COMMUNIST INTERROGATION INDOCTRINATION, AND EXPLOITATION .
IWCL&os Lt Col; AQQ . '.,DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PAMPHLET·A4jut&JltNO. 30-101COMMUNIST INTERROGATIONINDOCTRINATION, ANDEXPLOITATION OFPRISONERS OF WARDEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYMAY 1956
PAMPHLETNo. 30-101lPAM 30-101DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY25 , D. C., 15 May 1956WAsHINGTONCOMMUNIST INTERROGATION, INDOCTRINATION, ANDEXPLOITATION OF PRISONERS OF WARINTRODUCTIONParagraphsPage3CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND OF COMMUNISM AND COMMUNIST HANDLING OF PRISONERS OF WARSection I. History of Communism1-7II. Communist interrogation and indoctrination of German prisoners of war 8-12III. Communist interrogation and indoctrination of Japanese prisoners of war 13, 1451013, 14CHAPTER 2. COMMUNIST TREATMENT OF PRISONERS OF WAR IN KOREASection I. Treatment under North Koreans 15-19II. Treatment under Chinese Communists. 20-271520CHAPTER 3.Section I.II.Ill.COMMUNIST INTERROGATION IN KOREACharacteristics of interrogation 28, 29Command structure for interrogation 30-32Techniques of interrogation 33, 3427,282931CHAPTER 4.Section I.II.Ill.IV.V.VI.VII.VIII.CHARACTERISTICS OF INDOCTRINATION IN KOREANature of indoctrinationCommand structure for indoctrination Phases of enemy indoctrination and principal techniquesUses made of food, medicine, and maiLClassification and segregation of prisonersResults of Communist indoctrinationPopular misconceptionsSummary35, 3637-4041-4445-4849, 5051, 5253, 5455-5936, 3737404647505152CHAPTER 5.Section I.II.III.IV.COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA IN NORTH KOREACommand structure for propagandaEnemy propaganda and world communismSpecial propaganda targetsSummary60-6566, 6768, 6970-7253616263CHAPTER 6.Section I.II.III.RESISTANCEResistance is possible and profitable 73, 74Individual resistance 75-79Group resistance 80-846466681
CODE OF CONDUCTFOR MEMBERS OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE UNITED STATESBy virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, and as Commander inChief of the Armed Forces of the United States, I hereby prescribe the Code of Conduct for membersof the Armed Forces of the United States which is attached to this order and hereby made a part thereof.Every member of the Armed For,c es of the United States is expected to measure up to the standards embodied in this Code of Conduct while he is in combat or in captivity. To ensure achievementof these standards, each member of the Armed Forces liable to capture shall be provided with specifictraining and instructions designed to better equip him to counter and withstand all enemy efforts againsthim, and shall be fully instructed as to the behavior and obligations expected of him during combator captivity.The Secretary of Defense (and the Secretary of the Treasury with respect to the Coast Guardexcept when it is serving as part of the Navy) shall take such action as is deemed necessary to implement this order and to disseminate and make the said code known to all members of the Armed Forcesof the United States.DwiGHT D. EISENHOWERTHE WRITE HousEAugust 17, 1955.Ilife.I am an American fighting man. I serve in the forces which guard my country and our way ofI am prepared to give my life in their defense.III will never surrender of my own free will.they still have the means to resist.If in command I will never surrender my men whileIIIIf I am captured I will continue to resist by all means available. I will make every effort to escapeand aid others to escape. I will aceept neither parole nor special favors from the enemy.IVIf I become a prisoner of war, I will keep faith with my fellow prisoners. I will give no information or take part in any action which might be harmful to my comrades. If I am senior, I will takecommand. If not I will obey the lawful orders of those appointed ovPr me and will back them up inevery way.vWhen questioned, should I become a prisoner of war, I am bound to give only NAME, RANK,SERVICE NUMBER, AND DATE OF BIRTH. I will evade answering further questions to theutmost of my ability. I will make no oral or written statemPnts disloyal to my country and its alliesor harmful to their cause.VII will never forget that I am an American fighting man, responsible for my actions, and dedicatedto the principles which made my country free. I will trust in my God and in the United States ofAmerica.2
INTRODUCTIONFor 3 years in Korea, the military forces of theUnited States, as part of the United NationsCommand, assumed their traditional role in defending freedom and opposing military aggresswn. During the Korean campaign, more than6,000 American soldiers were captured by theCommunist enemy. Approximately one-third ofthis number died while in Communist hands.After repatriation, those who had survived asprisoners of war related experiences that werewithout parallel in the history of the United StatesArmy. They were the first Americans to strugglewith an enemy whose objectives were not onlymilitary but ideological as well. Using the POWcamps in North Korea as an extension of thebattlefield, the Communists made an all-outeffort to gain an ideological victory over theircaptives.American POWs were subjected to a wellplanned and well-organized type of warfare withwhich few were familiar and for which few wereprepared. Briefly, this warfare was aimed atundermining their loyalty to their country andt heir faith in the democratic way of life and,th er eb y , conditioning them to accept communism.How did the enemy wage this new type of waragainst our fighting men? What strategy andtactics were employed? What kind of weaponswer e used? A thorough study of hundreds ofinterviews with repatriated American prisonersprovided the answers to those questions. Itr evealed that the enemy in North Korea wagedthis ideological war through the clever employm en t of various methods of interrogation in conjunction with a coercive indoctrination program.B eginning in the spring of 1951 a disciplined,train ed .Communist organization, rigidly followingthis strategy, created an environment in the prisonramps in North Korea that was characterized byfear , distrust, and confusion. Through the medium of vicious propaganda, the enemy tried toconfuse the American POW's into questioning thesincerity of our objectives in Korea. "Divideand conquer" was the insidious keynote. Only afew Americans were casualties in this battle tocapture their minds in the POW camps. TheCommunists, nevertheless, regarded their interrogation and indoctrination program as an effectiveweapon in exploiting American POWs.·No one denies that the American fighting manis the best-trained and best-equipped soldier inthe world. He has consistently acquitted himself with honor on the field of battle. It is aproud heritage of our military service that oursoldiers will fight to the ]ast and will resist captureto the utmost of their ability. Army training isdesigned to prepare the members of an isolatedunit to resist capture by fighting their way backto their own forces as a unit or, failing that, toevade capture as individuals and rejoin friendlyforces. However, since avoiding capture is notalways possible, this unfortunate circumstancemust be taken into consideration.The introduction of the "ideological" war inKorea created a new training requirement for theAmerican fighting man. He must be trained touse knowledge and information as weapons. Thisdocument has been prepared to supplement conventional military training by providing thesoldier with specific information about the Communist enemy, his .objectives and his methods ofexploiting prisoners of war by employing interrogation and indoctrination as weapons of war. Inthe event of capture by such an enemy, the soldierwill be armed with this information and will beable to understand the enemy's strategy andtactics. W"ith this information, he will be betterequipped to continue the battle in a POW campour extension of the battlefield. Specifically, thepurpose of this pamphlet is to acquaint theAmerican soldier with some of the tactics, techniques, and methods of Communist interrogation,indoctrination, and handling of prisoners of warand to suggest some fundamental defenses againstthese enemy weapons in the event such defensesmay some day be required.By way of accomplishing this purpose, the succeeding chapters of this pamphlet are devoted tohistorical and factual information which revealsthat the experiences of the American POW s 1n3
Korea are not new, unique, or mysterious, butrather, have been reported from every area overwhich the Communists have gained control. Themore common characteristics of Communists interrogation, indoctrination, and propagandamethods will be reviewed so that they may berecognized and resisted. The so-called "brain-4washing" technique and the torture of POWs willbe discussed in order to dispel some of the misconceptions which exist concerning these subjects.It will be pointed out that determined resistanceto these Communist practices is not only logicaland possible, but is the only honorable course ofaction open to an American soldier.
CHAPTER 1BACKGROUND OF COMMUNISM AND COMMUNIST HANDLINGOF PRISONERS OF WARSection I. HISTORY OF COMMUNISM1. Definitiona. "' hat is comrnunism? To most UnitedStates Arm.y prisoners of war in Korea, communism was a nightmare of confusion and contradictions. During their ca.ptivity under Chinese andNorth Korean Comn1unists, they were persistentlylectured on the "advantages" of the godless Communist systern in contrast to our American democratic way of life. It has repeatedly been reported by repatriated Americans that a lack ofknowledge of communism made them vulnerableto the enemy's program of indoctrination. Forthis reason, a brief history of communisrn is essential background to a clear understanding of whatactually tra.nspired in the POW eamps in NorthICorea.b. For centuries, ideas have been advanecd forehanging the basie structure of soeiety and government. Some of these ideas have had a tremendousappeal to the imagination and emotions of people.11odern eommunisrn, like some of the other movements, began with an idea of promoting the welfare of the eommon man. This is what dedicatedCommunists would like to have people believe isthe central idea of comn1unism. Prcsent-davcommunism, however, is not based on any suehnoble and worthy purpose. Con1munism is anorganized international movemP.nt that eonspires,among other things, to destroy the eeonomie system of free enterprise and the demoeratie systemof Government under whieh our econornic andsoeial freedoms exist. T orld domination by therulers of the Soviet Union is the moving force andbasic objective of eomrnunism.c. The founder of modern communism and theinte national Comn1unist conspiracy was NikolaiLemn, who planned and directed the BolshevikRevolution in Russia and who, subsequently,became the first Communist dictator of the SovietUnion. Lenin received his ideas of communismfrom the works of two German intellectuals,Friedrich Engels and Karl :Nfarx. Engels andMarx considered themselves authorities on thesubject of economics and advanced some novelideas on the subject of socialism. They believedin a high degree of socialism and felt that capitalism was an evil against the workers. They believed that capitalisrn was an unstable economicsystern and that eventually the proletariat, theworking class, would rise and destroy capitalism.These ideas were voiced by Engels and lVlarx inbooks, pamphlets, and in newspaper articles.The Oommuinis.t Manifesto, published in 1848,was a joint effort by the two authors, whereasDas Kapita was the work of Marx alone. At thetime these ideas were being propounded, Engelsand Marx were the chief spokesmen for The Conlmunist League in Europe, an organization whiehwas not related to, and which existed long before,the modern Communist movement.d. Lenin was fascinated by the works of Marx,but differed with him as to the means of achievingcertain objectives. Lenin believed that the proletariat would not rise of its own will to destroycapitalism. He contended that the rna.sscs shouldbe incited, guided, directed, armed, and led againstcapitalism. Thus, in modern Comrnunist strategy,force and violence are part of the established proeedure for gaining communism's objectives. Leninbelieved and advocated that the masses not onlyshould destroy capitalism, but also should bedirected and incited against the very society andgovernment under which the systems exist.Lenin's revolution in Russia followed his ideasand pattern. The manner of achieving worlddomination for communism is the same.5
e. Unfortunately, many people have been deceived about the true purpose of communism and,because of that deception, have given support toit in the mistaken belief that it would help tomake their lives better. Such, for example, wasthe mistake made by a large portion of the population of China. The same mistake is also beingmade today by people who believe that communism is the solution to every imperfection ofsociety and government. If these people realizedthe vicious objectives of communism, they wouldno doubt oppose it and dedicate their lives to itsdestruction. As citizens and soldiers of theUnited States of America, we owe it to ourselvesto take a very good look at communism-its realpurpose, its teachings, and its methods of deludingand influencing people.2. Lenin's Objectivesa. Lenin wrote the philosophy of modern comInunism and organized the Communist Party inRussia. As a violent and uncompromising enemyof democracy and freedom, h
BACKGROUND OF COMMUNISM AND COMMUNIST HANDLING OF PRISONERS OF WAR Section I. HISTORY OF COMMUNISM 1. Definition a. "' hat is comrnunism? To most United States Arm.y prisoners of war in Korea, commu nism was a nightmare of confusion and contradic tions. During their ca.ptivity under Chinese and
CPI(M) or CPM) is a communist party in India. The party emerged from a split from the Communist Party of India in 1964. The CPI(M) was formed at the Seventh Congress of the Communist Party of India held in Calcutta from October 31 to November 7, 1964. The strength of CPI(M) is concentrated in the states of Kerala, West Bengal and Tripura.
Jan 08, 2016 · Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI) Study of the Central Intelligence Agency’s (CIA’s) Detention and Interrogation (D&I) Program (SSCI Study) 1 has been the CIA’s use of Enhanced Interrogation Techniques (EITs) on cert
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