Advanced Communication Systems

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Advanced Communication SystemsOverview of Constellation’s Command, Control, Communications, andInformation (C3I) Architecture and Concept of OperationsNovember 14 and 15, 2007Bernard EdwardsHemali VyasSAVIO - CommunicationCxPO / Systems Engineering and Integration

Purpose! Provide an informational overview of the Command,Control, Communications, and Information (C3I)Architecture that the Constellation Program ispursuing. C3I Interoperability Specification will consist of 8 volumes Focus will be on Communications (lowest level of the C3Iarchitecture)! Review the current communications and trackingConcept of Operations Focus will be on ISS missions! This will be followed by a briefing on the LunarCommunications and Navigation architecturerecommended by the Lunar Architecture Team11/27/072

Constellation Capability Evolution!Initial ISS Capability !Lunar Sortie & Outpost Buildup 11/27/07Ares Crew Launch Vehicles (CLV)Orion Crew Exploration Vehicles (CEV)International Space Station (ISS)Cargo Launch Vehicles (CaLV)Earth Departure Stage (EDS)Lunar Surface Access Module (LSAM)EVA crewmembersHabitation modulesRobotic roversPower StationsScience instrumentsLogistics carriersCommunications relay satellites/terminalsPressurized roversIn-Situ Resource Units (O2 from Regolith)3

Constellation Challenges! Key Challenges for Exploration Ever Growing ComplexityOperations CostsLife Cycle CostsFlexibility to Support Broad Scope of Activities! Key Focus Areas ! Operations Challenges 11/27/07Support simultaneous operations of multiple, diverse systemsSupport increasing automationSupport migration of functions from ground to lunar base4

The C3I Vision! All Systems (space and ground based) will be able to communicate with (and through)any other System Network infrastructure (routers and radios)Security infrastructure (encryption, key management, information assurance tools)Information infrastructure (information model & framework)! All Systems will contain a minimal set of unique data interfaces, any of which will becapable of flowing system data (including voice, video, telemetry, instrument data,etc )! Integrated System costs will be minimized through the use of open architectures,well defined industrial / open standards, and common product-line based systems! “Plug-n-Play” interfaces will be developed to help facilitate the continual Systemsevolution expected over the multi-decade life of the program The evolution of Systems will allow the introduction of new requirements and the timely leveragingof technology advancesSystem designs will be constructed to allow the addition and/or removal of elements or elementfeatures with minimal impact to the System or integrated Systems! Anyone, anywhere, can access any system or system information from anywhere inthe Cx architecture (as constrained by the appropriate security policies).11/27/075

C3I Overview! Network-Centric Architecture IP based network throughout. Leverage wide range of tools, software,hardware, protocols of technology base. Open standards & established interfaces. Very flexible & extensible. Enables open architecture that can evolve. Requires architecture be established acrossall Cx elements.C3I fundamentally cuts across all elements and mustfunction as a “single system” (different from mostsystems which partition more along physical lines).11/27/076

C3I Overview! Layered approach Isolates change impacts (enabling evolution) Based on industry standards. Includes publish & subscribe messagingframework (enabling plug-n-play applicationsby establishing well defined data interfaces).! Interoperability Focus on standards and approaches thatenable interoperability between systems. Establish small set of interface standards &reduce possible number of interfacecombinations. Requires interoperability at all layers:communications, networks, security, C2,and information.11/27/077

C3I Architecture – Breaking It DownC3I architecture decomposes into five main technical areas.! Command & Control! Information! Security! Network! Communications11/27/078

Communications Approach! Driven by Constellation and network operations concepts Use of Space Network for ascent & LEO ops – SN modes necessary Re-use of flight communications assets for multiple functions" e.g. same/similar systems for rendezvous radiometrics and long-haul comm. &track Common solutions across multiple platforms (flight and ground)" Space based networks, ground networks, in-situ networks ! Guided by Agency architectures and Agency infrastructureplanning SOMD architecture recommendations (SCAWG) for future NASAinfrastructure Planned evolution of NASA’s space comm. networks (SN, GN, DSN) Expected availability of Agency assets throughout the Constellation lifecycle! Standards-based Implementation provides commonality andinteroperability with existing and future NASA, international andcommercial exploration partners11/27/079

C3I Communication Link TypesConstellation communications take many forms, so C3I linkclasses are defined based on operational use:!Point-to-Point (S-Band) !High Rate (Ka-Band) !Portable equipment connections (PDAs, PCs)Vehicle sensors and instrumentationCrew bio-telemetryAdaptive logistics (equipment location & status, resourcemonitoring)Hard-line (1394b) 11/27/07Highly reliable, low rate communicationProvide critical voice to support crew in recovering from ananomalyInternal Wireless (802.x) !Surface area networks (multiple EVA crew and surface systems)Robotic and science coordination, tele-presence and teleoperationContingency (MUOS / UHF) !High volume science & PAO data transferNon-operational data trunkingLower availability, low criticalityMultipoint !High reliability, high availability command, telemetry and trackingOperational voice, engineering data, “housekeeping”Moderate data ratesUmbilicals, GSE interfaces, Inter-System connections.10

Network-Based Systems:Network of Networks! Internet Protocol (IP) Packet Format All communications paths use common IPprotocol. Includes IP Quality of Service (QoS)capabilities for priority data transmission. Includes address based routing through thenetwork.! Wide area network Comprised of communications links betweensystems (MCC, LCC, CEV, LSAM, etc.) Includes both terrestrial, hard-line, and RFlinks.Cx Systems Form a Wide Area NetworkLSAMCEVComm.InfrastructureMCCLCCWide area network connections can be via terrestrial infrastructure,umbilical hard-lines, or wireless (RF) links. Systems act as networknodes that route and relay traffic (as in a mesh network).! Local area networks Ideal assumes each system contains some configuration of a local IP network. Gateway function ensures efficient/appropriate communications across widearea (inter-system) links." Sends voice, commands, telemetry, video, data per priority scheme (consider this likecurrent telemetry mode/list capability)." Ensures received commands are authenticated, decrypted, and verified againstacceptance criteria.11/27/0711

IP Network Standards! C3I Interoperability Standards Basic IP network requirements:""""Network (IPv4, IPv6), AddressingTransport Protocols (UDP)Routing/MulticastNetwork managementCustom InterfaceLegacyElement Additional, not necessarily required by allsystems" Dynamic Routing Between Systems – The useof routing protocols" Domain Name Service – Automation of name toaddress resolution" DTN (Disruption Tolerance Networking)" DHCP (automated addressing) support for smallSystem" Network Management: Increased informationand management dNetworkMOCTunneled DataLegacy Formats12

Adapting IP to NASA! RFCs, the standards documents for IP, do not lend themselves easily torequirements language.! Network Management: The operational network of Constellation is bestmanaged as a single entity, slightly at odds with independence of individualProjects.! NASA Ops is unaccustomed to automatic nature of IP suite during missions.We are starting with static routing with migration to routing protocols byLunar.! The potential near-term (Lunar) and certain later (Mars) discontinuous nature ofspace missions emphasizes the need for the development of DTN: Delay /Disruption Tolerant Networking.11/27/0713

Command and Control (C2)! C2 includes entire Monitor, Assess, Plan, & Execute cycle.! Cx Challenges for C2 Situational Awareness across multiple systems.Managing Locus of Control across multiple systems.Driving operations costs down.Migration of C2 autonomy to Lunar Outpost.! C2 is critical to the safety and success of Cx operations.! For control of multiple systems, standardization of C2 methods,tools, systems is important to keeping operations affordable. Reduce/simplify procedures between systems. Reduce/simplify unique training. Provides a path for automation of C2 functions/processes.11/27/0714

Command and Control Initiatives! Common set of C2 functional requirements that standardize basicC2 function across all Cx Systems."""""Initiation, verification, feedback.Time-tagged, scripted, automated.Manual, automated, mixed-mode.System monitoring/telemetry processingData recording/archive/retrieval.! Generalized, data-driven C2 software.! Common Command & Telemetry format via Data ExchangeProtocol.! Areas of future work" Standard for ad-hoc C2 interface (UI container and protocol) Ask system for its C2 interface, provides “C2 display w/ commanddefinitions & necessary telemetry/status information”" Locus of Control (multi-system, human-robotic) Management Systems." User interface elements (building, selection, execution, monitoring)." Integration of Procedures & Supporting Information.11/27/0715

Information Model/Management! Cx information management challenges: Increased complexity induced by the large number ofsimultaneously inter-operating elements Highly distributed environment of the Constellation requires cooperation of many different parties Systems must be able to seamlessly interchange operationalinformationTypical business technologies (e.g., databases, applicationservers) are not sufficient in and of themselves to solve dataunderstanding problemsPhasing plan-Establish common rulesfor naming-Establish commonterminology-Use conventionaloperations products tostart: data dictionary,command & telemetry lists-Employ traditionaldatabases andrepositories that are basedon the information model(info standards applied tofamiliar implementations)-Incorporate advancedinformation models andservices over time.! CSI approach:11/27/07 Provide the common terminology/structure for systems todescribe subsystems, commands, etc. to ensure interoperablecommand & control Include a process for efficient collection and maintenance ofsystem configuration information (from vendors, operations,testing, maintenance, etc.) Produce reliable operations products for use by systems(commands, telemetry, calibration data, etc.) Provide a method to manage information distributedthroughout the Constellation of systems over the life of theprogram.16

Cx Information Architecture work in Cx LifecycleCx Information Architecture worksacross the Program and throughout stemLifecycleManufactureCx Data Arch LLLearnDesignPerf11/27/07CostRiskSILNExIOM*17

Evolution Overview By Technical Area11/27/0718

Phasing of the C3I Architecture!!!Orion to ISS (common interfaces)!Common communications frequencies, formats,& protocols!IP network based command, telemetry, voice,video, and files.!Static network routing.Lunar Sortie (common systems)!Common ground control systems based oncommon C3I Framework and Cmd/Ctrlcomponents (software)!Common communications adapter product line!Limited dynamic network routing.!Limited C3I Framework based flight software.Lunar Outpost (common adaptive systems)!C3I Framework based flight software.!Dynamic network routing.!Adaptive, demand-driven communications.!Disruption/Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN)11/27/0719

C3I Architecture Evolution Strategy! Strategy for Evolution of Architecture Initially deploy basic IP communications capability for all Systems.Initially operate IP as a traditional comm. system (static/manual config.)Use Ground Systems for initial evolution (where applicable)Migrate to C3I framework & any framework-based applications." Use new framework/applications in parallel with existing systems. Test early, test often, test end-to-end, continually improve.! Initial Strategy for System Design & Development Implement interoperable interfaces" Communications" Network/security/protocols" Information Representation Implement common command and control functions" Consistent command processing/management & monitoring feedback Implement IP-based networks for Systems where it benefits the Cx Arch." Including the extent of that network11/27/0720

Communications and Tracking Concept of OperationsISS Missions11/27/0721

Ascent (0-6.5)SCaN Fwd & Return DataTransfer Service- ISS to/from ISSMCC.MUOS Contingency Voice Service – Orionto MS/GS. UHF.SCaN Fwd & Rtn Data TransferService, Radiometric Data Service:Orion-to/from-MSFwd Data Transfer. S-band. (72kbps) Rtn Data Transfer capturesOrion Mission Operations Data(MOD) and may includes MOD fromAres. S-band. (192 kbps)MUOSOrionMUOSGroundTerminalHard-line Communications: Ares-toOrion. Mission Operations Data ( 50kbps) passed through for downlink.MRD (Mbps) may also be recorded.** MUOS Operations approach is TBD.Alternate to flow shown is direct link toMUOS Compatible Terminals at MS/GS,bypassing DISN/NISN.AresAF Range C-bandTracking & UHFFlight TerminationDISNMissionEngineering(MEL) ( 15 Mbps)plus a duplicate ofthe 50kbps AresMissionOperations(MOL), S-band:Ares-to-LHDFI ( 20 Mbps) 1st 5 flightsonly: Ares-to-{AF GroundStation and Wing Site /Mobile Station}NISNNISNAFGroundStationMEL: LH- to-GSWing Site /Mobile Sta.*MEL: LH-to-ROCC(*if LH is C3I compliant)GSC-band tracking data (range/range rate/angles) : Range-to- GS.C3I formatted MEL*, Orion telemetry: GS-to -ROCC(*if LH is not C3I compliant).11/27/07MUOS Voice: both directions.Fwd Data Transfer: MS-to-Orion.Rtn Data Transfer: Orion-to-MS.MEL data via Routed Data Transfer: GS-to-MS.Orion telemetry via Routed Data Transfer: MS-to-GS.MSMUOS Voice: both directions.MEL data via Routed Data Transfer: GS-to-MS.Orion telemetry via Routed Data Transfer: MS-to-GS.Fwd Data Transfer: GS-to-MS-to-Orion22

Ascent (6.5 )SCaN Fwd & Return DataTransfer Service- ISS to/from ISSMCC.MUOS Contingency Voice Service – Orionto MS/GS. UHF.SCaN Fwd & Rtn Data TransferService, Radiometric Data Service:Orion-to/from-MS.Fwd Data Transfer. S-band. (72kbps) Rtn Data Transfer capturesOrion Mission Operations Data(MOD) and may includes MOD fromAres. S-band. (192 kbps)OrionMUOSSCaN Return Data Transfer Service,GroundRadiometric Data Service: Ares-to-MS.TerminalMission Engineering Data ( 200 kbps). Sband.** MUOS Operations approach is TBD.Alternate to flow shown is direct link toMUOS Compatible Terminals at MS/GS,bypassing DISN/NISN.Hard-line Communications: Ares-toOrion. Mission Operations Data ( 50kbps) passed through for downlink.MRD (Mbps) may also be recorded.AF Range C-bandTracking & UHFFlight TerminationMUOSAresDFI ( 20 Mbps) 1st 5flights only: Ares-to{Wallops and NewBoston}DISNNISNNISNWallops,NewBostonGSC-band tracking data (range/range rate/angles) :Range-to- GS.Ares MEL, Orion telemetry: GS-to -ROCC11/27/07MUOS Voice: both directions.Fwd Data Transfer: MS-to-Orion.Rtn Data Transfer: Orion-to-MS.Ares MEL data via Routed Data Transfer: MS-to-GS.Orion telemetry via Routed Data Transfer: MS-to-GS.MSMUOS Voice: both directions.Ares MEL data via Routed Data Transfer: MS-to-GS.Orion telemetry via Routed Data Transfer: MS-to-GS.Fwd Data Transfer: GS-to-MS-to-Orion (not expected)23

LEOSCaN Fwd & Return DataTransfer Service- ISS to/from ISSMCC.SNMUOS Contingency Voice Service – Orionto MS/GS. UHF.SCaN Fwd & Rtn Data TransferService, Radiometric Data Service.Orion-to/from-MS.Fwd Data Transfer. S-band. (72kbps) Rtn Data Transfer capturesOrion Mission Operations Data(MOD). S-band. (192 kbps)MUOSMUOSGroundTerminal** MUOS Operations approach is TBD.Alternate to flow shown is direct link toMUOS Compatible Terminals at MS/GS,bypassing DISN/NISN.Proximity Communications:Orion-to-ISS, ISS-to-OrionOrionDISNSCaN Fwd & Rtn High Rate DataTransfer Service: Orion-to/from-MS.Fwd Data Transfer. Ka-band. (6 Mbps)Rtn Data Transfer captures high ratedata. Ka-band. (25 Mbps)SNNISNNISNMSGSRouted Data Transfer as needed: MS-to-GS, GS-to-MS11/27/07MUOS Voice: both directions.Fwd Data Transfer: MS-to-Orion.Rtn Data Transfer: Orion-to-MS.24

Orion-ISS Prox DetailSCaN Fwd & Return DataTransfer Service- ISS to/from ISSMCC.SNSCaN Fwd & Rtn Data Transfer Service,Radiometric Data Service.Orion-to/from-MS.MUOSFwd Data Transfer. S-band. (72 kbps) Rtn DataTransfer captures Orion Mission Operations Data(MOD). S-band. (192 kbps)SCaN Fwd & Rtn High Rate DataTransfer Service: Orion-to/from-MS.Proximity Communications:Orion-to-ISS, ISS-to-OrionFwd Data Transfer. Ka-band. (6 Mbps)Rtn Data Transfer captures high ratedata. Ka-band. (25 Mbps)MUOSGroundTerminalOrion** MUOS Operations approach isTBD. Alternate to flow shown isdirect link to MUOS CompatibleTerminals at MS/GS, bypassingDISN/NISN.30 kmOrion is the Point B Interrogating Vehicle, 24 kbps, SQPNISS is Point A Transponding Vehicle, 24 kbps, DG1 Mode 1DISNSN30 to 2 kmOrion is the Point B Interrogating Vehicle, 72 kbps, SQPNISS is Point A Transponding Vehicle, 72 kbps, DG1 Mode 1GS 2 km*No Video Transfer*Orion is the Point B InterrogatingVehicle, 72 kbps, SQPNISS is Point A TranspondingVehicle, 72 kbps, DG1 Mode 111/27/07 2 km*With Video Transfer Orion to ISS*Orion is the Point A TranspondingVehicle, up to 3000 kbps, DG1Mode 3ISS is Point B InterrogatingVehicle, 72 kbps, SQPNNISNNISNMSMUOS Voice: both directions.Fwd Data Transfer: MS-to-Orion.Rtn Data Transfer: Orion-to-MS.25

REENTRYSCaN Fwd & Return DataTransfer Service- ISS to/from ISSMCC.SNSCaN Fwd & Rtn Data Transfer Service,Radiometric Data Service.Orion-to/from-MS.MUOS Contingency VoiceService – Orion to MS/GS.UHF.Fwd Data Transfer. S-band. (72 kbps) RtnData Transfer captures Orion MissionOperations Data (MOD). S-band. (192kbps)MUOSMUOSGroundTerminalOrion** MUOS Operations approach is TBD.Alternate to flow shown is direct link toMUOS Compatible Terminals at MS/GS,bypassing DISN/NISN.DISNOrionRecovery communicationsbetween Orion and GSRecovery Forces. UHF.GSRecoveryForces11/27/07SNRoutedDataTransfer asneeded:MS-to-GS,GS-to-MSGSNISNNISNMSMUOS Voice: both directions.Fwd Data Transfer: MS-to-Orion.Rtn Data Transfer: Orion-to-MS.26

RECOVERYSCaN Fwd & Return DataTransfer Service- ISS to/from ISSMCC.SNMUOSMUOS ContingencyVoice Service – Orionto MS/GS. UHF.SCaN Fwd & Rtn DataTransfer Service, RadiometricData Service.Orion-to/from-MS.Fwd Data Transfer. S-band.(72 kbps) Rtn Data Transfercaptures Orion MissionOperations Data (MOD). Sband. (192 kbps)SARSATMUOSGroundTerminal** MUOS Operations approach is TBD.Alternate to flow shown is direct link toMUOS Compatible Terminals at MS/GS,bypassing DISN/NISN.RecoveryCommunicationsmay use SARSATbeacon-- 406 MHz.DISNSNGSRecoveryForces11/27/07OrionRecovery communicationsbetween Orion and GSRecovery Forces.RoutedDataTransfer asneeded:MS-to-GS,GS-to-MSGSNISNNISNMSMUOS Voice: both directions.Fwd Data Transfer: MS-to-Orion.Rtn Data Transfer: Orion-to-MS.27

Specific Communication Technologies of Interest! A space qualified Mobile User Objective System (MUOS) radiocapable of doing Doppler Pre-Compensation Provides Dissimilar / Contingency Voice communications during launch,ascent, LEO operations, re-entry, and post-landing!!!!!!!!11/27/07Software Defined RadiosMiniaturized EVA RadiosSpace qualif

Communications Approach! Driven by Constellation and network operations concepts Use of Space Network for ascent & LEO ops Ð SN modes necessary Re-use of flight communications assets for multiple functions "e.g. same/similar systems for rendezvous radiometrics and long-haul comm. & track

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