) .89BIRDS.93Group-specific Guidance Note: Birds .94General characteristics of the group.94Potential impacts of road projects .94Survey Techniques .94Breeding bird surveys.95Wintering bird surveys.95Passage bird surveys.96Mitigation, compensation and enhancement.96Key reference .97KEY CARD: Geese and Swans .99Greenland white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons flavirostris) .99Greylag Goose (Anser anser) .100Barnacle Goose (Branta leucopsis) .101Whooper Swan (Cygnus Cygnus) .102Bewick’s Swan (Cygnus columbianus) .103All Goose and Swan Species .104
NRA Ecological Survey maciek3/19/0911:55 AMPage vKEY CARD: Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus) .107KEY CARD: Corncrake (Crex crex) .111KEY CARD: Barn Owl (Tyto alba).113KEY CARD: Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) .117MAMMALS .121Group-specific Guidance Note: Mammals .122General characteristics of group .122Potential impacts of road projects .122Survey techniques .123Mitigation, compensation and enhancement .124KEY CARD: Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) .125KEY CARD: Badger (Meles meles) .129KEY CARD: Otter (Lutra lutra) .133KEY CARD: Pine Marten (Martes martes) .137KEY CARD: Deer .141APPENDICES.145Appendix I – Desk Study Contacts and Key Consultees .147Appendix II – Optimum Seasonal Survey Timings .150Appendix III – Legal, policy and conservation status .154v
NRA Ecological Survey maciek3/19/0911:55 AMPage viEcological Surveying Techniques for Protected Flora and Faunaduring the Planning of National Road SchemesACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis document has been produced by Cresswell Associates (a Hyder Consulting group company)and Ecological Landscape Design Consultants in association with the National Roads Authority.The Authority wishes to acknowledge the valuable input received from the National Parks andWildlife Service of the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government; NaturaEnvironmental Consultants; Scott Cawley Ecological Consultants; Paul Murphy of EirEcoEnvironmental Consultants in developing this document.DISCLAIMERWhile every care has been taken to ensure that the content is useful and accurate, the NationalRoads Authority and any contributing third party shall have no legal responsibility for the contentor the accuracy of the information so provided or for any loss of damage arising directly orindirectly in connection with reliance on the use of such information.vi
NRA Ecological Survey maciek3/19/0911:55 AMPage 1INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONIn 2004, the National Roads Authority (NRA) published ‘Guidelines for the Assessment ofEcological Impacts of National Road Schemes’. These guidelines were recently updated toincorporate, inter alia, the requirements of Article 30 of the 1997 Habitat Regulations (S.I. No.94of 1997). The purpose of these ‘Ecology Guidelines’ is to provide guidance on the assessment ofimpacts on the natural environment during the planning stages of national road schemes.This document is intended to supplement the ‘Ecology Guidelines’ by providing advice onprocedures and survey techniques to inform the Natural Environment section of the ConstraintsStudy, Route Corridor Selection Study and the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for newschemes and improvements. These survey techniques are also intended to be appropriate to beundertaken prior to maintenance activities that could have implications for the naturalenvironment.Ireland has a large number of species of protected flora and fauna, some of which are rare and haveextremely localised and isolated distributions and, for these reasons, will rarely come in proximityto proposed national road schemes, e.g. Kerry slug, Killarney fern, natterjack toad. Other species,given their abundance and distribution, e.g. badger, otter and bats, are regularly encounteredduring the planning of national road projects. Ireland also has additional responsibility to protecta small number of endemic species and sub-species, e.g. Irish hare and Irish stoat. There are alsoa number of rare or threatened species that are listed in the Irish Red Data Books or are to be thesubject of future listings, which have yet to be afforded any legal protection.This document provides guidance on generic survey techniques for habitats, plants and fungi;terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates; fish; amphibians; reptiles; birds and mammals. Speciesspecific techniques are also presented, in the form of ‘Key Cards’, for those protected speciesthat are likely to be affected by road projects.Whilst the document focuses on survey guidance, it also presents summary information withregard to the identification of the different species and groups, their habitat requirements, lifecycles and behaviour, along with outline guidance on group- and species-specific mitigation,compensation and enhancement measures (these terms are defined in the relevant sections of the‘Ecology Guidelines’).The Guidelines contribute towards Ireland’s obligations with regard to legally protected flora andfauna under the Wildlife Acts, 1976-2000, the EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) and BirdsDirective (79/409/EEC), amongst other international legislation and conventions, and form partof the NRA response to the National Biodiversity Plan (Department of Arts, Heritage, Gaeltachtand the Islands, 2002), which includes a requirement for all statutory agencies to prepare “guidesto best practice” for any activities that have an impact on biodiversity conservation.In summary, these ‘Survey Guidelines’ supplement the ‘Ecology Guidelines’ and present standardprocedures and methodologies for surveying of protected flora and fauna, thereby helping toprovide a consistent approach to the assessment of ecological impacts of national road schemes.1
NRA Ecological Survey maciek3/19/0911:55 AMPage 2Ecological Surveying Techniques for Protected Flora and Faunaduring the Planning of National Road SchemesCHAPTER 2STRUCTURE OF THE ‘SURVEY GUIDELINES’Chapter 3 of this document presents a summary of key considerations when planning andimplementing ecological surveys.Group-specific and species-specific survey guidance is presented in Chapter 4. Each sub-sectionis colour-coded and numbered separately to facilitate easy ‘navigation’ around this part of thedocument.Appendix I presents a suggested list of desk study contacts.Appendix II presents specific guidance on the timing of ecological surveys throughout the year.Appendix III summarises information on the current legal, policy and conservation status ofeach of the species for which Key Cards are presented.Where either scientific or vernacular names of any plant or animal species have changed recentlyor have been quoted differently on relevant legislation, the alternative names are also identified.2
NRA Ecological Survey maciek3/19/0911:55 AMPage 3INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER 33.1SURVEY CONSIDERATIONSRecognising and dealing with key potential constraints/limitations3.1.1 Seasonal constraintsIt is important to recognise that the vast majority of the techniques available to survey plants andanimals are seasonally constrained and hence sufficient time needs to be put aside to collectbaseline data. In order to collect sufficiently robust data to underpin an EIS for most schemes,an entire survey season encompassing spring, summer, autumn and winter periods will need tobe available. In the vast majority of situations, surveys over successive years will not be required.The seasonal constraints on each group- or species-specific survey technique are highlighted asappropriate throughout Chapter 4 and summarised in Appendix II.3.1.2 Climatic conditionsIn addition to seasonal constraints, local and regional climatic conditions can influence thedetection of certain species. The design and programming of surveys must therefore retain anappropriate degree of flexibility, weather conditions should always be recorded and reported, andif the effectiveness of the technique appears to have been compromised, surveys should berepeated as appropriate.3.1.3 Inter-annual variationSome plant and animal populations vary significantly in size between years; some species exploitresources in a variable manner from year to year; and others may remain undetectable for extendedperiods. However, since it will generally not be appropriate to undertake detailed surveys overseveral years in advance of an EIS, professional judgment will need to be exercised in dealing withthese issues, based on existing information about the locality, habitats and/or species concerned(e.g. certain species of orchid).3.1.4 Access limitationsUnder certain circumstances access to sites or features that may be of nature conservationimportance or that could support protected species will not be available. In each case aprecautionary approach should be adopted, relying on o
Ecological Surveying Techniques for Protected Flora and Fauna during the Planning of National Road Schemes NRA Ecological Survey maciek 3/19/09 11:55 AM Page i
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